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Correction: A History Matching Study for the FluidFlower Benchmark Project 更正:流体花基准项目历史匹配研究
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-024-02065-0
Xiaoming Tian, Michiel Wapperom, James Gunning, Samuel Jackson, Andy Wilkins, Chris Green, Jonathan Ennis-King, Denis Voskov
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引用次数: 0
Estimation of Fracture Permeability from Aperture Distributions for Rough and Partially Cemented Fractures 根据粗糙和部分胶结断裂的孔径分布估算断裂渗透率
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-024-02059-y
Christopher J. Landry, Maša Prodanović, Zuleima Karpyn, Peter Eichhubl

Natural fractures in subsurface reservoirs are frequently partially cemented with mineral precipitates, and it is unclear if fracture permeability models developed for rough barren fractures are applicable for fractures where roughness originates from cement linings. Here, we use a digital rock physics workflow to quantify the error in fracture permeability predicted by these models for five digitally synthesized rough fractures and four fractures imaged using three-dimensional X-ray computed microtomography. Samples include a rough, artificially-induced barren fracture in sandstone, a cement-lined natural fracture in limestone sampled from outcrop, and two cement-bridged natural fractures in tight-gas sandstones sampled from reservoir core. The images are then processed, segmented, characterized to determine statistical moments of the aperture distribution, and used in lattice Boltzmann model flow simulations. We address complications in measuring aperture distributions from images when the fracture pore space morphology deviates from the typical theoretical description of rough fractures and evaluate three different methods of measuring local aperture. The alternative cubic law using the nominal mean aperture is found to overestimate fracture permeability by upwards of one to two orders of magnitude, while the fracture permeability models using statistical moments of the aperture distribution are far more accurate for both rough barren and partially cemented fractures. We also define an empirical description of the upper and lower bounds of fracture permeability estimates as a function of relative roughness that is applicable to both rough barren and partially cemented fractures.

地下储层中的天然裂缝经常部分被矿物沉淀物胶结,目前还不清楚为粗糙贫瘠裂缝开发的裂缝渗透率模型是否适用于因胶结衬里而产生粗糙的裂缝。在此,我们使用数字岩石物理工作流程,对这些模型预测的五条数字合成粗糙断裂和四条使用三维 X 射线计算机显微层析成像技术成像的断裂渗透率误差进行量化。样本包括砂岩中人工诱导的粗糙贫瘠断裂、从露头取样的石灰岩中的水泥衬砌天然断裂以及从储层岩芯取样的致密气砂岩中的两条水泥桥接天然断裂。然后对图像进行处理、分割、特征描述,以确定孔径分布的统计矩,并用于晶格玻尔兹曼模型流动模拟。我们讨论了当断裂孔隙空间形态偏离粗糙断裂的典型理论描述时,通过图像测量孔径分布的复杂性,并评估了三种不同的局部孔径测量方法。结果发现,使用标称平均孔径的替代立方定律会高估断裂渗透率,高出一到两个数量级,而使用孔径分布统计矩的断裂渗透率模型对于粗糙贫瘠断裂和部分胶结断裂都要精确得多。我们还定义了断裂渗透率估算上下限与相对粗糙度函数关系的经验描述,该描述适用于粗糙贫瘠断裂和部分胶结断裂。
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引用次数: 0
Capillarity-Driven Hydrate Film Formation in Geologic Carbon Storage 地质碳封存中毛细管驱动的水合物薄膜形成
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-21 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-024-02062-3
David E. Fukuyama, Hugh C. Daigle, Wen Song

