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Neural Mechanisms of Itch. 瘙痒的神经机制。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 Epub Date: 2020-02-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-083019-024537
Mark Lay, Xinzhong Dong

Itch is a unique sensation that helps organisms scratch away external threats; scratching itself induces an immune response that can contribute to more itchiness. Itch is induced chemically in the peripheral nervous system via a wide array of receptors. Given the superficial localization of itch neuron terminals, cells that dwell close to the skin contribute significantly to itch. Certain mechanical stimuli mediated by recently discovered circuits also contribute to the itch sensation. Ultimately, in the spinal cord, and likely in the brain, circuits that mediate touch, pain, and itch engage in cross modulation. Much of itch perception is still a mystery, but we present in this review the known ligands and receptors associated with itch. We also describe experiments and findings from investigations into the spinal and supraspinal circuitry responsible for the sensation of itch.

痒是一种独特的感觉,可以帮助生物体抓住外部威胁;抓挠本身会引起免疫反应,从而导致更多的瘙痒。瘙痒是由周围神经系统通过一系列受体化学诱导产生的。考虑到瘙痒神经元末端的浅表定位,靠近皮肤的细胞对瘙痒有重要贡献。由最近发现的电路介导的某些机械刺激也有助于产生瘙痒感。最终,在脊髓中,也可能在大脑中,介导触觉、疼痛和瘙痒的回路参与了交叉调制。许多瘙痒感知仍然是一个谜,但我们在这篇综述中介绍了已知的与瘙痒相关的配体和受体。我们还描述了对负责瘙痒感觉的脊髓和棘上回路的实验和研究结果。
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引用次数: 46
Reward Contributions to Serotonergic Functions. 奖励对血清素功能的贡献。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-093019-112252
Zhixiang Liu, Rui Lin, Minmin Luo

The brain serotonin systems participate in numerous aspects of reward processing, although it remains elusive how exactly serotonin signals regulate neural computation and reward-related behavior. The application of optogenetics and imaging techniques during the last decade has provided many insights. Here, we review recent progress on the organization and physiology of the dorsal raphe serotonin neurons and the relationships between their activity and behavioral functions in the context of reward processing. We also discuss several interesting theories on serotonin's function and how these theories may be reconciled by the possibility that serotonin, acting in synergy with coreleased glutamate, tracks and calculates the so-called beneficialness of the current state to guide an animal's behavior in dynamic environments.

大脑血清素系统参与了奖励处理的许多方面,尽管血清素信号如何准确地调节神经计算和奖励相关行为仍是一个谜。在过去的十年中,光遗传学和成像技术的应用提供了许多见解。本文综述了中缝背5 -羟色胺神经元的组织和生理特征,以及它们在奖赏处理过程中的活动与行为功能之间的关系。我们还讨论了几个关于血清素功能的有趣理论,以及这些理论如何与血清素与共同释放的谷氨酸协同作用的可能性相协调,追踪和计算当前状态的所谓有益性,以指导动物在动态环境中的行为。
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引用次数: 34
Toward Community-Driven Big Open Brain Science: Open Big Data and Tools for Structure, Function, and Genetics. 面向社区驱动的大开放脑科学:结构、功能和遗传学的开放大数据和工具。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 Epub Date: 2020-04-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100119-110036
Adam S Charles, Benjamin Falk, Nicholas Turner, Talmo D Pereira, Daniel Tward, Benjamin D Pedigo, Jaewon Chung, Randal Burns, Satrajit S Ghosh, Justus M Kebschull, William Silversmith, Joshua T Vogelstein

As acquiring bigger data becomes easier in experimental brain science, computational and statistical brain science must achieve similar advances to fully capitalize on these data. Tackling these problems will benefit from a more explicit and concerted effort to work together. Specifically, brain science can be further democratized by harnessing the power of community-driven tools, which both are built by and benefit from many different people with different backgrounds and expertise. This perspective can be applied across modalities and scales and enables collaborations across previously siloed communities.

