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Adaptive Prediction for Social Contexts: The Cerebellar Contribution to Typical and Atypical Social Behaviors. 社会情境的适应性预测:小脑对典型和非典型社会行为的贡献。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100120-092143
Catherine J Stoodley, Peter T Tsai

Social interactions involve processes ranging from face recognition to understanding others' intentions. To guide appropriate behavior in a given context, social interactions rely on accurately predicting the outcomes of one's actions and the thoughts of others. Because social interactions are inherently dynamic, these predictions must be continuously adapted. The neural correlates of social processing have largely focused on emotion, mentalizing, and reward networks, without integration of systems involved in prediction. The cerebellum forms predictive models to calibrate movements and adapt them to changing situations, and cerebellar predictive modeling is thought to extend to nonmotor behaviors. Primary cerebellar dysfunction can produce social deficits, and atypical cerebellar structure and function are reported in autism, which is characterized by social communication challenges and atypical predictive processing. We examine the evidence that cerebellar-mediated predictions and adaptation play important roles in social processes and argue that disruptions in these processes contribute to autism.

社会互动包括从面部识别到理解他人意图的过程。为了在给定的环境中指导适当的行为,社会互动依赖于准确预测一个人的行为和他人的想法的结果。因为社会互动本质上是动态的,这些预测必须不断调整。社会处理的神经相关主要集中在情感、心智化和奖励网络上,而没有涉及预测系统的整合。小脑形成预测模型来校准运动并使其适应不断变化的情况,小脑预测模型被认为可以扩展到非运动行为。原发性小脑功能障碍可导致社交缺陷,自闭症患者的小脑结构和功能不典型,主要表现为社交障碍和非典型预测加工。我们研究了小脑介导的预测和适应在社会过程中发挥重要作用的证据,并认为这些过程的中断会导致自闭症。
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引用次数: 18
The Cortical Motor Areas and the Emergence of Motor Skills: A Neuroanatomical Perspective. 皮层运动区和运动技能的出现:一个神经解剖学的观点。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-04-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050216
Peter L Strick, Richard P Dum, Jean-Alban Rathelot

What changes in neural architecture account for the emergence and expansion of dexterity in primates? Dexterity, or skill in performing motor tasks, depends on the ability to generate highly fractionated patterns of muscle activity. It also involves the spatiotemporal coordination of activity in proximal and distal muscles across multiple joints. Many motor skills require the generation of complex movement sequences that are only acquired and refined through extensive practice. Improvements in dexterity have enabled primates to manufacture and use tools and humans to engage in skilled motor behaviors such as typing, dance, musical performance, and sports. Our analysis leads to the following synthesis: The neural substrate that endows primates with their enhanced motor capabilities is due, in part, to (a) major organizational changes in the primary motor cortex and (b) the proliferation of output pathways from other areas of the cerebral cortex, especially from the motor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere.

神经结构的什么变化解释了灵长类动物灵巧性的出现和扩展?灵巧性,或执行运动任务的技能,取决于产生高度分散的肌肉活动模式的能力。它还涉及跨多个关节的近端和远端肌肉活动的时空协调。许多运动技能需要产生复杂的运动序列,只有通过广泛的练习才能获得和完善。灵巧性的提高使灵长类动物能够制造和使用工具,人类能够从事熟练的运动行为,如打字、跳舞、音乐表演和运动。我们的分析得出了以下综合结论:赋予灵长类动物运动能力增强的神经基质部分是由于(a)初级运动皮层的主要组织变化和(b)大脑皮层其他区域输出通路的增殖,特别是来自半球内侧壁运动区域的输出通路。
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引用次数: 36
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Mechanically Activated PIEZO Channels. 机械激活压电通道的生理学和病理生理学。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-093020-120939
Ruhma Syeda

Nearly all structures in our body experience mechanical forces. At a molecular scale, these forces are detected by ion channels that function as mechanotransducers converting physical forces into electrochemical responses. Here we focus on PIEZOs, a family of mechanically activated ion channels comprising PIEZO1 and PIEZO2. The significance of these channels is highlighted by their roles in touch and pain sensation as well as in cardiovascular and respiratory physiology, among others. Moreover, mutations in PIEZOs cause somatosensory, proprioceptive, and blood disorders. The goal here is to present the diverse physiology and pathophysiology of these unique channels, discuss ongoing research and critical gaps in the field, and explore the pharmaceutical interest in targeting PIEZOs for therapeutic development.