Much of the continental margins in the world oceans provide the necessary thermodynamic conditions to store CO(_2) as ice-like hydrates (CO(_2cdot)6 H(_2)O). While resistant to buoyant migration and leakage, the fundamental growth mechanisms that control the injection, capacity, and security of CO(_2) hydrates stored in the seafloor remain unresolved. Extensive field and laboratory testing give rise to conflicting views on the kinetics and growth configurations of hydrates, where mechanistic models reconciling the formation of hydrates observed in nature remain missing. This work elucidates a fundamental pore-scale reactive transport mechanism that underpins the rate and morphology of hydrate formation. We reveal a previously unrecognized mode of hydrate formation in porous seafloor sediments, hydrate film growth via reaction-imbibition, where superhydrophilic hydrate crystallites ((theta sim 0^circ)) formed at water–CO(_2) interfaces create a secondary microporous medium ((sim) 10 to 100 nm pores) within lithologic sediment pores ((sim) 10 to 100 (mu)m pores) to promote further hydrate growth. Unlike past diffusion-controlled models, we show that spontaneous water imbibition into the hydrate micropores establishes rapidly new water–CO(_2) interfaces (i.e., hydrate formation surfaces) via capillary-driven convection and is the dominant mechanism for supplying water to the hydrate formation interface.

摘要 世界海洋中的大部分大陆边缘提供了必要的热力学条件,将 CO (_2)储存为冰状水合物(CO (_2) 6 H (_2) O)。虽然可以抵抗浮力迁移和泄漏,但控制海底储存的 CO (_2)水合物的注入、容量和安全性的基本生长机制仍未解决。广泛的现场和实验室测试导致人们对水合物的动力学和生长构型产生了相互冲突的观点,其中仍然缺少可协调自然界中观察到的水合物形成的机理模型。这项研究阐明了一种基本的孔隙尺度反应传输机制,它是水合物形成速率和形态的基础。我们揭示了一种以前未曾认识到的多孔海底沉积物中的水合物形成模式,即通过反应-吸附作用形成水合物膜、其中,在水-CO(_2)界面形成的超亲水性水合物结晶(10-100 nm 孔隙)在岩性沉积物孔隙(10-100 m 孔隙)内形成次生微孔介质(10-100 nm 孔隙),以促进水合物的进一步生长。与过去的扩散控制模型不同,我们的研究表明,自发渗入水合物微孔的水通过毛细管驱动的对流迅速建立了新的水-CO(_2)界面(即水合物形成面),并且是向水合物形成界面供水的主要机制。
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引用次数: 0
Semi-analytical Model to Predict Dynamic Capillary Pressure–Saturation Relationship for Flows in Heterogeneous Porous Media 预测异质多孔介质中流动的动态毛细管压力-饱和度关系的半分析模型
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-20 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-024-02058-z
Harris Sajjad Rabbani, Saideep Pavuluri

The capillary pressure defines pressure difference between non-wetting and wetting fluids. The capillary pressure is part of the flow governing equations, and its definition can have a profound impact on the nature of fluids displacement in a multiphase flow environment. Conventionally, capillary pressure–saturation relationships are determined under equilibrium conditions which signify that all the fluid–fluid interfaces that exist at the pore scale maintain a static configuration at a certain instant in time. However, there exist experimental and numerical evidences that state that the dynamic nature of fluid flows indeed plays a prominent role in defining the trends of the capillary pressure–saturation relationships. In this paper, we develop a first of a kind semi-analytical model to predict the capillary pressure–saturation curves during drainage displacement by integrating the dynamics of fluid flow based on fundamental laws of fluid mechanics. The proposed semi-analytical model can potentially be incorporated into existing multiphase flow simulators to rapidly compute the capillary pressure at various saturations of the flow medium under dynamic flow conditions. The presented semi-analytical model has been validated against experimental and numerical data sets available in the literature at various flow conditions and considering different sets of fluid properties. We noticed a satisfactory match of the results predicted by the proposed semi-analytical model against the literature data. After performing a holistic sensitivity analysis, we notice that the properties of the porous medium, and the fluid–solid interactions play a significant role in defining the trends of the capillary pressure–saturation curves.

