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Neural and Molecular Mechanisms of Biological Embedding of Social Interactions. 社会互动生物嵌入的神经和分子机制。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092820-012959
Ian M Traniello, Gene E Robinson

Animals operate in complex environments, and salient social information is encoded in the nervous system and then processed to initiate adaptive behavior. This encoding involves biological embedding, the process by which social experience affects the brain to influence future behavior. Biological embedding is an important conceptual framework for understanding social decision-making in the brain, as it encompasses multiple levels of organization that regulate how information is encoded and used to modify behavior. The framework we emphasize here is that social stimuli provoke short-term changes in neural activity that lead to changes in gene expression on longer timescales. This process, simplified-neurons are for today and genes are for tomorrow-enables the assessment of the valence of a social interaction, an appropriate and rapid response, and subsequent modification of neural circuitry to change future behavioral inclinations in anticipation of environmental changes. We review recent research on the neural and molecular basis of biological embedding in the context of social interactions, with a special focus on the honeybee.

动物在复杂的环境中活动,重要的社会信息在神经系统中被编码,然后被处理以启动适应性行为。这种编码涉及到生物嵌入,即社会经验影响大脑进而影响未来行为的过程。生物嵌入是理解大脑中社会决策的重要概念框架,因为它包含了调节信息编码和用于改变行为的多个层次的组织。我们在这里强调的框架是,社会刺激引起神经活动的短期变化,从而导致基因表达在更长的时间尺度上的变化。这个简化的过程——神经元是今天的,基因是明天的——使我们能够评估社会互动的价值,做出适当而迅速的反应,并随后修改神经回路,以改变预期环境变化的未来行为倾向。我们回顾了最近在社会互动背景下生物嵌入的神经和分子基础方面的研究,特别关注蜜蜂。
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引用次数: 10
Neurophysiology of Human Perceptual Decision-Making. 人类感知决策的神经生理学。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-05-04 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092019-100200
Redmond G O'Connell, Simon P Kelly

The discovery of neural signals that reflect the dynamics of perceptual decision formation has had a considerable impact. Not only do such signals enable detailed investigations of the neural implementation of the decision-making process but they also can expose key elements of the brain's decision algorithms. For a long time, such signals were only accessible through direct animal brain recordings, and progress in human neuroscience was hampered by the limitations of noninvasive recording techniques. However, recent methodological advances are increasingly enabling the study of human brain signals that finely trace the dynamics of the unfolding decision process. In this review, we highlight how human neurophysiological data are now being leveraged to furnish new insights into the multiple processing levels involved in forming decisions, to inform the construction and evaluation of mathematical models that can explain intra- and interindividual differences, and to examine how key ancillary processes interact with core decision circuits.

反映感知决策形成动态的神经信号的发现已经产生了相当大的影响。这些信号不仅可以对决策过程的神经实现进行详细的调查,而且还可以揭示大脑决策算法的关键要素。在很长一段时间里,这些信号只能通过直接记录动物的大脑来获得,而人类神经科学的进步受到非侵入性记录技术的限制。然而,最近方法上的进步使得对人类大脑信号的研究能够精细地追踪正在展开的决策过程的动态。在这篇综述中,我们强调了人类神经生理学数据现在如何被利用来提供涉及形成决策的多个处理水平的新见解,为可以解释个体内和个体间差异的数学模型的构建和评估提供信息,并检查关键辅助过程如何与核心决策电路相互作用。
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引用次数: 30
Perceptual Inference, Learning, and Attention in a Multisensory World. 多感官世界中的知觉推断、学习和注意。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-04-21 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100120-085519
Uta Noppeney

Adaptive behavior in a complex, dynamic, and multisensory world poses some of the most fundamental computational challenges for the brain, notably inference, decision-making, learning, binding, and attention. We first discuss how the brain integrates sensory signals from the same source to support perceptual inference and decision-making by weighting them according to their momentary sensory uncertainties. We then show how observers solve the binding or causal inference problem-deciding whether signals come from common causes and should hence be integrated or else be treated independently. Next, we describe the multifarious interplay between multisensory processing and attention. We argue that attentional mechanisms are crucial to compute approximate solutions to the binding problem in naturalistic environments when complex time-varying signals arise from myriad causes. Finally, we review how the brain dynamically adapts multisensory processing to a changing world across multiple timescales.