我们身体的几乎所有结构都受到机械力的影响。在分子尺度上,这些力被离子通道检测到,离子通道作为机械传感器将物理力转化为电化学反应。在这里,我们专注于压电,一个由PIEZO1和PIEZO2组成的机械激活离子通道家族。这些通道在触觉和痛觉以及心血管和呼吸生理等方面的作用突出了它们的重要性。此外,PIEZOs的突变会引起躯体感觉、本体感觉和血液疾病。本文的目的是介绍这些独特通道的不同生理学和病理生理学,讨论正在进行的研究和该领域的关键空白,并探讨针对压电陶瓷进行治疗开发的制药兴趣。
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引用次数: 23
A Common Space Approach to Comparative Neuroscience. 比较神经科学的共同空间方法。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-02-03 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100220-025942
Rogier B Mars, Saad Jbabdi, Matthew F S Rushworth

Comparative neuroscience is entering the era of big data. New high-throughput methods and data-sharing initiatives have resulted in the availability of large, digital data sets containing many types of data from ever more species. Here, we present a framework for exploiting the new possibilities offered. The multimodality of the data allows vertical translations, which are comparisons of different aspects of brain organization within a single species and across scales. Horizontal translations compare particular aspects of brain organization across species, often by building abstract feature spaces. Combining vertical and horizontal translations allows for more sophisticated comparisons, including relating principles of brain organization across species by contrasting horizontal translations, and for making formal predictions of unobtainable data based on observed results in a model species.

比较神经科学正在进入大数据时代。新的高通量方法和数据共享举措导致了包含来自更多物种的多种类型数据的大型数字数据集的可用性。在这里,我们提出了一个框架来利用所提供的新可能性。数据的多模态允许垂直转换,这是对单一物种和跨尺度的大脑组织的不同方面的比较。横向翻译通常通过构建抽象特征空间来比较不同物种大脑组织的特定方面。将垂直平移和水平平移结合起来可以进行更复杂的比较,包括通过对比水平平移来关联物种间大脑组织的原理,以及根据模型物种的观察结果对无法获得的数据进行正式预测。
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引用次数: 45
The Role of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Moderating Neural Representations of Self and Other in Primates. 内侧前额叶皮层在调节灵长类动物自我和他者神经表征中的作用。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-03-22 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-101420-011820
Masaki Isoda

As a frontal node in the primate social brain, the medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) plays a critical role in coordinating one's own behavior with respect to that of others. Current literature demonstrates that single neurons in the MPFC encode behavior-related variables such as intentions, actions, and rewards, specifically for self and other, and that the MPFC comes into play when reflecting upon oneself and others. The social moderator account of MPFC function can explain maladaptive social cognition in people with autism spectrum disorder, which tips the balance in favor of self-centered perspectives rather than taking into consideration the perspective of others. Several strands of evidence suggest a hypothesis that the MPFC represents different other mental models, depending on the context at hand, to better predict others' emotions and behaviors. This hypothesis also accounts for aberrant MPFC activity in autistic individuals while they are mentalizing others.

内侧前额叶皮层(MPFC)作为灵长类社会性脑的额叶节点,在协调个体与他人的行为方面起着至关重要的作用。目前的文献表明,MPFC中的单个神经元编码与行为相关的变量,如意图、行动和奖励,特别是对自己和他人,并且MPFC在反思自己和他人时发挥作用。MPFC功能的社会调节解释可以解释自闭症谱系障碍患者的不适应社会认知,这使得平衡倾向于以自我为中心的视角,而不是考虑他人的视角。一些证据表明,MPFC代表了不同的其他心理模型,这取决于手头的环境,以更好地预测他人的情绪和行为。这一假设也解释了自闭症患者在对他人进行心智化时MPFC异常活动的原因。
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引用次数: 16
Human Representation Learning. 人类表征学习。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-03-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092920-120559
Angela Radulescu, Yeon Soon Shin, Yael Niv

The central theme of this review is the dynamic interaction between information selection and learning. We pose a fundamental question about this interaction: How do we learn what features of our experiences are worth learning about? In humans, this process depends on attention and memory, two cognitive functions that together constrain representations of the world to features that are relevant for goal attainment. Recent evidence suggests that the representations shaped by attention and memory are themselves inferred from experience with each task. We review this evidence and place it in the context of work that has explicitly characterized representation learning as statistical inference. We discuss how inference can be scaled to real-world decisions by approximating beliefs based on a small number of experiences. Finally, we highlight some implications of this inference process for human decision-making in social environments.

本综述的中心主题是信息选择与学习之间的动态互动。我们提出了一个关于这种互动的基本问题:我们如何了解我们经历的哪些特征值得学习?在人类中,这个过程依赖于注意力和记忆,这两种认知功能共同将世界的表征限制在与目标实现相关的特征上。最近的证据表明,由注意力和记忆形成的表征本身是从每项任务的经验中推断出来的。我们回顾了这一证据,并将其置于明确将表征学习描述为统计推断的工作背景中。我们讨论了如何通过基于少量经验的近似信念将推理扩展到现实世界的决策。最后,我们强调了这种推理过程对社会环境中人类决策的一些影响。
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引用次数: 23
Consolidating the Circuit Model for Addiction. 巩固成瘾的电路模型。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-03-05 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092920-123905
Christian Lüscher, Patricia H Janak

Addiction is a disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and consumption observed in 20-30% of users. An addicted individual will favor drug reward over natural rewards, despite major negative consequences. Mechanistic research on rodents modeling core components of the disease has identified altered synaptic transmission as the functional substrate of pathological behavior. While the initial version of a circuit model for addiction focused on early drug adaptive behaviors observed in all individuals, it fell short of accounting for the stochastic nature of the transition to compulsion. The model builds on the initial pharmacological effect common to all addictive drugs-an increase in dopamine levels in the mesolimbic system. Here, we consolidate this early model by integrating circuits underlying compulsion and negative reinforcement. We discuss the genetic and epigenetic correlates of individual vulnerability. Many recent data converge on a gain-of-function explanation for circuit remodeling, revealing blueprints for novel addiction therapies.