随着实验脑科学更容易获取大数据,计算和统计脑科学必须取得类似的进步,以充分利用这些数据。解决这些问题将受益于更加明确和协调一致的共同努力。具体来说,通过利用社区驱动工具的力量,脑科学可以进一步民主化,这些工具都是由具有不同背景和专业知识的许多不同的人建立并受益的。这种观点可以跨模式和规模应用,并使以前孤立的社区之间的合作成为可能。
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引用次数: 10
The Glial Perspective on Sleep and Circadian Rhythms. 从神经胶质角度看睡眠和昼夜节律。
IF 12.1 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 Epub Date: 2020-02-19 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-091819-094557
Gregory Artiushin, Amita Sehgal

While neurons and circuits are almost unequivocally considered to be the computational units and actuators of behavior, a complete understanding of the nervous system must incorporate glial cells. Far beyond a copious but passive substrate, glial influence is inextricable from neuronal physiology, whether during developmental guidance and synaptic shaping or through the trophic support, neurotransmitter and ion homeostasis, cytokine signaling and immune function, and debris engulfment contributions that this class provides throughout an organism's life. With such essential functions, among a growing literature of nuanced roles, it follows that glia are consequential to behavior in adult animals, with novel genetic tools allowing for the investigation of these phenomena in living organisms. We discuss here the relevance of glia for maintaining circadian rhythms and also for serving functions of sleep.

虽然神经元和神经回路几乎被明确视为行为的计算单元和执行器,但要全面了解神经系统,就必须将神经胶质细胞纳入其中。神经胶质细胞远不止是一个丰富但被动的基质,它对神经元生理学的影响是不可分割的,无论是在发育指导和突触形成过程中,还是通过营养支持、神经递质和离子平衡、细胞因子信号转导和免疫功能以及碎片吞噬,神经胶质细胞在生物体的整个生命过程中都发挥着重要作用。有了这些基本功能,在越来越多的关于其细微作用的文献中,神经胶质对成年动物的行为具有重要影响,而新的遗传工具使我们能够研究生物体内的这些现象。我们在此讨论神经胶质细胞与维持昼夜节律以及睡眠功能的相关性。
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引用次数: 0
Suckling, Feeding, and Swallowing: Behaviors, Circuits, and Targets for Neurodevelopmental Pathology. 哺乳、喂养和吞咽:神经发育病理学的行为、回路和目标。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 Epub Date: 2020-02-26 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100419-100636
Thomas M Maynard, Irene E Zohn, Sally A Moody, Anthony-S LaMantia

All mammals must suckle and swallow at birth, and subsequently chew and swallow solid foods, for optimal growth and health. These initially innate behaviors depend critically upon coordinated development of the mouth, tongue, pharynx, and larynx as well as the cranial nerves that control these structures. Disrupted suckling, feeding, and swallowing from birth onward-perinatal dysphagia-is often associated with several neurodevelopmental disorders that subsequently alter complex behaviors. Apparently, a broad range of neurodevelopmental pathologic mechanisms also target oropharyngeal and cranial nerve differentiation. These aberrant mechanisms, including altered patterning, progenitor specification, and neurite growth, prefigure dysphagia and may then compromise circuits for additional behavioral capacities. Thus, perinatal dysphagia may be an early indicator of disrupted genetic and developmental programs that compromise neural circuits and yield a broad range of behavioral deficits in neurodevelopmental disorders.

所有哺乳动物在出生时都必须哺乳和吞咽,然后咀嚼和吞咽固体食物,以获得最佳的生长和健康。这些最初的先天行为主要依赖于嘴、舌、咽、喉以及控制这些结构的脑神经的协调发展。从出生开始,哺乳、喂养和吞咽中断(围产期吞咽困难)通常与一些神经发育障碍有关,这些障碍随后会改变复杂的行为。显然,广泛的神经发育病理机制也针对口咽神经和颅神经分化。这些异常机制,包括模式改变、祖细胞规格和神经突生长,预示着吞咽困难,然后可能损害神经回路的其他行为能力。因此,围产期吞咽困难可能是遗传和发育程序中断的早期指标,这些程序损害神经回路,并在神经发育障碍中产生广泛的行为缺陷。
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引用次数: 20
The Genetic Control of Stoichiometry Underlying Autism. 自闭症背后的化学计量学基因控制。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-100119-024851
Robert B Darnell

Autism is a common and complex neurologic disorder whose scientific underpinnings have begun to be established in the past decade. The essence of this breakthrough has been a focus on families, where genetic analyses are strongest, versus large-scale, case-control studies. Autism genetics has progressed in parallel with technology, from analyses of copy number variation to whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Gene mutations causing complete loss of function account for perhaps one-third of cases, largely detected through WES. This limitation has increased interest in understanding the regulatory variants of genes that contribute in more subtle ways to the disorder. Strategies combining biochemical analysis of gene regulation, WGS analysis of the noncoding genome, and machine learning have begun to succeed. The emerging picture is that careful control of the amounts of transcription, mRNA, and proteins made by key brain genes-stoichiometry-plays a critical role in defining the clinical features of autism.