在一个复杂、动态和多感官的世界中,自适应行为对大脑提出了一些最基本的计算挑战,特别是推理、决策、学习、约束和注意力。我们首先讨论大脑如何整合来自同一来源的感觉信号,以支持感知推理和决策,根据他们的瞬间感觉不确定性加权。然后,我们展示了观察者如何解决绑定或因果推理问题——决定信号是否来自共同的原因,因此应该被整合或单独处理。接下来,我们将描述多感觉加工和注意之间的各种相互作用。我们认为,在自然环境中,当复杂的时变信号由无数原因产生时,注意机制对于计算绑定问题的近似解至关重要。最后,我们回顾了大脑如何动态地适应多感官处理,以适应多个时间尺度上不断变化的世界。
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引用次数: 46
Sources of Individual Differences in Pain. 个体疼痛差异的来源。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-092820-105941
Jeffrey S Mogil

Pain is an immense clinical and societal challenge, and the key to understanding and treating it is variability. Robust interindividual differences are consistently observed in pain sensitivity, susceptibility to developing painful disorders, and response to analgesic manipulations. This review examines the causes of this variability, including both organismic and environmental sources. Chronic pain development is a textbook example of a gene-environment interaction, requiring both chance initiating events (e.g., trauma, infection) and more immutable risk factors. The focus is on genetic factors, since twin studies have determined that a plurality of the variance likely derives from inherited genetic variants, but sex, age, ethnicity, personality variables, and environmental factors are also considered.

疼痛是一个巨大的临床和社会挑战,理解和治疗它的关键是可变性。在疼痛敏感性、对疼痛障碍的易感性和对镇痛操作的反应方面,个体间的差异一直被观察到。这篇综述探讨了这种变异的原因,包括有机体和环境来源。慢性疼痛的发展是基因-环境相互作用的典型例子,既需要偶然的启动事件(如创伤、感染),也需要更不可改变的风险因素。重点是遗传因素,因为双胞胎研究已经确定,多种差异可能来自遗传基因变异,但性别、年龄、种族、性格变量和环境因素也被考虑在内。
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引用次数: 17
Integrated Patterning Programs During Drosophila Development Generate the Diversity of Neurons and Control Their Mature Properties. 果蝇发育过程中的综合模式程序产生神经元多样性并控制其成熟特性。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102120-014813
Anthony M Rossi, Shadi Jafari, Claude Desplan

During the approximately 5 days of Drosophila neurogenesis (late embryogenesis to the beginning of pupation), a limited number of neural stem cells produce approximately 200,000 neurons comprising hundreds of cell types. To build a functional nervous system, neuronal types need to be produced in the proper places, appropriate numbers, and correct times. We discuss how neural stem cells (neuroblasts) obtain so-called area codes for their positions in the nervous system (spatial patterning) and how they keep time to sequentially produce neurons with unique fates (temporal patterning). We focus on specific examples that demonstrate how a relatively simple patterning system (Notch) can be used reiteratively to generate different neuronal types. We also speculate on how different modes of temporal patterning that operate over short versus long time periods might be linked. We end by discussing how specification programs are integrated and lead to the terminal features of different neuronal types.