成瘾是一种以强迫性药物寻求和消费为特征的疾病,在20-30%的使用者中观察到。一个上瘾的人会更喜欢药物奖励而不是自然奖励,尽管有很大的负面后果。对啮齿类动物模型核心成分的机制研究已经确定突触传递的改变是病理行为的功能基础。虽然成瘾回路模型的最初版本关注的是在所有个体中观察到的早期药物适应行为,但它没有考虑到向强迫过渡的随机性。该模型建立在所有成瘾性药物共同的初始药理作用上——中脑边缘系统多巴胺水平的增加。在这里,我们通过整合潜在的强迫和负强化电路来巩固这个早期模型。我们讨论了个体脆弱性的遗传和表观遗传相关。最近的许多数据都集中在电路重塑的功能获得解释上,揭示了新型成瘾治疗的蓝图。
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引用次数: 31
The Geometry of Information Coding in Correlated Neural Populations. 相关神经群体信息编码的几何特征。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-04-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-120320-082744
Rava Azeredo da Silveira, Fred Rieke

Neurons in the brain represent information in their collective activity. The fidelity of this neural population code depends on whether and how variability in the response of one neuron is shared with other neurons. Two decades of studies have investigated the influence of these noise correlations on the properties of neural coding. We provide an overview of the theoretical developments on the topic. Using simple, qualitative, and general arguments, we discuss, categorize, and relate the various published results. We emphasize the relevance of the fine structure of noise correlation, and we present a new approach to the issue. Throughout this review, we emphasize a geometrical picture of how noise correlations impact the neural code.

大脑中的神经元在它们的集体活动中代表信息。这种神经种群编码的保真度取决于一个神经元的反应可变性是否与其他神经元共享,以及如何共享。二十年的研究已经调查了这些噪声相关性对神经编码特性的影响。我们概述了这一主题的理论发展。使用简单的、定性的和一般性的论证,我们讨论、分类和联系各种已发表的结果。我们强调噪声相关的精细结构的相关性,并提出了一种新的方法来解决这个问题。在整个回顾中,我们强调噪声相关性如何影响神经代码的几何图像。
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引用次数: 32
Spatial Transcriptomics: Molecular Maps of the Mammalian Brain. 空间转录组学:哺乳动物大脑的分子图谱。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-04-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100520-082639
Cantin Ortiz, Marie Carlén, Konstantinos Meletis

Maps of the nervous system inspire experiments and theories in neuroscience. Advances in molecular biology over the past decades have revolutionized the definition of cell and tissue identity. Spatial transcriptomics has opened up a new era in neuroanatomy, where the unsupervised and unbiased exploration of the molecular signatures of tissue organization will give rise to a new generation of brain maps. We propose that the molecular classification of brain regions on the basis of their gene expression profile can circumvent subjective neuroanatomical definitions and produce common reference frameworks that can incorporate cell types, connectivity, activity, and other modalities. Here we review the technological and conceptual advances made possible by spatial transcriptomics in the context of advancing neuroanatomy and discuss how molecular neuroanatomy can redefine mapping of the nervous system.

神经系统的地图激发了神经科学的实验和理论。在过去的几十年里,分子生物学的进步已经彻底改变了细胞和组织身份的定义。空间转录组学开辟了神经解剖学的新时代,对组织组织的分子特征进行无监督和无偏见的探索将产生新一代的大脑图谱。我们提出,基于基因表达谱的脑区域分子分类可以绕过主观的神经解剖学定义,并产生可以包含细胞类型、连通性、活动和其他模式的共同参考框架。在这里,我们回顾了空间转录组学在推进神经解剖学的背景下所取得的技术和概念上的进步,并讨论了分子神经解剖学如何重新定义神经系统的定位。
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引用次数: 25
Current Status of and Perspectives on the Application of Marmosets in Neurobiology. 狨猴在神经生物学中的应用现状及展望。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2020-12-02 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-030520-101844
Hideyuki Okano

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate, is receiving substantial attention in the neuroscience and biomedical science fields because its anatomical features, functional and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive features and its amenability to available genetic modification technologies make it an attractive experimental subject. In this review, I outline the progress of marmoset neuroscience research and summarize both the current status (opportunities and limitations) of and the future perspectives on the application of marmosets in neuroscience and disease modeling.

普通狨猴(Callithrix jacchus)是一种小型的新世界灵长类动物,由于其解剖特征、功能和行为特征、生殖特征以及对现有基因改造技术的适应性使其成为一种有吸引力的实验对象,在神经科学和生物医学科学领域受到了极大的关注。本文概述了狨猴神经科学的研究进展,总结了狨猴在神经科学和疾病建模中的应用现状(机遇和局限性)和未来的前景。
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引用次数: 45
期刊
Annual review of neuroscience
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