自闭症是一种常见而复杂的神经系统疾病,其科学基础在过去十年中已经开始建立。这一突破的实质是将重点放在家庭上,而不是大规模的病例对照研究,在家庭中,基因分析是最强的。从拷贝数变异分析到全外显子组测序(WES)和全基因组测序(WGS),自闭症遗传学与技术同步发展。导致功能完全丧失的基因突变约占病例的三分之一,主要通过WES检测到。这种限制增加了人们对理解以更微妙的方式导致这种疾病的基因调控变异的兴趣。结合基因调控的生化分析、非编码基因组的WGS分析和机器学习的策略已经开始取得成功。新出现的图景是,仔细控制转录、mRNA和由关键大脑基因产生的蛋白质的数量——化学计量学——在定义自闭症的临床特征方面起着关键作用。
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引用次数: 7
Finding the Brain in the Nose. 在鼻子里发现大脑。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-102119-103452
David H Brann, Sandeep Robert Datta

Olfaction is fundamentally distinct from other sensory modalities. Natural odor stimuli are complex mixtures of volatile chemicals that interact in the nose with a receptor array that, in rodents, is built from more than 1,000 unique receptors. These interactions dictate a peripheral olfactory code, which in the brain is transformed and reformatted as it is broadcast across a set of highly interconnected olfactory regions. Here we discuss the problems of characterizing peripheral population codes for olfactory stimuli, of inferring the specific functions of different higher olfactory areas given their extensive recurrence, and of ultimately understanding how odor representations are linked to perception and action. We argue that, despite the differences between olfaction and other sensory modalities, addressing these specific questions will reveal general principles underlying brain function.

嗅觉从根本上不同于其他感觉方式。自然气味刺激是挥发性化学物质的复杂混合物,它们在鼻子里与一个受体阵列相互作用,在啮齿动物中,这个受体阵列由1000多个独特的受体组成。这些相互作用决定了外围嗅觉代码,当它在大脑中通过一组高度互联的嗅觉区域传播时,它会被转换和重新格式化。在这里,我们讨论了嗅觉刺激的外围种群编码特征,推断不同高级嗅觉区域的特定功能,以及最终理解气味表征如何与感知和行动联系在一起的问题。我们认为,尽管嗅觉和其他感觉模式之间存在差异,但解决这些具体问题将揭示大脑功能的一般原理。
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引用次数: 14
CA2: A Highly Connected Intrahippocampal Relay. CA2:一个高度连接的海马内中继。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-07-08 Epub Date: 2019-12-24 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080719-100343
Steven J Middleton, Thomas J McHugh

Although Lorente de No' recognized the anatomical distinction of the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis (CA) 2 region, it had, until recently, been assigned no unique function. Its location between the key players of the circuit, CA3 and CA1, which along with the entorhinal cortex and dentate gyrus compose the classic trisynaptic circuit, further distracted research interest. However, the connectivity of CA2 pyramidal cells, together with unique patterns of gene expression, hints at a much larger contribution to hippocampal information processing than has been ascribed. Here we review recent advances that have identified new roles for CA2 in hippocampal centric processing, together with specialized functions in social memory and, potentially, as a broadcaster of novelty. These new data, together with CA2's role in disease, justify a closer look at how this small region exerts its influence and how it might best be exploited to understand and treat disease-related circuit dysfunctions.

