In 1949 the bull company created a team of electronics engineers. Two of them traveled to the U.S.A. in order to become acquainted with recent achievements in electronic computing. In 1951, they developed the Gamma 2 calculator, based on germanium diodes and delay lines and designed to be connected to the Bull BS tabulator for business applications. A commercial version, the Gamma 3, marketed in 1952, became a bestseller. Different models followed, including in 1956 the drum-augmented "Gamma E.T.," Bull's first stored-program computer.
{"title":"From Gamma 2 to Gamma E.T.: The Birth of Electronic Computing at Bull","authors":"Bruno Leclerc","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10010","url":null,"abstract":"In 1949 the bull company created a team of electronics engineers. Two of them traveled to the U.S.A. in order to become acquainted with recent achievements in electronic computing. In 1951, they developed the Gamma 2 calculator, based on germanium diodes and delay lines and designed to be connected to the Bull BS tabulator for business applications. A commercial version, the Gamma 3, marketed in 1952, became a bestseller. Different models followed, including in 1956 the drum-augmented \"Gamma E.T.,\" Bull's first stored-program computer.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"5-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10010","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Over the period 1865-1920, individual fascination with new commercial computing devices transformed the reduction of scientific data in the United States. At Columbia University, arithmometers and Brunsviga calculating machines, purchased as novelties, were put to use by astronomers. At the New York Meteorological Observatory, comptometers offered a new way to average large numbers of records. By 1914, calculating machines like the Millionaire were an accepted tool at institutions like the National Bureau of Standards. Surviving artifacts and manuscripts from each of these.
{"title":"American Scientists and Calculating Machines - From Novelty to Commonplace","authors":"P. Kidwell","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10002","url":null,"abstract":"Over the period 1865-1920, individual fascination with new commercial computing devices transformed the reduction of scientific data in the United States. At Columbia University, arithmometers and Brunsviga calculating machines, purchased as novelties, were put to use by astronomers. At the New York Meteorological Observatory, comptometers offered a new way to average large numbers of records. By 1914, calculating machines like the Millionaire were an accepted tool at institutions like the National Bureau of Standards. Surviving artifacts and manuscripts from each of these.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"31-40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tables 1 and 2 present the main computers designed and installed in France during the first two "generations." Two IBM machines - the 650 and the 1401 - are included to enable readers to compare the French computers with these two "bestsellers" which marked their time.
{"title":"Specifications of Twelve Early Computers Made in France","authors":"P. Mounier-Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1990.10009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10009","url":null,"abstract":"Tables 1 and 2 present the main computers designed and installed in France during the first two \"generations.\" Two IBM machines - the 650 and the 1401 - are included to enable readers to compare the French computers with these two \"bestsellers\" which marked their time.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"12 1","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1990-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1990.10009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Institut Blaise-Pascal, created in 1946, was France's first laboratory devoted to electronic computers, analog as well as digital. Its analog division, under L. Malavard, developed rheological methods that had been initiated in the early 1930s. Ifs numerical division was headed first by L. Couffignal who did not succeed in building his electronic calculator, based on a very particular design; then by R. de Possel, who actively developed computer facilities, computer science teaching and research, and undertook to achieve a universal optical character recognition system. The Institut Blaise-Pascal was divided into several independent teams in 1969.