毛细管压力定义了非润湿流体和润湿流体之间的压力差。毛细管压力是流动控制方程的一部分,其定义会对多相流环境中流体位移的性质产生深远影响。传统上,毛细管压力-饱和度关系是在平衡条件下确定的,这意味着孔隙尺度上存在的所有流体-流体界面在某一瞬间都保持静态配置。然而,有实验和数值证据表明,流体流动的动态性质在确定毛细管压力-饱和度关系的趋势方面确实起着重要作用。本文以流体力学基本定律为基础,结合流体流动的动力学特性,首次建立了一个半解析模型,用于预测排水位移过程中的毛细管压力-饱和度曲线。所提出的半解析模型可用于现有的多相流模拟器,以快速计算动态流动条件下不同饱和度流动介质的毛细管压力。所提出的半解析模型已根据文献中的实验和数值数据集进行了验证,这些数据集涉及不同的流动条件和不同的流体属性。我们注意到,所提出的半解析模型预测的结果与文献数据的匹配度令人满意。在进行整体敏感性分析后,我们注意到多孔介质的特性和流固相互作用在确定毛细管压力-饱和度曲线的趋势方面起着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Complementary Mass Transport Investigations in Open-Cell Foams: Full-Field Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation with Random-Walk Microscopic Particle Tracking and Methane Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Displacement Measurements 开孔泡沫中的互补质量传输研究:全场计算流体力学模拟与随机漫步微观粒子跟踪和甲烷核磁共振位移测量
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-16 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02045-w
Mehrdad Sadeghi, Andreas Brix, Sebastian Trunk, Georg R. Pesch, Hannsjörg Freund, Jorg Thöming

Numerical simulation can provide detailed understanding of mass transport within complex structures. For this purpose, numerical tools are required that can resolve the complex morphology and consider the contribution of both convection and diffusion. Solving the Navier–Stokes equations alone, however, neglects self-diffusion. This influences the simulated displacement distribution of flow especially in porous media at low Péclet numbers (Pe < 16) and in near-wall regions where diffusion is the dominant mechanism. To address this problem, this study uses μCT-based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in OpenFOAM coupled with the random-walk particle tracking (PT) module disTrackFoam and cross-validated experimentally using pulsed-field gradient (PFG) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements of gas flow within open-cell foams (OCFs). The results of the multi-scale simulations—with a resolution of 130–190 µm—and experimental PFG NMR data are compared in terms of diffusion propagators, which are microscopic displacement distributions of gas flows in OCFs during certain observation times. Four different flow rates with Péclet numbers in the range of 0.7–16 are studied in the laminar flow regime within 10 and 20 PPI OCFs, and axial dispersion coefficients were calculated. Cross-validation of PFG NMR measurements and CFD-PT simulations revealed a very good matching with integral differences below 0.04%, underpinning the capability of both complementary methods for multi-scale transport analysis.

数值模拟可以详细了解复杂结构内的质量传输。为此,需要能够解析复杂形态并考虑对流和扩散作用的数值工具。然而,仅求解纳维-斯托克斯方程会忽略自扩散。这影响了流动的模拟位移分布,尤其是在低佩克莱特数(Pe <16)的多孔介质中和以扩散为主要机制的近壁区域。为了解决这个问题,本研究在 OpenFOAM 中使用基于 μCT 的计算流体力学(CFD)模拟,并结合随机漫步粒子跟踪(PT)模块 disTrackFoam,同时使用脉冲场梯度(PFG)核磁共振(NMR)测量开孔泡沫(OCFs)中的气体流动,通过实验进行交叉验证。多尺度模拟(分辨率为 130-190 微米)的结果与脉冲场梯度核磁共振实验数据在扩散传播器方面进行了比较,扩散传播器是特定观测时间内 OCF 中气体流动的微观位移分布。研究了 10 和 20 PPI OCF 内层流状态下佩克莱特数在 0.7-16 范围内的四种不同流速,并计算了轴向弥散系数。PFG NMR 测量和 CFD-PT 模拟的交叉验证结果表明,两者的匹配度非常高,积分差异低于 0.04%,证明了这两种互补方法在多尺度传输分析方面的能力。
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引用次数: 0
Projection–Subtraction X-ray Imaging Scheme for Studying Fast Fluid-Dynamics Processes in Porous Media 用于研究多孔介质中快速流体力学过程的投影-折射 X 射线成像方案
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-14 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02055-8
Ivan Gorenkov, Viktor Nikitin, Mikhail Fokin, Anton Duchkov

