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Dietary Selenium Across Species. 不同物种的膳食硒。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2022-06-09 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-121834
X. Lei, G. Combs, R. Sunde, J. Caton, J. Arthington, M. Vatamaniuk
This review traces the discoveries that led to the recognition of selenium (Se) as an essential nutrient and discusses Se-responsive diseases in animals and humans in the context of current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of their pathogeneses. The article includes a comprehensive analysis of dietary sources, nutritional utilization, metabolic functions, and dietary requirements of Se across various species. We also compare the function and regulation of selenogenomes and selenoproteomes among rodents, food animals, and humans. The review addresses the metabolic impacts of high dietary Se intakes in different species and recent revelations of Se-metabolites, means of increasing Se status, and the recycling of Se in food systems and ecosystems. Finally, research needs are identified for supporting basic science and practical applications of dietary Se in food, nutrition, and health across species. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
这篇综述追溯了导致硒(Se)被认为是一种必需营养素的发现,并在目前对其病因分子机制的理解的背景下讨论了动物和人类的硒反应性疾病。本文对不同物种硒的膳食来源、营养利用、代谢功能和膳食需求进行了全面分析。我们还比较了啮齿类动物、食用动物和人类中硒基因组和硒蛋白酶的功能和调节。综述了不同物种高膳食硒摄入量对代谢的影响,以及硒代谢产物的最新发现、提高硒含量的方法以及硒在食品系统和生态系统中的回收利用。最后,确定了支持膳食硒在食品、营养和跨物种健康中的基础科学和实际应用的研究需求。《营养年度评论》第42卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年8月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 17
The Importance of Food Processing and Eating Behavior in Promoting Healthy and Sustainable Diets. 食品加工和饮食行为在促进健康和可持续饮食中的重要性。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2022-06-07 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-030123
C. Forde, E. Decker
Numerous association studies and findings from a controlled feeding trial have led to the suggestion that "processed" foods are bad for health. Processing technologies and food formulation are essential for food preservation and provide access to safe, nutritious, affordable, appealing and sustainable foods for millions globally. However, food processing at any level can also cause negative health consequences that result from thermal destruction of vitamins; formation of toxins such as acrylamide; or excessive intakes of salt, sugar, and fat. Research on ultraprocessed foods centers on food composition and formulation. In addition, many modern food formulations can have poor nutritional quality and higher energy density. We outline the role of processing in the provision of a safe and secure food supply and explore the characteristics of processed foods that promote greater energy intake. Despite the potential for negative health effects, food processing and formulation represent an opportunity to apply the latest developments in technology and ingredient innovation to improve the food supply by creating foods that decrease the risk of overeating. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
大量的关联研究和对照喂养试验的结果表明,“加工”食品对健康有害。加工技术和食品配方对食品保存至关重要,并为全球数百万人提供安全、营养、负担得起、有吸引力和可持续的食品。然而,任何水平的食品加工也会因维生素的热破坏而对健康造成负面影响;丙烯酰胺等毒素的形成;或过量摄入盐、糖和脂肪。超加工食品的研究主要集中在食品成分和配方上。此外,许多现代食品配方的营养质量较差,能量密度较高。我们概述了加工在提供安全可靠的食品供应中的作用,并探讨了促进更多能量摄入的加工食品的特征。尽管有可能对健康产生负面影响,但食品加工和配方提供了一个机会,可以应用技术和配料创新的最新发展,通过生产降低暴饮暴食风险的食品来改善食品供应。《营养年度评论》第42卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年8月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 14
Nutritional and Metabolic Control of Ferroptosis. 铁下垂的营养与代谢控制。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-114541
Eikan Mishima, M. Conrad