在果蝇大约5天的神经发生期间(胚胎发生后期到化蛹开始),数量有限的神经干细胞产生大约20万个神经元,包括数百种细胞类型。为了建立一个功能性的神经系统,神经元类型需要在适当的位置、适当的数量和正确的时间产生。我们讨论神经干细胞(神经母细胞)如何获得其在神经系统中位置的所谓区域代码(空间模式),以及它们如何保持时间顺序产生具有独特命运的神经元(时间模式)。我们专注于具体的例子,展示了一个相对简单的模式系统(Notch)如何被反复使用来产生不同的神经元类型。我们还推测在短时间和长时间内运作的不同模式的时间模式是如何联系在一起的。最后,我们讨论了如何整合规范程序并导致不同神经元类型的终端特征。
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引用次数: 10
Dense Circuit Reconstruction to Understand Neuronal Computation: Focus on Zebrafish. 密集电路重构以理解神经元计算:以斑马鱼为例。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-03-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-110220-013050
Rainer W Friedrich, Adrian A Wanner
The dense reconstruction of neuronal wiring diagrams from volumetric electron microscopy data has the potential to generate fundamentally new insights into mechanisms of information processing and storage in neuronal circuits. Zebrafish provide unique opportunities for dynamical connectomics approaches that combine reconstructions of wiring diagrams with measurements of neuronal population activity and behavior. Such approaches have the power to reveal higher-order structure in wiring diagrams that cannot be detected by sparse sampling of connectivity and that is essential for neuronal computations. In the brain stem, recurrently connected neuronal modules were identified that can account for slow, low-dimensional dynamics in an integrator circuit. In the spinal cord, connectivity specifies functional differences between premotor interneurons. In the olfactory bulb, tuning-dependent connectivity implements a whitening transformation that is based on the selective suppression of responses to overrepresented stimulus features. These findings illustrate the potential of dynamical connectomics in zebrafish to analyze the circuit mechanisms underlying higher-order neuronal computations. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 44 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
从体积电子显微镜数据中密集重建神经元接线图有可能对神经元回路中的信息处理和存储机制产生根本性的新见解。斑马鱼为动态连接组学方法提供了独特的机会,该方法将接线图的重建与神经元群体活动和行为的测量相结合。这种方法有能力揭示接线图中的高阶结构,这些结构无法通过稀疏的连接采样检测到,这对神经元计算至关重要。在脑干中,发现了周期性连接的神经元模块,它们可以解释积分器电路中缓慢、低维的动态。在脊髓中,连通性指定了运动前中间神经元之间的功能差异。在嗅球中,调谐依赖的连接实现了一种基于选择性抑制对过度代表的刺激特征的反应的白化转换。这些发现说明了斑马鱼动态连接组学在分析高阶神经元计算背后的电路机制方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 11
Astrocytes and Behavior. 星形胶质细胞与行为。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-01-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-101920-112225
Paulo Kofuji, Alfonso Araque

Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocytes and neurons. Activation of astrocytes by synaptically released neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca2+ in astrocytes, which then can regulate the efficacy of near and distant tripartite synapses at diverse timescales through gliotransmitter release. Here, we discuss recent evidence on how diverse behaviors are impacted by this dialog. These recent findings support a paradigm shift in neuroscience, in which animal behavior does not result exclusively from neuronal activity but from the coordinated activity of both astrocytes and neurons. Decoding how astrocytes and neurons interact with each other in various brain circuits will be fundamental to fully understanding how behaviors originate and become dysregulated in disease.

传统上认为,动物行为完全由神经元活动决定,而周围的胶质细胞(如星形胶质细胞)仅起支持作用。然而,在哺乳动物大脑中星形胶质细胞和神经元一样多,目前的研究结果表明星形胶质细胞和神经元之间存在基于化学的对话。突触释放的神经递质对星形胶质细胞的激活主要集中在调节星形胶质细胞内的Ca2+,进而通过胶质递质释放在不同时间尺度上调节近、远三方突触的功能。在这里,我们讨论了最近的证据,表明这种对话如何影响不同的行为。这些最近的发现支持了神经科学范式的转变,即动物行为不是完全由神经元活动引起的,而是由星形胶质细胞和神经元的协调活动引起的。解码星形胶质细胞和神经元如何在各种脑回路中相互作用,将是充分理解行为如何起源和在疾病中变得失调的基础。
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引用次数: 60
Parkinson's Disease Genetics and Pathophysiology. 帕金森病遗传学和病理生理学。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100720-034518
Gabriel E Vázquez-Vélez, Huda Y Zoghbi

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta and by accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies. PD is caused by a combination of environmental factors and genetic variants. These variants range from highly penetrant Mendelian alleles to alleles that only modestly increase disease risk. Here, we review what is known about the genetics of PD. We also describe how PD genetics have solidified the role of endosomal, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight how all three pathways are affected by α-synuclein and how this knowledge may be harnessed for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics.

