Antioxidants最新文献

The role of mitochondria as the electric engine of cells is well established. Over the past two decades, accumulating evidence has pointed out that, despite the presence of a highly active glycolytic pathway (Warburg effect), a functional and even upregulated mitochondrial respiration occurs in cancer cells to meet the need of high energy and the biosynthetic demand to sustain their anabolic growth. Mitochondria are also the primary source of intracellular ROS. Cancer cells maintain moderate levels of ROS to promote tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance; indeed, once the cytotoxicity threshold is exceeded, ROS trigger oxidative damage, ultimately leading to cell death. Based on this, mitochondrial metabolic functions and ROS generation are considered attractive targets of synthetic and natural anticancer compounds. Tocotrienols (TTs), specifically the δ- and γ-TT isoforms, are vitamin E-derived biomolecules widely shown to possess striking anticancer properties since they regulate several intracellular molecular pathways. Herein, we provide for the first time an overview of the mitochondrial metabolic reprogramming and redox homeostasis perturbation occurring in cancer cells, highlighting their involvement in the anticancer properties of TTs. This evidence sheds light on the use of these natural compounds as a promising preventive or therapeutic approach for novel anticancer strategies.

To investigate the effect of tannic acid (TA) on the growth, disease resistance, and intestinal health of Chinese soft-shelled turtles, individual turtles were fed with 0 g/kg (CG), 0.5 g/kg, 1 g/kg, 2 g/kg, and 4 g/kg TA diets for 98 days. Afterwards, the turtles' disease resistance was tested using Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that 0.5-4 g/kg of dietary TA increased the growth performance and feed utilization (p < 0.05), with 2.38 g/kg being the optimal level for the specific growth rate (SGR). The addition of 0.5-4 g/kg of TA in diets increased the mucosal fold height and submucosa thickness of the small intestine, which reached a maximum of 2 g/kg. The addition of 0.5-2 g/kg of TA effectively reduced the cumulative mortality that had been induced by A. hydrophila, with the 2 g/kg dosage leading to the lowest mortality. Additionally, 1-4 g/kg of TA improved the T-SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities during infection, while 2 g/kg of dietary TA enhanced the richness and diversity of the microbiota, for example, by increasing Actinobacteria but inhibiting Firmicutes. The transcriptome demonstrated that the predominant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TA2 were mainly enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway (Acsl5, Apoa2, Apoa5, Fabp1, Fabp2, and Fabp6); in glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism (Chdh, Gatm, and Shmt1); and in steroid biosynthesis (Cel, Hsd17b7, Soat2, and Sqle). The main differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) that were discovered by means of metabolome analysis included cholylhistidine, calcipotriol, 13-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 12-acetate, and hexahomomethionine in CG vs. TA2. Integrative analyses of two omics revealed that 2 g/kg of TA mitigated inflammation by activating the PPAR signaling pathway and regulating the lipid metabolism via multiple pathways, such as steroid biosynthesis and α-linolenic acid metabolism. In general, the inclusion of 2 g/kg of TA in turtle diets can optimally promote growth and bacterial resistance by maintaining intestinal health and improving antioxidant capacity.

This study explores whether molecular hydrogen (H₂) administration can alleviate cognitive and immunological disturbances in a mouse model of vascular dementia (VaD). Adult male C57BL/6 mice underwent bilateral common carotid artery stenosis to induce VaD and were subsequently assigned to three groups: VaD, VaD with hydrogen-rich water treatment (VaD + H₂), and Sham controls. Behavioral assessments using open field and novel object recognition tests revealed that VaD mice exhibited anxiety-deficient behavior and memory impairment, both of which were reversed by H₂ treatment. Histological examinations showed pyknotic neuronal morphologies and elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the VaD hippocampus, whereas H₂ administration mitigated these alterations. Furthermore, VaD-induced downregulation of BCL2 was reversed in the VaD + H₂ group, in parallel with increased IL-4 expression. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that VaD disrupted T regulatory cell homeostasis by significantly increasing their proportion, an effect reversed by H₂ treatment, thereby restoring immunological balance. Transcriptomic evaluations confirmed that VaD suppressed key neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory genes, while H₂ treatment restored or enhanced their expression. Collectively, these findings highlight the neuroprotective and immuno-modulatory potential of molecular hydrogen, suggesting that H₂ supplementation may promote neuronal resilience, modulate T cell differentiation, and support cognitive recovery in vascular dementia.