Ferroptosis is a type of regulated cell death characterized by an excessive lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes caused by the disruption of the antioxidant defense system and/or an imbalanced cellular metabolism. Ferroptosis differentiates from other forms of regulated cell death in that several metabolic pathways and nutritional aspects, including endogenous antioxidants (such as coenzyme Q10, vitamin E, and di/tetrahydrobiopterin), iron handling, energy sensing, selenium utilization, amino acids, and fatty acids, directly regulate the cells' sensitivity to lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis. As hallmarks of ferroptosis have been documented in a variety of diseases, including neurodegeneration, acute organ injury, and therapy-resistant tumors, the modulation of ferroptosis using pharmacological tools or by metabolic reprogramming holds great potential for the treatment of ferroptosis-associated diseases and cancer therapy. Hence, this review focuses on the regulation of ferroptosis by metabolic and nutritional cues and discusses the potential of nutritional interventions for therapy by targeting ferroptosis. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
脱铁症是一种调节性细胞死亡,其特征是抗氧化防御系统破坏和/或细胞代谢失衡导致细胞膜脂质过氧化过度。脱铁症与其他形式的调节性细胞死亡的不同之处在于,几种代谢途径和营养方面,包括内源性抗氧化剂(如辅酶Q10、维生素E和二/四氢生物蝶呤)、铁处理、能量传感、硒利用、氨基酸和脂肪酸,直接调节细胞对脂质过氧化和脱铁症的敏感性。由于脱铁症的特征已被记录在多种疾病中,包括神经退行性变、急性器官损伤和耐治疗肿瘤,使用药理学工具或代谢重编程调节脱铁症在治疗脱铁症相关疾病和癌症治疗中具有巨大潜力。因此,这篇综述的重点是代谢和营养线索对脱铁性贫血的调节,并讨论了通过靶向脱铁性肾病进行营养干预治疗的潜力。《营养年度评论》第42卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年8月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 21
The Oscillating Gut Microbiome and Its Effects on Host Circadian Biology. 振荡肠道微生物组及其对宿主昼夜生物学的影响。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2022-05-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062320-111321
Lev Litichevskiy, Christoph A. Thaiss
The microbial community colonizing the gastrointestinal tract, collectively termed the gut microbiota, is an important element of the host organism due to its impact on multiple aspects of health. The digestion of food, secretion of immunostimulatory molecules, performance of chemical reactions in the intestine, and production of metabolites by the microbiota contribute to host homeostasis and disease. Recent discoveries indicate that these major functions are not constantly performed over the course of a day, but rather undergo diurnal fluctuations due to compositional and biogeographical oscillations in the microbiota. Here, we summarize the characteristics and origins of diurnal microbiome rhythms as well as their functional consequences for the circadian biology of the host. We describe the major known pathways of circadian host-microbiome communication and discuss possible implications of altered diurnal microbiome rhythms for human disease. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
定殖在胃肠道的微生物群落,统称为肠道微生物群,由于其对健康的多个方面的影响,是宿主生物的重要组成部分。食物的消化、免疫刺激分子的分泌、肠道中化学反应的表现以及微生物群产生代谢产物有助于宿主体内平衡和疾病。最近的发现表明,这些主要功能并不是在一天中不断发挥的,而是由于微生物群的组成和生物地理振荡而发生的昼夜波动。在这里,我们总结了昼夜微生物组节律的特征和起源,以及它们对宿主昼夜生物学的功能影响。我们描述了昼夜节律宿主-微生物组交流的主要已知途径,并讨论了昼夜节律改变对人类疾病的可能影响。《营养年度评论》第42卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年8月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 12
A Female Career in Research. 研究中的女性职业生涯。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2022-04-01 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-062220-103411
K. Flegal
After a long career at the National Center for Health Statistics, I retired and joined the Stanford Prevention Research Center as an unpaid associate. I was once described by a former US Food and Drug Administration commissioner as "one of the great epidemiologists." The chair of the Harvard nutrition department, speaking on National Public Radio, once described my research as "rubbish." Both may be exaggerations. Here I address some of the events that led to these contrasting descriptions. I also address the extent to which the so-called Matilda effect may have influenced my career. Are women in science on an equal footing with men? The Matilda effect suggests not. Unlike the Matthew effect for scientists, whereby those of higher prestige accrue a disproportionate share of recognition and rewards, the Matilda effect proposes that women scientists are systematically undervalued and underrecognized. I could never get a faculty job and was often treated like an underling. Nonetheless I persevered to publish highly cited research on several high-profile and sometimes controversial topics. Though overt sexism in science and workplaces has diminished over the course of my career, progress toward eliminating unconscious bias has been slower. The Matthew and Matilda effects are still powerful forces that distort incentives and rewards in science. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 42 is August 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
