Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02019-y
Ruben Bauer, Quynh Quang Ngo, Guido Reina, Steffen Frey, Bernd Flemisch, Helwig Hauser, Thomas Ertl, Michael Sedlmair
We study the question of how visual analysis can support the comparison of spatio-temporal ensemble data of liquid and gas flow in porous media. To this end, we focus on a case study, in which nine different research groups concurrently simulated the process of injecting CO(_2) into the subsurface. We explore different data aggregation and interactive visualization approaches to compare and analyze these nine simulations. In terms of data aggregation, one key component is the choice of similarity metrics that define the relationship between different simulations. We test different metrics and find that using the machine-learning model “S4” (tailored to the present study) as metric provides the best visualization results. Based on that, we propose different visualization methods. For overviewing the data, we use dimensionality reduction methods that allow us to plot and compare the different simulations in a scatterplot. To show details about the spatio-temporal data of each individual simulation, we employ a space-time cube volume rendering. All views support linking and brushing interaction to allow users to select and highlight subsets of the data simultaneously across multiple views. We use the resulting interactive, multi-view visual analysis tool to explore the nine simulations and also to compare them to data from experimental setups. Our main findings include new insights into ranking of simulation results with respect to experimental data, and the development of gravity fingers in simulations.
{"title":"Visual Ensemble Analysis of Fluid Flow in Porous Media Across Simulation Codes and Experiment","authors":"Ruben Bauer, Quynh Quang Ngo, Guido Reina, Steffen Frey, Bernd Flemisch, Helwig Hauser, Thomas Ertl, Michael Sedlmair","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02019-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-02019-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We study the question of how visual analysis can support the comparison of spatio-temporal ensemble data of liquid and gas flow in porous media. To this end, we focus on a case study, in which nine different research groups concurrently simulated the process of injecting CO<span>(_2)</span> into the subsurface. We explore different data aggregation and interactive visualization approaches to compare and analyze these nine simulations. In terms of data aggregation, one key component is the choice of similarity metrics that define the relationship between different simulations. We test different metrics and find that using the machine-learning model “S4” (tailored to the present study) as metric provides the best visualization results. Based on that, we propose different visualization methods. For overviewing the data, we use dimensionality reduction methods that allow us to plot and compare the different simulations in a scatterplot. To show details about the spatio-temporal data of each individual simulation, we employ a space-time cube volume rendering. All views support linking and brushing interaction to allow users to select and highlight subsets of the data simultaneously across multiple views. We use the resulting interactive, multi-view visual analysis tool to explore the nine simulations and also to compare them to data from experimental setups. Our main findings include new insights into ranking of simulation results with respect to experimental data, and the development of gravity fingers in simulations.</p>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-22DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02035-y
Daan Deckers, Hans Janssen
In a pore network model, microscopic moisture storage and transport processes are modeled at pore level after which this information is extrapolated to obtain macroscopic properties describing the material’s moisture behavior. Such a model is typically validated by comparing measured and simulated macroscopic properties. However, due to the uncertainty associated with the experimental property determination, a possibly incorrect description of the model’s microscopic processes can be overlooked. Assessing the model’s ability to correctly simulate the moisture behavior at pore level is therefore required for its complete validation. To this aim, the moisture stored in the individual pores of unsaturated materials is imaged with the help of X-ray computed tomography images and compared to the moisture distribution simulated with a pore network model. The acquired X-ray computed tomography images clearly show the evolution of the drying process, wherein emptied pores retain water in their irregularly shaped corners. While some corners do not store any moisture, others allow a maximum of 10 % of the pore’s volume to be filled with corner islands. By comparing these images with the pore network model, however, it becomes clear that the amount of water, trapped in these pore corners is heavily overestimated in the model’s current implementation. Since this implementation is commonly used in existing pore network models, this paper proves the need of a detailed investigation of the corner islands in real porous media to formulate a different way of calculating moisture storage in pore corners.