A water-soluble polysaccharide from foxtail millet (FM-D1) was isolated and purified through gradient ethanol precipitation and column chromatography. Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Multi-Angle Light Scattering-Refractive Index (SEC-MALLS-RI) and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC) analyses revealed that FM-D1 constitutes a highly purified neutral polysaccharide exclusively composed of glucose as the sugar unit, with a molecular weight of 14.823 kDa. The structural characterization results obtained from gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) spectra suggest that FM-D1 primarily consists of a main chain linked by →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ and minor quantities of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ to form the main chain, with branching mainly composed of α-D-Glcp-(1→ attached to the O-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→ sugar residues. Based on these findings, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of FM-D1 were evaluated in vitro. The results indicated that FM-D1 exhibited moderate 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-Azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) radical scavenging capacity and total antioxidant capacity (TAOC). Furthermore, FM-D1 stimulated macrophage proliferation and inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 246.7 cells. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that foxtail millet holds promise as a potential antioxidant agent and immunologic substance in functional foods.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a major but often underestimated risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Exploring innovative approaches to prevent this progression is critical. Intermittent fasting (IF), recognized for its metabolic and anti-inflammatory benefits, may offer protective effects in this context. Using a unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (UIRI) model in male C57BL/6 mice, we evaluated the impact of IF on tubulointerstitial fibrosis and tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) over 8 weeks. Mice in the IF group followed a 5:2 regimen, fasting for 24 h twice weekly. Four groups were studied: control, IF, UIRI, and IF + UIRI. The UIRI group exhibited increased fibrosis and EMT, both of which were significantly attenuated in the IF + UIRI group. IF also reduced levels of TGF-β1, phosphorylated NF-κB p65, inflammatory cytokines, and F4/80-positive macrophages, along with markers of oxidative stress. These findings highlight IF's ability to mitigate fibrosis and EMT through reductions in inflammation and oxidative stress during AKI-to-CKD progression. Our study suggests that IF may serve as a promising dietary strategy to prevent AKI from advancing into CKD.

Acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI) remains a significant global health concern, primarily driven by oxidative stress. This study investigated the protective mechanisms of Weizmannia coagulans BC99 against alcohol-induced oxidative stress using a dual model in rats and Caenorhabditis elegans. In rats, excessive alcohol was predominantly metabolized via the CYP2E1 pathway, leading to severe oxidative stress. However, intervention with BC99 suppressed CYP2E1 expression and enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities through the Nrf2/SKN-1 pathway, thereby alleviating oxidative stress. Additionally, BC99 treatment elevated glutamate and aspartate levels while reducing glycerate and glucose, which collectively increased glutathione levels and mitigated oxidative stress triggered by glucose metabolism disorders. In C. elegans, BC99 reduced excessive ROS by upregulating Nrf2/skn-1, daf-16, and their downstream antioxidant genes, consequently alleviating the biotoxicity associated with alcohol-induced oxidative damage. The protective effects of BC99 were markedly diminished in the skn-1 mutant (GR2245) and daf-16 mutant (CF1038), further confirming the pivotal roles of SKN-1 and DAF-16 pathways in BC99-mediated antioxidant protection. Taken together, these findings reveal that BC99 mitigates alcohol-induced oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/SKN-1 pathway and regulating liver metabolites to eliminate excess ROS, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the application of probiotics in preventing acute alcoholic liver injury.