在国家卫生统计中心工作了很长一段时间后,我退休了,加入了斯坦福预防研究中心,成为一名无薪助理。一位前美国食品和药物管理局局长曾将我描述为“伟大的流行病学家之一”。哈佛大学营养系主任曾在国家公共广播电台上称我的研究是“垃圾”。两者都可能是夸大其词。在这里,我讲述了导致这些对比描述的一些事件。我还谈到了所谓的玛蒂尔达效应可能在多大程度上影响了我的职业生涯。女性在科学领域与男性处于平等地位吗?玛蒂尔达效应表明并非如此。与科学家的马太效应不同,在马太效应中,声望较高的科学家获得了不成比例的认可和奖励,而玛蒂尔达效应则认为女性科学家被系统地低估和低估。我永远找不到一份教员的工作,经常被当作下属对待。尽管如此,我还是坚持发表了一些备受关注、有时甚至有争议的主题的高引用研究。尽管在我的职业生涯中,科学和工作场所中公开的性别歧视已经减少,但消除无意识偏见的进展较慢。马太和玛蒂尔达效应仍然是扭曲科学激励和奖励的强大力量。《营养年度评论》第42卷预计最终在线出版日期为2022年8月。请参阅http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates用于修订估算。
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引用次数: 0
Breastfeeding Beyond 12 Months: Is There Evidence for Health Impacts? 超过12个月的母乳喂养:有证据表明对健康有影响吗?
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2021-10-11 Epub Date: 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-011242
Kimberly A Lackey, Bethaney D Fehrenkamp, Ryan M Pace, Janet E Williams, Courtney L Meehan, Mark A McGuire, Michelle K McGuire

Because breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and other benefits for infants (e.g., lower risk of infectious disease) and benefits for mothers (e.g., less postpartum bleeding), many organizations recommend that healthy infants be exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months in the United States and 6 months internationally. Recommendations related to how long breastfeeding should continue, however, are inconsistent. The objective of this article is to review the literature related to evidence for benefits of breastfeeding beyond 1 year for mothers and infants. In summary, human milk represents a good source of nutrients and immune components beyond 1 year. Some studies point toward lower infant mortality in undernourished children breastfed for >1 year, and prolonged breastfeeding increases interbirth intervals. Data on other outcomes (e.g., growth, diarrhea, obesity, and maternal weight loss) are inconsistent, often lacking sufficient control for confounding variables. There is a substantial need for rigorous, prospective, mixed-methods, cross-cultural research on this topic.

由于母乳喂养为婴儿提供最佳营养和其他好处(例如,降低传染病的风险),并为母亲带来好处(例如,减少产后出血),许多组织建议健康婴儿在美国纯母乳喂养4至6个月,在国际上纯母乳喂养6个月。然而,关于母乳喂养应该持续多长时间的建议并不一致。本文的目的是回顾有关母乳喂养超过1年对母亲和婴儿有益的证据的文献。总而言之,母乳是1年以上营养和免疫成分的良好来源。一些研究指出,母乳喂养超过1年的营养不良儿童的婴儿死亡率较低,延长母乳喂养会增加生育间隔。关于其他结局(如生长、腹泻、肥胖和产妇体重减轻)的数据不一致,往往缺乏对混杂变量的充分控制。这一课题需要严谨、前瞻性、混合方法、跨文化的研究。
{"title":"Breastfeeding Beyond 12 Months: Is There Evidence for Health Impacts?","authors":"Kimberly A Lackey,&nbsp;Bethaney D Fehrenkamp,&nbsp;Ryan M Pace,&nbsp;Janet E Williams,&nbsp;Courtney L Meehan,&nbsp;Mark A McGuire,&nbsp;Michelle K McGuire","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-011242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-011242","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Because breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and other benefits for infants (e.g., lower risk of infectious disease) and benefits for mothers (e.g., less postpartum bleeding), many organizations recommend that healthy infants be exclusively breastfed for 4 to 6 months in the United States and 6 months internationally. Recommendations related to how long breastfeeding should continue, however, are inconsistent. The objective of this article is to review the literature related to evidence for benefits of breastfeeding beyond 1 year for mothers and infants. In summary, human milk represents a good source of nutrients and immune components beyond 1 year. Some studies point toward lower infant mortality in undernourished children breastfed for >1 year, and prolonged breastfeeding increases interbirth intervals. Data on other outcomes (e.g., growth, diarrhea, obesity, and maternal weight loss) are inconsistent, often lacking sufficient control for confounding variables. There is a substantial need for rigorous, prospective, mixed-methods, cross-cultural research on this topic.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39085179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 9