{"title":"Microscopic Validation of a Pore Network Model for Hygric Properties of Porous Materials","authors":"Daan Deckers, Hans Janssen","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02035-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-02035-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In a pore network model, microscopic moisture storage and transport processes are modeled at pore level after which this information is extrapolated to obtain macroscopic properties describing the material’s moisture behavior. Such a model is typically validated by comparing measured and simulated macroscopic properties. However, due to the uncertainty associated with the experimental property determination, a possibly incorrect description of the model’s microscopic processes can be overlooked. Assessing the model’s ability to correctly simulate the moisture behavior at pore level is therefore required for its complete validation. To this aim, the moisture stored in the individual pores of unsaturated materials is imaged with the help of X-ray computed tomography images and compared to the moisture distribution simulated with a pore network model. The acquired X-ray computed tomography images clearly show the evolution of the drying process, wherein emptied pores retain water in their irregularly shaped corners. While some corners do not store any moisture, others allow a maximum of 10 % of the pore’s volume to be filled with corner islands. By comparing these images with the pore network model, however, it becomes clear that the amount of water, trapped in these pore corners is heavily overestimated in the model’s current implementation. Since this implementation is commonly used in existing pore network models, this paper proves the need of a detailed investigation of the corner islands in real porous media to formulate a different way of calculating moisture storage in pore corners.</p>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138534618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-11DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02026-z
Radoslav Hurtiš, Peter Guba, Juraj Kyselica
The occurrence of buoyancy-driven flow and reactive solute transport in a fluid-saturated porous medium can be induced by either natural processes or human activities. Typical examples include the groundwater salinization in carbonate-rock aquifers and the acid treatment of oil wells in petroleum drilling industry. In this paper, the classical Elder problem of buoyancy-driven convection in two-dimensional porous media is extended to include the local chemical interactions between the solute in the pore liquid (e.g. salt such as NaCl or acids such as HCl and HCl/HF mixtures) and the solid space of the porous medium (e.g. minerals such as calcite and dolomite). Effects of the geochemical processes on the flow and mass transport are investigated. For the reactive, strongly solute-driven case in the regime dominated by the diffusive mass transport, a decrease in the net solute concentration is found as compared to the non-reactive case. This decrease is pronounced at higher values of the Damköhler number when the solute reaction rate becomes larger than the solute diffusion rate. Furthermore, the flow structure is affected by products generated by the chemical reaction when the Rayleigh number for the products is sufficiently high. In that case, numerical simulations show the formation of diluted fluid tongues exhibiting damped periodic oscillations about a nonzero mean. The results are obtained using the pseudospectral numerical method, verified against the analytical solution for the non-reactive, purely diffusive case.
{"title":"The Elder Problem with Reactive Infiltration Effects","authors":"Radoslav Hurtiš, Peter Guba, Juraj Kyselica","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02026-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-023-02026-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The occurrence of buoyancy-driven flow and reactive solute transport in a fluid-saturated porous medium can be induced by either natural processes or human activities. Typical examples include the groundwater salinization in carbonate-rock aquifers and the acid treatment of oil wells in petroleum drilling industry. In this paper, the classical Elder problem of buoyancy-driven convection in two-dimensional porous media is extended to include the local chemical interactions between the solute in the pore liquid (e.g. salt such as NaCl or acids such as HCl and HCl/HF mixtures) and the solid space of the porous medium (e.g. minerals such as calcite and dolomite). Effects of the geochemical processes on the flow and mass transport are investigated. For the reactive, strongly solute-driven case in the regime dominated by the diffusive mass transport, a decrease in the net solute concentration is found as compared to the non-reactive case. This decrease is pronounced at higher values of the Damköhler number when the solute reaction rate becomes larger than the solute diffusion rate. Furthermore, the flow structure is affected by products generated by the chemical reaction when the Rayleigh number for the products is sufficiently high. In that case, numerical simulations show the formation of diluted fluid tongues exhibiting damped periodic oscillations about a nonzero mean. The results are obtained using the pseudospectral numerical method, verified against the analytical solution for the non-reactive, purely diffusive case.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-023-02026-z.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135042630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Numerical Study of Moisture and Ionic Transport in Unsaturated Concrete by Considering Multi-ions Coupling Effect","authors":"Zhaozheng Meng, Yufei Zhang, Wei-kang Chen, Chuan-qing Fu, Qing Xiang Xiong, Cheng-lin Zhang, Qing-feng Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02011-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-02011-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136234013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-26DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02033-0
