Aspray emphasizes von Neumann's critical role in the formation of modern computing and celebrates von Neumann as the scientific legitimizer of computing. He provides a survey of von Neumann's many important contributions to computer architecture, hardware, design and construction, programming, numerical analysis, scientific computation, and the theory of computing. Aspray's essay stresses especially the importance of von Neumann's work to promote the development of logical design.
{"title":"John von Neumann's Contributions to Computing and Computer Science","authors":"W. Aspray","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10029","url":null,"abstract":"Aspray emphasizes von Neumann's critical role in the formation of modern computing and celebrates von Neumann as the scientific legitimizer of computing. He provides a survey of von Neumann's many important contributions to computer architecture, hardware, design and construction, programming, numerical analysis, scientific computation, and the theory of computing. Aspray's essay stresses especially the importance of von Neumann's work to promote the development of logical design.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"189-195"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10029","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teller: There is a very real problem. The United States used to be, by a big margin, the world’s leader in technology. This is no longer so. We hear in computers a lot about competition, for instance, by the Japanese. That, I think, in part, is due to mistakes, not sufficient emphasis on theoretical and applied science in our educational system. But I think it is not just the educational system. It is a general cultural problem of which all schools and universities are a part. And I have two complaints: One is that people can be ignorant of very basic facts such as entropy, that it is growing all the time; such as the irreversibility of events, or even about relativity. We understand that if a person cannot spell, he is uneducated; but a person can be considered highly educated and intellectual and still not know simple facts about the physical world in which we live. That is a problem of sorts. There is another issue, and it is even more serious. People are saying to a greater and greater extent, or at least very loudly, that technology is dangerous. Today somebody came to me and asked me if computers are developed more and more, will that not be a danger? I believe the Japanese and the Soviet Union and many others have a great advantage; they know that technology is necessary for a good life, for many other things, even for intellectual growth. When I came to the United States more than 50 years ago, I believed that then technology was valued too highly in the United States. I have changed my opinion. I don’t know whether I changed or the world changed. I believe, today, that in the United States, technology is not valued highly enough. And something I hope our universities will do is to tell the young people how very important the development of science and technology has to be and that science and technology are, in fact, inseparable.
{"title":"Interviews with Edward Teller and Eugene P. Wigner","authors":"J. Brink, R. Haden","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10027","url":null,"abstract":"Teller: There is a very real problem. The United States used to be, by a big margin, the world’s leader in technology. This is no longer so. We hear in computers a lot about competition, for instance, by the Japanese. That, I think, in part, is due to mistakes, not sufficient emphasis on theoretical and applied science in our educational system. But I think it is not just the educational system. It is a general cultural problem of which all schools and universities are a part. And I have two complaints: One is that people can be ignorant of very basic facts such as entropy, that it is growing all the time; such as the irreversibility of events, or even about relativity. We understand that if a person cannot spell, he is uneducated; but a person can be considered highly educated and intellectual and still not know simple facts about the physical world in which we live. That is a problem of sorts. There is another issue, and it is even more serious. People are saying to a greater and greater extent, or at least very loudly, that technology is dangerous. Today somebody came to me and asked me if computers are developed more and more, will that not be a danger? I believe the Japanese and the Soviet Union and many others have a great advantage; they know that technology is necessary for a good life, for many other things, even for intellectual growth. When I came to the United States more than 50 years ago, I believed that then technology was valued too highly in the United States. I have changed my opinion. I don’t know whether I changed or the world changed. I believe, today, that in the United States, technology is not valued highly enough. And something I hope our universities will do is to tell the young people how very important the development of science and technology has to be and that science and technology are, in fact, inseparable.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"177-178"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10027","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Edward Teller assesses von Neumann's influence on the development of mathematics, especially of his work on representation theory of noncompact groups. He stresses von Neumann's early realization of the significance of computers. Wigner's recollections of John von Neumann's early years emphasize the influence of von Neumann's early education on the development of his scientific creativity.
{"title":"Discussion: John von Neumann - A Case Study of Scientific Creativity","authors":"W. Aspray","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10030","url":null,"abstract":"Edward Teller assesses von Neumann's influence on the development of mathematics, especially of his work on representation theory of noncompact groups. He stresses von Neumann's early realization of the significance of computers. Wigner's recollections of John von Neumann's early years emphasize the influence of von Neumann's early education on the development of his scientific creativity.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"165-169"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10030","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Terrence Sejnowski assesses von Neumann's contribution of mathematical and computational tools for the development of computational neuroscience. He surveys the progress that has been made in this field since von Neumann's death and outlines the difficulties that remain.
{"title":"The Computer and the Brain Revisited","authors":"T. Sejnowski","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10028","url":null,"abstract":"Terrence Sejnowski assesses von Neumann's contribution of mathematical and computational tools for the development of computational neuroscience. He surveys the progress that has been made in this field since von Neumann's death and outlines the difficulties that remain.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"197-201"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10028","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Three Hungarian scholars present a revised chronology of von Neumann's life. The correspondence between Ortvay and von Neumann published here allows insight into the early development of von Neumann's ideas about automata theory and "the computer and the brain."