Effects of Evolution, Ecology, and Economy on Human Diet: Insights from Hunter-Gatherers and Other Small-Scale Societies. 进化、生态和经济对人类饮食的影响:来自狩猎采集者和其他小规模社会的见解。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2021-10-11 Epub Date: 2021-06-17 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520
Herman Pontzer, Brian M Wood

We review the evolutionary origins of the human diet and the effects of ecology economy on the dietary proportion of plants and animals. Humans eat more meat than other apes, a consequence of hunting and gathering, which arose ∼2.5 Mya with the genus Homo. Paleolithic diets likely included a balance of plant and animal foods and would have been remarkably variable across time and space. A plant/animal food balance of 50/50% prevails among contemporary warm-climate hunter-gatherers, but these proportions vary widely. Societies in cold climates, and those that depend more on fishing or pastoralism, tend to eat more meat. Warm-climate foragers, and groups that engage in some farming, tend to eat more plants. We present a case study of the wild food diet of the Hadza, a community of hunter-gatherers in northern Tanzania, whose diet is high in fiber, adequate in protein, and remarkably variable over monthly timescales.

本文综述了人类饮食的进化起源以及生态经济对动植物饮食比例的影响。人类比其他类人猿吃更多的肉,这是狩猎和采集的结果,大约2.5亿年前与人属一起出现。旧石器时代的饮食可能包括植物和动物食物的平衡,并且随着时间和空间的变化会有很大的变化。在当代气候温暖的狩猎采集者中,植物/动物食物平衡比例普遍为50/50%,但这些比例差异很大。气候寒冷的社会,以及那些更依赖渔业或畜牧业的社会,往往会吃更多的肉。气候温暖的觅食者和从事农业的群体倾向于吃更多的植物。我们提出了一个关于哈扎人野生食物饮食的案例研究,哈扎人是坦桑尼亚北部的一个狩猎采集者社区,他们的饮食富含纤维,蛋白质充足,并且在每月的时间尺度上变化很大。
{"title":"Effects of Evolution, Ecology, and Economy on Human Diet: Insights from Hunter-Gatherers and Other Small-Scale Societies.","authors":"Herman Pontzer,&nbsp;Brian M Wood","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-111120-105520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We review the evolutionary origins of the human diet and the effects of ecology economy on the dietary proportion of plants and animals. Humans eat more meat than other apes, a consequence of hunting and gathering, which arose ∼2.5 Mya with the genus <i>Homo</i>. Paleolithic diets likely included a balance of plant and animal foods and would have been remarkably variable across time and space. A plant/animal food balance of 50/50% prevails among contemporary warm-climate hunter-gatherers, but these proportions vary widely. Societies in cold climates, and those that depend more on fishing or pastoralism, tend to eat more meat. Warm-climate foragers, and groups that engage in some farming, tend to eat more plants. We present a case study of the wild food diet of the Hadza, a community of hunter-gatherers in northern Tanzania, whose diet is high in fiber, adequate in protein, and remarkably variable over monthly timescales.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39240835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 16
Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer. 设计相关的临床前啮齿动物模型,以研究营养、肥胖、新陈代谢和癌症之间的联系。
IF 12.6 2区 医学 Q1 NUTRITION & DIETETICS Pub Date : 2021-10-11 Epub Date: 2021-08-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-032437
Elaine M Glenny, Michael F Coleman, Erin D Giles, Elizabeth A Wellberg, Stephen D Hursting

Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between cancer and diet and in the development of effective therapeutics. However, the success rate of translating promising findings from the bench to the bedside is suboptimal. Well-designed rodent models will be crucial to improving the impact basic science has on clinical treatment options. This review discusses essential experimental factors to consider when designing a preclinical cancer model with an emphasis on incorporatingthese models into studies interrogating diet, nutrition, and metabolism. The aims of this review are to (a) provide insight into relevant considerations when designing cancer models for obesity, nutrition, and metabolism research; (b) identify common pitfalls when selecting a rodent model; and (c) discuss strengths and limitations of available preclinical models.