Curtis M. Oldenburg, Stefan Finsterle, Robert C. Trautz
{"title":"Water Upconing in Underground Hydrogen Storage: Sensitivity Analysis to Inform Design of Withdrawal","authors":"Curtis M. Oldenburg, Stefan Finsterle, Robert C. Trautz","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02033-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-02033-0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136377310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has attracted significant attention owing to its impact on mitigating climate change. Many countries with large oil reserves are adopting CCS technologies to reduce the impact of fossil fuels on the environment. However, because of the complex interactions between multi-phase fluids, planning for CCS is challenging. One of the challenges is the integration of chemical reactions with multi-phase hydro-mechanical relationships in deformable porous media. In this study, a multi-phase hydro-mechanical reactive model for deformable porous media is established by using mixture coupling theory approach. The non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach is extended to establish the basic framework and Maxwell’s relations to build multi-scale coupling. Chemical reaction coupling is achieved through the extent of the reaction and chemical affinity. The developed model can simulate CCS by considering the effect of calcite dissolution on porosity and permeability. It has been found from the simulation that the chemical reaction has a major influence on porosity and permeability change compared to both pressure and mechanical strain effect. Also, as the dissolution reaction takes place, the stress/strain decrease on the solid matrix. The results of this study successfully bridge the knowledge gap between chemical reactions and mechanical deformation. Furthermore, insights from this model hold substantial implications for refining CCS processes. By providing a more accurate prediction of pressure changes and porosity/permeability evolution over time, this research paves the way for improved CCS operation planning, potentially fostering safer, more efficient, and economically feasible climate change mitigation strategies.
{"title":"Coupled Reactive Two-Phase Model Involving Dissolution and Dynamic Porosity for Deformable Porous Media Based on Mixture Coupling Theory","authors":"Sulaiman Abdullah, Yue Ma, Xiaohui Chen, Amirul Khan","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02032-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-02032-1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Carbon capture and storage (CCS) has attracted significant attention owing to its impact on mitigating climate change. Many countries with large oil reserves are adopting CCS technologies to reduce the impact of fossil fuels on the environment. However, because of the complex interactions between multi-phase fluids, planning for CCS is challenging. One of the challenges is the integration of chemical reactions with multi-phase hydro-mechanical relationships in deformable porous media. In this study, a multi-phase hydro-mechanical reactive model for deformable porous media is established by using mixture coupling theory approach. The non-equilibrium thermodynamic approach is extended to establish the basic framework and Maxwell’s relations to build multi-scale coupling. Chemical reaction coupling is achieved through the extent of the reaction and chemical affinity. The developed model can simulate CCS by considering the effect of calcite dissolution on porosity and permeability. It has been found from the simulation that the chemical reaction has a major influence on porosity and permeability change compared to both pressure and mechanical strain effect. Also, as the dissolution reaction takes place, the stress/strain decrease on the solid matrix. The results of this study successfully bridge the knowledge gap between chemical reactions and mechanical deformation. Furthermore, insights from this model hold substantial implications for refining CCS processes. By providing a more accurate prediction of pressure changes and porosity/permeability evolution over time, this research paves the way for improved CCS operation planning, potentially fostering safer, more efficient, and economically feasible climate change mitigation strategies.","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135729408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-17DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02031-2
Hanchuan Wu, Maziar Veyskarami, Martin Schneider, Rainer Helmig
Abstract In this paper, we address the expensive computational cost resulting from limited time-step sizes during numerical simulations of two-phase flow in porous media using dynamic pore-network models. To overcome this issue, we propose a numerical method for dynamic pore-network models using a fully implicit approach. The proposed method introduces a regularization strategy considering the historical fluid configuration at the pore throat, which smooths the discontinuities in local conductivity caused by invasion and snap-off events. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of accuracy, efficiency and consistency in comparison with other numerical schemes. With similar computational cost, determined by time-step sizes and number of Newton iterations, the developed method in this work yields more accurate results compared to similar schemes presented in the literature. Additionally, our results highlight the enhanced robustness of the our scheme, as it exhibits reduced sensitivity to variations in time-step sizes.