Imaging of fluid flow at the pore scale in permeable media requires high spatial resolution to observe the topology of fluid in the pore system, along with high temporal resolution to study dynamic processes. The two most popular imaging techniques in modern experiments are microfluidic device imaging and X-ray micro-computed tomography, both having significant limitations as applied to the micro-level. In particular, microfluidic experiments examine flow in quasi-2D system of pores instead of natural 3D geometry of permeable media, whereas X-ray computed tomography (reconstruction of a 3D object representation from a set of 2D projections collected at different rotation angles) is considerably slow when studying fast pore-scale events. In this work, we present a novel approach to examination of local fluid dynamics by combining traditional fast X-ray microtomography and radiographic analysis of successive projections. After initial tomographic imaging of the 3D pore structure, we perform projection-wise analysis comparing differences between two successive projections. As a result, we obtain flow visualization with time resolution determined by the projection time, which is orders of magnitude faster than standard microtomographic scan time. To confirm the effectiveness of this approach, we investigate the pore-scale mechanisms of unstable water migration that occurs during gas-hydrate formation in coal media. We first show that the displacement of brine by methane gas due to cryogenic suction can lead to multiple snap-off events of brine flow in pores. Second, we study a fast local drainage process accompanied by the formation of the gradually swelling gas bubble in the center of the pore. The measured maximum interfacial velocity in our experiments varies from 1.3 to 5.2 mm/s. We also simulate this outflow process accompanied by the bubble expansion and estimate the average brine flow rate during brine-methane displacement.

摘要 对渗透介质中孔隙尺度的流体流动进行成像需要高空间分辨率来观察孔隙系统中流体的拓扑结构,同时还需要高时间分辨率来研究动态过程。现代实验中最常用的两种成像技术是微流体设备成像和 X 射线显微计算机断层扫描,这两种技术在微观层面的应用都有很大的局限性。特别是,微流体实验检查的是准二维孔隙系统中的流动,而不是渗透介质的自然三维几何形状,而 X 射线计算机断层扫描(从一组在不同旋转角度收集的二维投影重建三维物体表示)在研究快速孔隙尺度事件时速度相当慢。在这项工作中,我们结合传统的快速 X 射线显微层析成像和连续投影的射线分析,提出了一种检查局部流体动力学的新方法。在对三维孔隙结构进行初始层析成像后,我们进行投影分析,比较两个连续投影之间的差异。因此,我们获得了流动可视化,其时间分辨率由投影时间决定,比标准微断层扫描时间快了几个数量级。为了证实这种方法的有效性,我们研究了煤介质中瓦斯-水合物形成过程中不稳定水迁移的孔隙尺度机制。我们首先证明了甲烷气体在低温抽吸作用下对盐水的置换会导致盐水在孔隙中发生多次断流。其次,我们研究了伴随着孔隙中心逐渐膨胀的气泡形成的快速局部排水过程。实验中测得的最大界面速度为 1.3 至 5.2 mm/s。我们还模拟了伴随气泡膨胀的流出过程,并估算了盐水-甲烷置换过程中的平均盐水流速。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Anisotropy on the Permeability of Electroosmotic Flow Through Porous Media: Multiscale Approach 各向异性对多孔介质电渗流渗透性的影响:多尺度方法
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-02-13 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-024-02060-5
Promasree Majumdar, Debabrata Dasgupta