帕金森病(PD)是一种常见的神经退行性疾病,以黑质致密部变性和路易小体α-突触核蛋白积累为特征。帕金森病是由环境因素和遗传变异共同引起的。这些变异的范围从高渗透的孟德尔等位基因到仅适度增加疾病风险的等位基因。在这里,我们回顾了关于帕金森病的遗传学知识。我们还描述了PD遗传学如何巩固了内体、溶酶体和线粒体功能障碍在PD病理生理学中的作用。最后,我们强调了这三种途径如何受到α-突触核蛋白的影响,以及如何利用这些知识开发疾病修饰疗法。
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引用次数: 67
Smartphones and the Neuroscience of Mental Health. 智能手机与心理健康的神经科学。
IF 12.1 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-02-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-101220-014053
Claire M Gillan, Robb B Rutledge

Improvements in understanding the neurobiological basis of mental illness have unfortunately not translated into major advances in treatment. At this point, it is clear that psychiatric disorders are exceedingly complex and that, in order to account for and leverage this complexity, we need to collect longitudinal data sets from much larger and more diverse samples than is practical using traditional methods. We discuss how smartphone-based research methods have the potential to dramatically advance our understanding of the neuroscience of mental health. This, we expect, will take the form of complementing lab-based hard neuroscience research with dense sampling of cognitive tests, clinical questionnaires, passive data from smartphone sensors, and experience-sampling data as people go about their daily lives. Theory- and data-driven approaches can help make sense of these rich data sets, and the combination of computational tools and the big data that smartphones make possible has great potential value for researchers wishing to understand how aspects of brain function give rise to, or emerge from, states of mental health and illness.

遗憾的是,对精神疾病神经生物学基础认识的提高并没有转化为治疗方面的重大进展。在这一点上,很明显精神疾病是极其复杂的,为了解释和利用这种复杂性,我们需要从更大和更多样化的样本中收集纵向数据集,而使用传统方法是不切实际的。我们将讨论基于智能手机的研究方法如何有可能极大地促进我们对心理健康神经科学的理解。我们预计,这种研究方法将通过密集的认知测试取样、临床问卷调查、智能手机传感器提供的被动数据以及人们日常生活中的经验取样数据来补充基于实验室的硬神经科学研究。理论和数据驱动的方法可以帮助人们理解这些丰富的数据集,而计算工具和智能手机带来的大数据的结合,对于希望了解大脑功能如何导致或产生心理健康和疾病状态的研究人员来说,具有巨大的潜在价值。
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引用次数: 0
Oxytocin, Neural Plasticity, and Social Behavior. 催产素,神经可塑性和社会行为。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 Neuroscience Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Epub Date: 2021-04-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102320-102847
Robert C Froemke, Larry J Young

Oxytocin regulates parturition, lactation, parental nurturing, and many other social behaviors in both sexes. The circuit mechanisms by which oxytocin modulates social behavior are receiving increasing attention. Here, we review recent studies on oxytocin modulation of neural circuit function and social behavior, largely enabled by new methods of monitoring and manipulating oxytocin or oxytocin receptor neurons in vivo. These studies indicate that oxytocin can enhance the salience of social stimuli and increase signal-to-noise ratios by modulating spiking and synaptic plasticity in the context of circuits and networks. We highlight oxytocin effects on social behavior in nontraditional organisms such as prairie voles and discuss opportunities to enhance the utility of these organisms for studying circuit-level modulation of social behaviors. We then discuss recent insights into oxytocin neuron activity during social interactions. We conclude by discussing some of the major questions and opportunities in the field ahead.

催产素调节两性的分娩、哺乳、父母养育和许多其他社会行为。催产素调节社会行为的回路机制正受到越来越多的关注。在这里,我们回顾了最近关于催产素调节神经回路功能和社会行为的研究,主要是通过体内监测和操纵催产素或催产素受体神经元的新方法实现的。这些研究表明,催产素可以通过调节电路和网络中的尖峰和突触可塑性来增强社会刺激的显著性和增加信噪比。我们强调了催产素对草原田鼠等非传统生物的社会行为的影响,并讨论了提高这些生物在研究社会行为回路水平调节方面的效用的机会。然后,我们讨论了在社会互动中催产素神经元活动的最新见解。最后,我们将讨论未来该领域的一些主要问题和机遇。
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引用次数: 132
期刊
Annual review of neuroscience
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