Oxidative stress is a state of imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the antioxidant defence system in the body. Oxidative stress may be associated with a variety of diseases, such as ovarian cancer, diabetes mellitus, and neurodegeneration. The generation of oxidative stress in ovarian cancer, one of the common and refractory malignancies among gynaecological tumours, may be associated with several factors. On the one hand, the increased metabolism of ovarian cancer cells can lead to the increased production of ROS, and on the other hand, the impaired antioxidant defence system of ovarian cancer cells is not able to effectively scavenge the excessive ROS. In addition, chemotherapy and radiotherapy may elevate the oxidative stress in ovarian cancer cells. Oxidative stress can cause oxidative damage, promote the development of ovarian cancer, and even result in drug resistance. Therefore, studying oxidative stress in ovarian cancer is important for the prevention and treatment of ovarian cancer. Antioxidants, important markers of oxidative stress, might serve as one of the strategies for preventing and treating ovarian cancer. In this review, we will discuss the complex relationship between oxidative stress and ovarian cancer, as well as the role and therapeutic potential of antioxidants in ovarian cancer, thus guiding future research and clinical interventions.

Andrographis paniculata is mainly used to treat skin inflammations, wounds, and infections. In this study, Andrographis Herba, the aerial part of the plant, was proven to increase the viability of UVB-damaged HaCat cells and reduce reactive oxygen species levels. The chemical composition of Andrographis Herba extract (AHE) was analyzed using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, and diterpene lactones were identified as its primary constituents. Then, the fraction of diterpene lactones was prepared and exhibited similar effects to AHE. AHE, its diterpene lactones component, and its representative constituent andrographolide all decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and CDKN1A. Furthermore, the protective effects of AHE and its active ingredients on UVB-damaged epidermal stem cells were investigated. Notably, the combined treatment with andrographolide and collagen XVII enhanced the viability of UVB-damaged epidermal stem cells, increased the expression of stemness markers integrin β1 and p63, and decreased the expression of the differentiation marker keratin 10. This combination demonstrated significant synergy in maintaining skin homeostasis, which provides evidences for the development of skin-protective products.

In addition to the immature edible flower heads, the cultivation of globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus L. var. scolymus (L.) Fiori) generates substantial quantities of by-products, including leaves, stems, and roots, which constitute potential sources of bioactive compounds and prebiotic dietary fiber. Preserving agricultural biodiversity and promoting socioeconomic development are essential for enhancing domestic production and fostering innovation. In the search for new biomolecules with antioxidant properties, this research focused on a globe artichoke landrace at risk of genetic erosion, still cultivated in the northern part of the Lazio region, known as the "Carciofo Ortano". To investigate the antioxidant properties of various globe artichoke tissues from the "Carciofo Ortano" landrace, methanolic extracts were prepared from the immature main and secondary flower heads, stems, and leaves of representative genotypes of this landrace. Additionally, extracts were obtained from the same tissues of four landraces/clones included in the varietal platform of the PGI "Carciofo Romanesco del Lazio", which served as reference genotypes: Campagnano, Castellammare, C3, and Grato 1. The antioxidant properties of these extracts were assessed using FRAP, ABTS, DPPH assays, and total phenolic content (TPC). The stem and secondary flower head extracts of two representative "Carciofo Ortano" genotypes and the Grato 1 clone, which have higher phenolic content, demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity. These extracts were therefore studied for their chemical profile using HPLC-DAD and SPME-GC/MS analysis. Additionally, the same extracts were investigated in vitro for their antioxidant capacity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, assessing their effects on ROS levels and the restoration of GSH levels. Furthermore, the in vivo beneficial effects of counteracting oxidative stress were evaluated in high sucrose-fed Drosophila melanogaster, as oxidative stress is a typical hallmark of hyperglycemic status. Overall, the results indicated that the edible immature inflorescences of the "Carciofo Ortano" landrace, along with the byproducts of its cultivation, are sources of raw materials containing biomolecules whose properties can be exploited for further applications in the pharmaceutical and medical sectors.

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS; RNS) are natural bioproducts of cellular metabolism, particularly produced within the mitochondria during energy production [...].