布莱斯-帕斯卡研究所成立于1946年，是法国第一个致力于电子计算机的实验室，包括模拟和数字计算机。在L. Malavard的领导下，它的模拟部门开发了流变学方法，这种方法在20世纪30年代早期就开始了。它的数字部门首先由L. Couffignal领导，他没有成功地制造出基于一个非常特殊的设计的电子计算器;然后是R. de Possel，他积极发展计算机设备，计算机科学教学和研究，并致力于实现通用光学字符识别系统。布莱斯-帕斯卡研究所在1969年被分成几个独立的小组。
{"title":"The Institut Blaise-Pascal (1946-1969) from Couffignal's Machine to Artificial Intelligence","authors":"P. Mounier-Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10044","url":null,"abstract":"The Institut Blaise-Pascal, created in 1946, was France's first laboratory devoted to electronic computers, analog as well as digital. Its analog division, under L. Malavard, developed rheological methods that had been initiated in the early 1930s. Ifs numerical division was headed first by L. Couffignal who did not succeed in building his electronic calculator, based on a very particular design; then by R. de Possel, who actively developed computer facilities, computer science teaching and research, and undertook to achieve a universal optical character recognition system. The Institut Blaise-Pascal was divided into several independent teams in 1969.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"257-261"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Société d'Electronique et d'Automatisme (SEA) was created in 1948 by the electronics engineer F. H. Raymond. At first it produced analog computers (OME and NADAC series) and developed process control devices and flight simulators. In 1955, the SEA installed the first stored-program computer in France, CAB 1011, at a military deciphering service. Other computers followed (CUBA, CAB 2000 series) for scientific and business uses. In 1960, the SEA introduced its small CAB 500 computer, based on novel magnetic circuits with a programming language, PAF; a series of transistorized machines was then produced (CAB 3900 and 4000, DOROTHEE). In 1966, the SEA (800 employees) was absorbed in the merger which created the Compagnie Internationale pour l'Informatique (CII) in the context of the Plan Calcul.
{"title":"An Adventure with a Sad Ending: The SEA","authors":"F. Raymond","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10049","url":null,"abstract":"The Société d'Electronique et d'Automatisme (SEA) was created in 1948 by the electronics engineer F. H. Raymond. At first it produced analog computers (OME and NADAC series) and developed process control devices and flight simulators. In 1955, the SEA installed the first stored-program computer in France, CAB 1011, at a military deciphering service. Other computers followed (CUBA, CAB 2000 series) for scientific and business uses. In 1960, the SEA introduced its small CAB 500 computer, based on novel magnetic circuits with a programming language, PAF; a series of transistorized machines was then produced (CAB 3900 and 4000, DOROTHEE). In 1966, the SEA (800 employees) was absorbed in the merger which created the Compagnie Internationale pour l'Informatique (CII) in the context of the Plan Calcul.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"263-277"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10049","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The patents of Fredrik-Rosing Bull, registered from 1919, were the origins of statistic punched card machines, initially manufactured in Norway, then in Switzerland, and finally in France after the creation of the company there in 1931. From 1935 onwards, the firmly established Compagnie des Machines Bull began to expand internationally until about 1960 when Bull had reached the point of being the second largest electronic business machine manufacturer in the world. Bull's conversion to electronics during the 1950s brought the company new successes (Gamma 3 in 1952, drum-augmented Gamma in 1956) but destabilized the company, since its financial position and management methods were rather unsuited to the new "technical system." Poor commercial distribution of the Gamma 60 (1960) was, in spite of its technical performance, only one of the reasons for the crisis that culminated in General Electric's acquiring a controlling interest in 1964, sold then to Honeywell in 1970. By the end of the 1980s, Bull, once again a company with a French shareholding majority, is now the leading European computer manufacturer and is ranked seventh worldwide.