饮食和营养与癌症的预防、生长和治疗反应密切相关。临床前啮齿类动物模型是生物医学研究的基石,对于我们了解癌症与饮食之间的关系以及开发有效的治疗方法仍然非常重要。然而,将有前景的研究成果从实验室转化到临床的成功率却不尽如人意。精心设计的啮齿类动物模型对于提高基础科学对临床治疗方案的影响至关重要。本综述讨论了在设计临床前癌症模型时应考虑的基本实验因素,重点是将这些模型纳入有关饮食、营养和新陈代谢的研究中。本综述的目的是:(a) 深入探讨为肥胖、营养和代谢研究设计癌症模型时的相关注意事项;(b) 找出选择啮齿动物模型时的常见误区;(c) 讨论现有临床前模型的优势和局限性。
{"title":"Designing Relevant Preclinical Rodent Models for Studying Links Between Nutrition, Obesity, Metabolism, and Cancer.","authors":"Elaine M Glenny, Michael F Coleman, Erin D Giles, Elizabeth A Wellberg, Stephen D Hursting","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-032437","DOIUrl":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-120420-032437","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diet and nutrition are intricately related to cancer prevention, growth, and treatment response. Preclinical rodent models are a cornerstone to biomedical research and remain instrumental in our understanding of the relationship between cancer and diet and in the development of effective therapeutics. However, the success rate of translating promising findings from the bench to the bedside is suboptimal. Well-designed rodent models will be crucial to improving the impact basic science has on clinical treatment options. This review discusses essential experimental factors to consider when designing a preclinical cancer model with an emphasis on incorporatingthese models into studies interrogating diet, nutrition, and metabolism. The aims of this review are to (<i>a</i>) provide insight into relevant considerations when designing cancer models for obesity, nutrition, and metabolism research; (<i>b</i>) identify common pitfalls when selecting a rodent model; and (<i>c</i>) discuss strengths and limitations of available preclinical models.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":12.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8900211/pdf/nihms-1785130.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9951889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Roles of Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-Like Molecules in Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Regulation: A Nutritional Perspective. 内源性大麻素和内源性大麻素样分子在能量稳态和代谢调节中的作用:营养学的观点。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2021-10-11 Epub Date: 2021-06-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-090216
S M Khaledur Rahman, Toru Uyama, Zahir Hussain, Natsuo Ueda

The endocannabinoid system is involved in signal transduction in mammals. It comprises principally G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists, called endocannabinoids, as well as the enzymes and transporters responsible for the metabolism of endocannabinoids. Two arachidonic acid-containing lipid molecules, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, function as endocannabinoids. N-acylethanolamines and monoacylglycerols, in which the arachidonic acid chain is replaced with a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid, are not directly involved in the endocannabinoid system but exhibit agonistic activities for other receptors. These endocannabinoid-like moleculesinclude palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and 2-oleoylglycerol. Endocannabinoids stimulate feeding behavior and the anabolism of lipids and glucose, while OEA suppresses appetite. Both central and peripheral systems are included in these nutritional and metabolic contexts. Therefore, they have potential in the treatment and prevention of obesity. We outline the structure, metabolism, and biological activities of endocannabinoids and related molecules, and focus on their involvement in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation.