{"title":"The von Neumann-Ortvay Connection","authors":"D. Nagy, P. Horváth, F. Nagy","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10024","url":null,"abstract":"Three Hungarian scholars present a revised chronology of von Neumann's life. The correspondence between Ortvay and von Neumann published here allows insight into the early development of von Neumann's ideas about automata theory and \"the computer and the brain.\"","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"183-188"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10024","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Calculators, computers, and video games are all high-tech tools of the mind. Teachers find students fascinated by early examples and willing to engage in high-tech archaeological searches in their local community. The cost is usually low - sometimes nothing - since companies are willing often to give away or donate surplus equipment, and old video games are common garage sale items. These artifacts, combined with their disks and cartridges, may be disassembled and analyzed, restored and displayed or operated as functioning units-an archaeological challenge that motivates students and gives them a historical perspective about the computer revolution, both its software and hardware.
{"title":"Microcomputer History and Prehistory - An Archaeological Beginning","authors":"Harold A. Layer","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10017","url":null,"abstract":"Calculators, computers, and video games are all high-tech tools of the mind. Teachers find students fascinated by early examples and willing to engage in high-tech archaeological searches in their local community. The cost is usually low - sometimes nothing - since companies are willing often to give away or donate surplus equipment, and old video games are common garage sale items. These artifacts, combined with their disks and cartridges, may be disassembled and analyzed, restored and displayed or operated as functioning units-an archaeological challenge that motivates students and gives them a historical perspective about the computer revolution, both its software and hardware.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"127-130"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10017","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first stock market quotation systems were installed in brokers' offices in 1960 by Scantlin Electronics, Inc (SEI). These primitive, magnetic tape based systems were enthusiastically received, and in the next two years some 800 were installed. However, SEI's success attracted competition, which forced the company in late 1962 to inaugurate a new service based on a four-CPU Control Data 160A computer system located in New York City. This system processed and stored market data, meanwhile receiving requests and transmitting replies on eight 2000 bps Dataphone(tm) lines to SEI offices in some 20 cities. Low speed lines in those cities connected the offices to SE/ keyboard-printers on the brokers' desks.
{"title":"Quotron II: An Early Multiprogrammed Multiprocessor for the Communication of Stock Market Data","authors":"M. Phister","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10013","url":null,"abstract":"The first stock market quotation systems were installed in brokers' offices in 1960 by Scantlin Electronics, Inc (SEI). These primitive, magnetic tape based systems were enthusiastically received, and in the next two years some 800 were installed. However, SEI's success attracted competition, which forced the company in late 1962 to inaugurate a new service based on a four-CPU Control Data 160A computer system located in New York City. This system processed and stored market data, meanwhile receiving requests and transmitting replies on eight 2000 bps Dataphone(tm) lines to SEI offices in some 20 cities. Low speed lines in those cities connected the offices to SE/ keyboard-printers on the brokers' desks.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"109-126"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of these recollections is to describe an operating system(called MGDPS, then DSDPS) that made possible the efficient and timely processing of missile test data by the General Electric Company for the Atlas Missile program in the late 1950s.
{"title":"MGDPs and DSDPS-Two Stages of an Early Operating System","authors":"W. J. Jones","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10012","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of these recollections is to describe an operating system(called MGDPS, then DSDPS) that made possible the efficient and timely processing of missile test data by the General Electric Company for the Atlas Missile program in the late 1950s.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
By the mid-1950s, computing became a radically new, highly complex, capital-intensive technology - one which required resources that universities were unable and the companies were unwilling to provide. This article tells the story of one government agency, the National Bureau of Standards, whose efforts in those early years helped to bridge this gap and to initiate modern computing.
{"title":"Early Computing and Numerical Analysis at the National Bureau of Standards","authors":"W. Aspray, Mike Gunderloy","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10002","url":null,"abstract":"By the mid-1950s, computing became a radically new, highly complex, capital-intensive technology - one which required resources that universities were unable and the companies were unwilling to provide. This article tells the story of one government agency, the National Bureau of Standards, whose efforts in those early years helped to bridge this gap and to initiate modern computing.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"61 1","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There has been a considerable amount of discussion among members of the computing fraternity regarding the administration of computing: the selection of the program of a computation center, the right way to run the laboratory, and the area of responsibility for the validity of results. There are some computer laboratory directors, for example, who hold that the responsibilities of a computing extend only to the correct performance of arithmetic operations, and that the adequacy of the mathematical formulation of problems and suitability of the choice of numerical methods rest squarely on the shoulders of the client. Others admit that mathematical assistance to clients is desirable, but insist that the mathematicians' place is not in the machine room, which is to be considered sacred territory accessible only to a few chosen acolytes, mainly engineers.
{"title":"The Program of a Large Computation Center","authors":"J. H. Curtis","doi":"10.1109/MAHC.1989.10000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10000","url":null,"abstract":"There has been a considerable amount of discussion among members of the computing fraternity regarding the administration of computing: the selection of the program of a computation center, the right way to run the laboratory, and the area of responsibility for the validity of results. There are some computer laboratory directors, for example, who hold that the responsibilities of a computing extend only to the correct performance of arithmetic operations, and that the adequacy of the mathematical formulation of problems and suitability of the choice of numerical methods rest squarely on the shoulders of the client. Others admit that mathematical assistance to clients is desirable, but insist that the mathematicians' place is not in the machine room, which is to be considered sacred territory accessible only to a few chosen acolytes, mainly engineers.","PeriodicalId":80486,"journal":{"name":"Annals of the history of computing","volume":"11 1","pages":"31-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1989-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/MAHC.1989.10000","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62441161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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