Electroosmotic flow through porous media is a crucial contemporary research field that finds its application in the areas of various engineering, geological, and biological settings. Obeying Darcy’s law for electroosmotic flow through porous media in similar lines to that of pressure-driven flow yields a very important physical property of electro-permeability. This work aims to examine the influence of wall zeta potential, Debye length, the solid particle shape, and preferential orientation on the electro-permeability tensor using multiscale homogenization methodology for a single-phase fluid flow. For determining the range of possible particle shapes from prolate-oblate ellipsoid to sphere, the parameter of aspect ratio is employed. Additionally, anisotropy ratio and tortuosity have been explored. The governing equations for this study comprise a mass continuity equation, an advection–diffusion equation, a Poisson–Boltzmann equation for electric double layer, and a Laplace equation for solving the electric field in a fully coupled manner. A two-scale computational homogenization technique is employed to model the fluid-saturated periodic media subjected to external electric effects. The finite element approach is adopted to solve the multiscale and multi-physics problem in a coupled manner. The results indicate that the electro-permeability is significantly affected by wall zeta potential, aspect ratio, and orientation of solid particles. Also, one of the major findings is that the EDL thickness has a vital effect on the electro-permeability, anisotropy ratio, and tortuosity of the porous media.

摘要 多孔介质中的电渗透流动是当代一个重要的研究领域,在各种工程、地质和生物领域都有应用。遵守多孔介质电渗流的达西定律与压力驱动流的达西定律类似,可以得到一个非常重要的物理特性--电渗透性。这项研究旨在利用单相流体流动的多尺度均质化方法,研究壁Zeta电位、Debye长度、固体颗粒形状和优先取向对电渗张量的影响。为了确定从扁球形椭圆体到球形的可能颗粒形状范围,采用了长宽比参数。此外,还探讨了各向异性比和扭曲度。本研究的控制方程包括质量连续性方程、平流-扩散方程、电双层泊松-玻尔兹曼方程以及以完全耦合方式求解电场的拉普拉斯方程。采用双尺度计算均质化技术来模拟受外部电效应影响的流体饱和周期介质。采用有限元方法以耦合方式求解多尺度和多物理场问题。结果表明,固体颗粒的壁zeta电位、长宽比和取向对电渗性有显著影响。此外,主要发现之一是 EDL 厚度对多孔介质的电渗透性、各向异性比和迂回度有重要影响。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial to the Special Issue: Reactive Transport in Porous Materials: Current Trends and Challenges 特刊社论:多孔材料中的反应传输:当前趋势与挑战
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-01-25 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-024-02056-1
Zhidong Zhang, Ueli Angst, Barbara Lothenbach, Burkan Isgor
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引用次数: 0
Oil Ganglia Mobility Enhancement by Droplet Formation for Surfactant Flooding in Porous Media 在多孔介质中通过形成液滴提高表面活性剂灌注的油层流动性
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02050-z
B. Haney, T. Cochard, A. Julien, J. Wu, R. Davis, L. Xiao, D. A. Weitz, Y.-Q. Song

We study the formation of oil droplets from an initially trapped large oil ganglion under surfactant flooding, using a microfluidic device consisting of a two-dimensional array of regularly spaced square posts. We observe that above a critical capillary number for oil mobilization, breakage of the ganglion results in the formation of either trapped patches spanning multiple pores or numerous mobile droplets that exit the device at a velocity comparable to the average flooding fluid velocity. These mobile droplets, however, are only observed when above a secondary capillary number threshold. The formation of these droplets is found to involve the simultaneous occurrence of three different passive droplet generation mechanisms where a droplet is formed as it is pulled by perpendicular fluid flow, as it is pulled by co-axial fluid flow, and or as it splits due to collision with a post. Our results show that oil breakthroughs only occur when the oil is in the form of mobile droplets, suggesting that droplet formation can be an important condition for the mobility of residual oil in porous media. Additionally, this post-array microfluidic device can be used for the production of monodisperse droplets whose size can be controlled by the spacing of the posts.