内源性大麻素系统参与哺乳动物的信号转导。它主要包括G蛋白偶联的大麻素受体及其内源性激动剂,称为内源性大麻素,以及负责内源性大麻素代谢的酶和转运体。两种含有花生四烯酸的脂质分子,花生四烯醇乙醇酰胺(anandamide)和2-花生四烯醇甘油,起内源性大麻素的作用。n -酰基乙醇胺和单酰基甘油,其中花生四烯酸链被饱和或单不饱和脂肪酸取代,不直接参与内源性大麻素系统,但对其他受体表现出激动性活性。这些内源性大麻素样分子包括棕榈酰乙醇酰胺、油基乙醇酰胺(OEA)和2-油基甘油。内源性大麻素刺激摄食行为和脂质和葡萄糖的合成代谢,而OEA抑制食欲。中枢和外周系统都包括在这些营养和代谢环境中。因此,它们在治疗和预防肥胖方面具有潜力。我们概述了内源性大麻素及其相关分子的结构、代谢和生物活性,并重点介绍了它们在能量稳态和代谢调节中的作用。
{"title":"Roles of Endocannabinoids and Endocannabinoid-Like Molecules in Energy Homeostasis and Metabolic Regulation: A Nutritional Perspective.","authors":"S M Khaledur Rahman,&nbsp;Toru Uyama,&nbsp;Zahir Hussain,&nbsp;Natsuo Ueda","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-090216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-043020-090216","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The endocannabinoid system is involved in signal transduction in mammals. It comprises principally G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous agonists, called endocannabinoids, as well as the enzymes and transporters responsible for the metabolism of endocannabinoids. Two arachidonic acid-containing lipid molecules, arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, function as endocannabinoids. <i>N</i>-acylethanolamines and monoacylglycerols, in which the arachidonic acid chain is replaced with a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid, are not directly involved in the endocannabinoid system but exhibit agonistic activities for other receptors. These endocannabinoid-like moleculesinclude palmitoylethanolamide, oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and 2-oleoylglycerol. Endocannabinoids stimulate feeding behavior and the anabolism of lipids and glucose, while OEA suppresses appetite. Both central and peripheral systems are included in these nutritional and metabolic contexts. Therefore, they have potential in the treatment and prevention of obesity. We outline the structure, metabolism, and biological activities of endocannabinoids and related molecules, and focus on their involvement in energy homeostasis and metabolic regulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39085180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 20
Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System. 锌对免疫系统的饮食和生理影响。
IF 8.9 2区 医学 Q1 Nursing Pub Date : 2021-10-11 Epub Date: 2021-07-13 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-122019-120635
Inga Wessels, Henrike Josephine Fischer, Lothar Rink

Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency.

近年来,有关锌对所有免疫细胞以及对各种环境压力源产生有效和平衡的免疫反应的重要性的证据越来越多。本文介绍了锌在基本生物学过程中的作用,并总结了锌对造血的影响,包括免疫细胞亚型的分化。此外,锌在免疫细胞的激活和功能中的重要作用也被详细阐述,并与对细菌、寄生虫和病毒的特异性免疫反应有关。锌与自身免疫反应和癌症作为疾病与增加或减少免疫反应的关系也进行了讨论。这篇文章提供了锌的多方面作用的广泛概述,或其缺乏,在生理和各种疾病中发挥作用。因此,我们讨论了为什么要考虑补充锌,特别是对那些有缺锌风险的人。
{"title":"Dietary and Physiological Effects of Zinc on the Immune System.","authors":"Inga Wessels,&nbsp;Henrike Josephine Fischer,&nbsp;Lothar Rink","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nutr-122019-120635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Evidence for the importance of zinc for all immune cells and for mounting an efficient and balanced immune response to various environmental stressors has been accumulating in recent years. This article describes the role of zinc in fundamental biological processes and summarizes our current knowledge of zinc's effect on hematopoiesis, including differentiation into immune cell subtypes. In addition, the important role of zinc during activation and function of immune cells is detailed and associated with the specific immune responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The association of zinc with autoimmune reactions and cancers as diseases with increased or decreased immune responses is also discussed. This article provides a broad overview of the manifold roles that zinc, or its deficiency, plays in physiology and during various diseases. Consequently, we discuss why zinc supplementation should be considered, especially for people at risk of deficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":8009,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of nutrition","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2021-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39179055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 43
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Annual review of nutrition
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