{"title":"A New Fully Implicit Two-Phase Pore-Network Model by Utilizing Regularization Strategies","authors":"Hanchuan Wu, Maziar Veyskarami, Martin Schneider, Rainer Helmig","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02031-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-023-02031-2","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In this paper, we address the expensive computational cost resulting from limited time-step sizes during numerical simulations of two-phase flow in porous media using dynamic pore-network models. To overcome this issue, we propose a numerical method for dynamic pore-network models using a fully implicit approach. The proposed method introduces a regularization strategy considering the historical fluid configuration at the pore throat, which smooths the discontinuities in local conductivity caused by invasion and snap-off events. The results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method in terms of accuracy, efficiency and consistency in comparison with other numerical schemes. With similar computational cost, determined by time-step sizes and number of Newton iterations, the developed method in this work yields more accurate results compared to similar schemes presented in the literature. Additionally, our results highlight the enhanced robustness of the our scheme, as it exhibits reduced sensitivity to variations in time-step sizes.","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135992888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-16DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02012-5
Marios S. Valavanides
The phenomenology of steady-state two-phase flow in porous media is conventionally recorded by the relative permeability diagrams in terms of saturation. Yet, theoretical, numerical and laboratory studies of flow in artificial pore network models and natural porous media have revealed a significant dependency on the flow rates—especially when the flow regime is capillary to capillary/viscous and part of the disconnected non-wetting phase remains mobile. These studies suggest that relative permeability models should incorporate the functional dependence on flow intensities. In the present work, a systematic dependence of the pressure gradient and the relative permeabilities on flow rate intensity is revealed. It is based on extensive simulations of steady-state, fully developed, two-phase flows within a typical 3D model pore network, implementing the DeProF mechanistic–stochastic model algorithm. Simulations were performed across flow conditions spanning 5 orders of magnitude, both in the capillary number, Ca, and the flow rate ratio, r, and for different favorable /unfavorable viscosity ratio fluid systems. The systematic, flow rate dependency of the relative permeabilities can be described analytically by a universal scaling function along the entire domain of the independent variables of the process, Ca and r. This universal scaling comprises a kernel function of the capillary number, Ca, that describes the asymmetric effects of capillarity across the entire flow regime—from capillarity-dominated to mixed capillarity/viscosity- to viscosity-dominated flows. It is shown that the kernel function, as well as the locus of the cross-over relative permeability values, are single-variable functions of the capillary number; they are both identified as viscosity ratio invariants of the system. Both invariants can be correlated with the structure of the pore network, through a function of Ca. Consequently, the correlation is associated with the wettability characteristics of the system. Among the potential applications, the proposed, universal, flow rate dependency scaling laws are the improvement of core analysis and dynamic rock-typing protocols, as well as integration into field-scale simulators or associated machine learning interventions for improved specificity/accuracy.