虽然Lorente de No'认识到海马coru amoniis (CA) 2区域的解剖学区别,但直到最近,它还没有被赋予独特的功能。它位于电路的关键参与者CA3和CA1之间,CA3和CA1与内嗅皮层和齿状回一起组成了经典的三突触电路,这进一步分散了研究兴趣。然而,CA2锥体细胞的连接性,以及独特的基因表达模式,暗示了海马信息处理的贡献比所认为的要大得多。在这里,我们回顾了最近的进展,已经确定了CA2在海马体中心加工中的新作用,以及在社会记忆中的专门功能,并可能作为新奇的广播者。这些新数据,加上CA2在疾病中的作用,证明了更仔细地研究这个小区域如何发挥其影响,以及如何最好地利用它来理解和治疗与疾病相关的电路功能障碍。
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引用次数: 35
Multiscale Patterning from Competing Interactions and Length Scales. 来自竞争相互作用和长度尺度的多尺度模式。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2020-04-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-matsci-081519-050045
Alan Bishop
We live in a research era marked by impressive new tools powering the scientific method to accelerate the discovery, prediction, and control of increasingly complex systems. In common with many disciplines and societal challenges and opportunities, materials and condensed matter sciences are beneficiaries. The volume and fidelity of experimental, computational, and visualization data available, and tools to rapidly interpret them, are remarkable. Conceptual frameworks, including multiscale, multiphysics modeling of this complexity, are fueled by the data and, in turn, guide directions for future experimental and computational strategies. In this spirit, I discuss the importance of competing interactions, length scales, and constraints as pervasive sources of spatiotemporal complexity. I use representative examples drawn from materials and condensed matter, including the important role of elasticity in some technologically important quantum materials. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Materials Research, Volume 50 is July 1, 2020. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
我们生活在一个以令人印象深刻的新工具为标志的研究时代,这些新工具为科学方法提供了动力,以加速发现、预测和控制日益复杂的系统。与许多学科以及社会挑战和机遇一样,材料和凝聚态科学也是受益者。可用的实验、计算和可视化数据的体积和保真度,以及快速解释这些数据的工具,都是了不起的。概念框架,包括这种复杂性的多尺度、多物理建模,都是由数据推动的,进而为未来的实验和计算策略提供指导。本着这种精神,我讨论了竞争相互作用、长度尺度和约束作为时空复杂性普遍来源的重要性。我使用了从材料和凝聚态中提取的代表性例子,包括弹性在一些技术上重要的量子材料中的重要作用。《材料研究年度评论》第50卷预计最终在线出版日期为2020年7月1日。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 1
Neuron-Glia Signaling in Synapse Elimination. 突触消除中的神经元-胶质信号传导。
IF 13.9 1区 医学 Q1 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2019-07-08 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-070918-050306
Daniel K Wilton, Lasse Dissing-Olesen, Beth Stevens

Maturation of neuronal circuits requires selective elimination of synaptic connections. Although neuron-intrinsic mechanisms are important in this process, it is increasingly recognized that glial cells also play a critical role. Without proper functioning of these cells, the number, morphology, and function of synaptic contacts are profoundly altered, resulting in abnormal connectivity and behavioral abnormalities. In addition to their role in synaptic refinement, glial cells have also been implicated in pathological synapse loss and dysfunction following injury or nervous system degeneration in adults. Although mechanisms regulating glia-mediated synaptic elimination are still being uncovered, it is clear this complex process involves many cues that promote and inhibit the removal of specific synaptic connections. Gaining a greater understanding of these signals and the contribution of different cell types will not only provide insight into this critical biological event but also be instrumental in advancing knowledge of brain development and neural disease.

神经元回路的成熟需要选择性地消除突触连接。虽然神经元内在机制在这一过程中很重要,但人们越来越认识到神经胶质细胞也起着关键作用。如果这些细胞没有正常的功能,突触接触的数量、形态和功能就会发生深刻的改变,导致连接异常和行为异常。除了在突触完善中发挥作用外,神经胶质细胞还与成人损伤或神经系统变性后的病理性突触丧失和功能障碍有关。虽然调节神经胶质介导的突触消除的机制仍未被发现,但很明显,这一复杂的过程涉及许多促进和抑制特定突触连接去除的线索。对这些信号和不同细胞类型的贡献有了更深入的了解,不仅可以深入了解这一关键的生物学事件,而且有助于提高对大脑发育和神经疾病的认识。
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引用次数: 192
期刊
Annual review of neuroscience
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