Fredrik-Rosing Bull于1919年注册的专利是统计穿孔卡片机的起源，最初在挪威生产，然后在瑞士生产，最后在1931年在法国创建了公司。从1935年起，成立牢固的Compagnie des Machines Bull开始向国际扩张，直到1960年左右，Bull已经成为世界上第二大电子商务机器制造商。在20世纪50年代，Bull转向电子产品，为公司带来了新的成功(1952年的Gamma 3, 1956年的鼓增强Gamma)，但也破坏了公司的稳定，因为它的财务状况和管理方法与新的“技术系统”相当不适应。尽管Gamma 60(1960)在技术上表现出色，但其糟糕的商业销售只是导致这场危机的原因之一。这场危机最终导致通用电气(General Electric)在1964年收购了它的控股权，并于1970年将其出售给霍尼韦尔(Honeywell)。到20世纪80年代末，再次由法国人持有多数股权的Bull公司，现在是欧洲领先的计算机制造商，全球排名第七。
{"title":"Bull: A World-Wide Company Born in Europe","authors":"P. Mounier-Kuhn","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10045","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10045","url":null,"abstract":"The patents of Fredrik-Rosing Bull, registered from 1919, were the origins of statistic punched card machines, initially manufactured in Norway, then in Switzerland, and finally in France after the creation of the company there in 1931. From 1935 onwards, the firmly established Compagnie des Machines Bull began to expand internationally until about 1960 when Bull had reached the point of being the second largest electronic business machine manufacturer in the world. Bull's conversion to electronics during the 1950s brought the company new successes (Gamma 3 in 1952, drum-augmented Gamma in 1956) but destabilized the company, since its financial position and management methods were rather unsuited to the new \"technical system.\" Poor commercial distribution of the Gamma 60 (1960) was, in spite of its technical performance, only one of the reasons for the crisis that culminated in General Electric's acquiring a controlling interest in 1964, sold then to Honeywell in 1970. By the end of the 1980s, Bull, once again a company with a French shareholding majority, is now the leading European computer manufacturer and is ranked seventh worldwide.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"279-297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article focuses on the birth of the IBM France company in 1914; the proposal its directors made to buy out Bull, its main competitor; the second world war and the obstacles the company had to surmount. It also describes the opening of a scientific computing center, the arrival of the IBM 650, and the creation of the military applications department. Finally, it deals with some challenges with which IBM France was confronted during the last 20 years, most of them connected with the nationality of ifs parent company and the very nature of computing itself. This article underlines particularly its distinctive spirit that stems from the genuine code of conduct T. J. Watson gave its members.
{"title":"IBM France","authors":"J. Vernay","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10046","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the birth of the IBM France company in 1914; the proposal its directors made to buy out Bull, its main competitor; the second world war and the obstacles the company had to surmount. It also describes the opening of a scientific computing center, the arrival of the IBM 650, and the creation of the military applications department. Finally, it deals with some challenges with which IBM France was confronted during the last 20 years, most of them connected with the nationality of ifs parent company and the very nature of computing itself. This article underlines particularly its distinctive spirit that stems from the genuine code of conduct T. J. Watson gave its members.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"58 1","pages":"299-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441428","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author examines the project of Louis Couffignal concerning an electronic calculating machine. This project was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Couffignal was aware of the American and British projects concerning computers but he wanted to profoundly differentiate his project from them. He rejected the place of the memory in the new machines. Couffignal's machine was never finished and this failure caused a delay in computing science in France.
{"title":"Louis Couffignal, 1902-1966: Informatics Pioneer in France?","authors":"G. Ramunni","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10037","url":null,"abstract":"The author examines the project of Louis Couffignal concerning an electronic calculating machine. This project was supported by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Couffignal was aware of the American and British projects concerning computers but he wanted to profoundly differentiate his project from them. He rejected the place of the memory in the new machines. Couffignal's machine was never finished and this failure caused a delay in computing science in France.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"247-256"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This essay offers a general assessment of von Neumann's life and his contributions to computer science. Responding to biased attacks on von Neumann's political stance, this essay attempts to rectify misrepresentations of von Neumann's position on national defense and scientific research.
{"title":"John von Neumann Reconsidered","authors":"Jean R. Brink","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10031","url":null,"abstract":"This essay offers a general assessment of von Neumann's life and his contributions to computer science. Responding to biased attacks on von Neumann's political stance, this essay attempts to rectify misrepresentations of von Neumann's position on national defense and scientific research.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"179-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This biographical essay by von Neumann's younger brother traces the development of John von Neumann's axiomatic method to his early environment. Nicholas Vonneuman sees the early contact with eminent scientists and scholars in their parents' house and the discussion of management practices at dinner conversations as shaping experiences in his brother's life. His mother's motto "to make the impossible possible" also exerted great influence on his brother.
{"title":"John von Neumann: Formative Years","authors":"Nicholas Vonneuman","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10023","url":null,"abstract":"This biographical essay by von Neumann's younger brother traces the development of John von Neumann's axiomatic method to his early environment. Nicholas Vonneuman sees the early contact with eminent scientists and scholars in their parents' house and the discussion of management practices at dinner conversations as shaping experiences in his brother's life. His mother's motto \"to make the impossible possible\" also exerted great influence on his brother.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"171-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10023","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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