{"title":"Flow Rate Dependency of Steady-State Two-Phase Flows in Pore Networks: Universal, Relative Permeability Scaling Function and System-Characteristic Invariants","authors":"Marios S. Valavanides","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02012-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-023-02012-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The phenomenology of steady-state two-phase flow in porous media is conventionally recorded by the relative permeability diagrams in terms of saturation. Yet, theoretical, numerical and laboratory studies of flow in artificial pore network models and natural porous media have revealed a significant dependency on the flow rates—especially when the flow regime is capillary to capillary/viscous and part of the disconnected non-wetting phase remains mobile. These studies suggest that relative permeability models should incorporate the functional dependence on flow intensities. In the present work, a systematic dependence of the pressure gradient and the relative permeabilities on flow rate intensity is revealed. It is based on extensive simulations of steady-state, fully developed, two-phase flows within a typical 3D model pore network, implementing the DeProF mechanistic–stochastic model algorithm. Simulations were performed across flow conditions spanning 5 orders of magnitude, both in the capillary number, <i>Ca</i>, and the flow rate ratio, <i>r</i>, and for different favorable /unfavorable viscosity ratio fluid systems. The systematic, flow rate dependency of the relative permeabilities can be described analytically by a universal scaling function along the entire domain of the independent variables of the process, <i>Ca</i> and <i>r</i>. This universal scaling comprises a kernel function of the capillary number, <i>Ca</i>, that describes the asymmetric effects of capillarity across the entire flow regime—from capillarity-dominated to mixed capillarity/viscosity- to viscosity-dominated flows. It is shown that the kernel function, as well as the locus of the cross-over relative permeability values, are single-variable functions of the capillary number; they are both identified as viscosity ratio invariants of the system. Both invariants can be correlated with the structure of the pore network, through a function of <i>Ca</i>. Consequently, the correlation is associated with the wettability characteristics of the system. Among the potential applications, the proposed, universal, flow rate dependency scaling laws are the improvement of core analysis and dynamic rock-typing protocols, as well as integration into field-scale simulators or associated machine learning interventions for improved specificity/accuracy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-023-02012-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136115181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02029-w
Pavan Cornelissen, Jan-Dirk Jansen
We consider steady-state single-phase confined flow through a subsurface porous layer containing a displaced, fully conductive fault causing a sudden jump in the flow path, and we employ (semi-)analytical techniques to compute the corresponding pressures and fault stresses. In particular, we obtain a new solution for the pressure field with the aid of conformal mapping and a Schwarz–Christoffel transformation. Moreover, we use an existing technique to compute the poro-elastic stress field with the aid of inclusion theory. The additional resistance to fluid flow provided by a displaced fault, relative to the resistance in a layer without a fault, is a function of dip angle, fault throw divided by reservoir height, and reservoir width divided by reservoir height. Fluid flow has a larger effect on fault stresses in case of injection than in case of depletion, where injection with up-dip flow results in increased zones of fault slip near the bottom of the reservoir. Opposedly, injection with down-dip flow results in increased slip near the top of the reservoir. An order-of-magnitude estimate of the effect of steady-state flow across displaced faults in the Groningen natural gas reservoir shows that the effect on fault stresses is probably negligible. A similar estimate of the effect in low-enthalpy geothermal doublets indicates that steady-state flow may possibly play a small role, in particular close to the injector, but site-specific assessments will be necessary to quantify the effect.
{"title":"Steady-State Flow Through a Subsurface Reservoir with a Displaced Fault and its Poro-elastic Effects on Fault Stresses","authors":"Pavan Cornelissen, Jan-Dirk Jansen","doi":"10.1007/s11242-023-02029-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11242-023-02029-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We consider steady-state single-phase confined flow through a subsurface porous layer containing a displaced, fully conductive fault causing a sudden jump in the flow path, and we employ (semi-)analytical techniques to compute the corresponding pressures and fault stresses. In particular, we obtain a new solution for the pressure field with the aid of conformal mapping and a Schwarz–Christoffel transformation. Moreover, we use an existing technique to compute the poro-elastic stress field with the aid of inclusion theory. The additional resistance to fluid flow provided by a displaced fault, relative to the resistance in a layer without a fault, is a function of dip angle, fault throw divided by reservoir height, and reservoir width divided by reservoir height. Fluid flow has a larger effect on fault stresses in case of injection than in case of depletion, where injection with up-dip flow results in increased zones of fault slip near the bottom of the reservoir. Opposedly, injection with down-dip flow results in increased slip near the top of the reservoir. An order-of-magnitude estimate of the effect of steady-state flow across displaced faults in the Groningen natural gas reservoir shows that the effect on fault stresses is probably negligible. A similar estimate of the effect in low-enthalpy geothermal doublets indicates that steady-state flow may possibly play a small role, in particular close to the injector, but site-specific assessments will be necessary to quantify the effect.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":804,"journal":{"name":"Transport in Porous Media","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11242-023-02029-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136295436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}