我们使用一种由规则间隔的方形柱子组成的二维阵列构成的微流体装置,研究了在表面活性剂淹没的情况下,最初被困的大油团形成油滴的情况。我们观察到,当油流动的毛细管数超过临界值时,油块破裂会形成横跨多个孔隙的被困斑块或大量移动油滴,这些油滴以与淹没流体平均速度相当的速度流出装置。不过,这些移动液滴只有在超过二级毛细管数量阈值时才能观察到。我们发现,这些液滴的形成涉及三种不同的被动液滴生成机制,即液滴在垂直流体的牵引下形成、在同轴流体的牵引下形成、或在与柱子碰撞而分裂时形成。我们的研究结果表明,只有当油液以移动液滴的形式存在时,才会发生油液突破,这表明液滴的形成可能是残留油液在多孔介质中流动的一个重要条件。此外,这种后阵列微流体装置还可用于生产单分散液滴,其大小可通过柱子间距来控制。
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引用次数: 0
Convective Drying of Porous Media: Comparison of Phase-Field Simulations with Microfluidic Experiments 多孔介质的对流干燥:相场模拟与微流控实验的比较
IF 2.7 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL Pub Date : 2024-01-23 DOI: 10.1007/s11242-023-02051-y
Lukas Maier, Sebastian Brosch, Magnus Gaehr, John Linkhorst, Matthias Wessling, Ulrich Nieken

Convective drying of porous media is central to many engineering applications, ranging from spray drying over water management in fuel cells to food drying. To improve these processes, a deep understanding of drying phenomena in porous media is crucial. Therefore, detailed simulation of multiphase flows with phase change is of great importance to investigate the complex processes involved in drying porous media. While many studies aim to access the phenomena solely by simulations, here we succeed to compare comprehensively simulations with an experimental methodology based on microfluidic multiphase flow studies in engineered porous media. In this contribution, we propose a Navier–Stokes Cahn–Hilliard model coupled with balance equations for heat and moisture to simulate the two-phase flow with phase change. The phase distribution of the two fluids air and water is modeled by the Phase-Field equation. Comparisons with experiments are rare in the literature and usually involve very simple cases. We compare our simulation with convective drying experiments of porous media. Experimentally, the interface propagation of the water–air interface was visualized in detail during drying in a structured microfluidic cell made from PDMS. The drying pattern and the drying time in the experiment are very well reproduced by our simulation. This validation will enable the application for the presented Navier–Stokes Cahn–Hilliard model in more complex cases focused more on applications, e.g., in the field of fibrous materials.

摘要 多孔介质的对流干燥是许多工程应用的核心,从燃料电池中水管理的喷雾干燥到食品干燥,不一而足。要改进这些过程,深入了解多孔介质中的干燥现象至关重要。因此,相变多相流的详细模拟对于研究多孔介质干燥的复杂过程非常重要。虽然许多研究的目的仅仅是通过模拟来了解这些现象,但在这里,我们成功地将模拟与基于工程多孔介质中微流体多相流研究的实验方法进行了全面比较。在这篇论文中,我们提出了一个纳维-斯托克斯-卡恩-希利亚德模型,并结合热量和水分平衡方程来模拟相变的两相流动。空气和水两种流体的相分布由相场方程建模。与实验的比较在文献中很少见,通常涉及非常简单的情况。我们将模拟结果与多孔介质的对流干燥实验进行了比较。实验中,我们详细观察了水-空气界面在由 PDMS 制成的结构化微流池内干燥过程中的界面传播。我们的模拟很好地再现了实验中的干燥模式和干燥时间。这一验证将使我们提出的 Navier-Stokes Cahn-Hilliard 模型能够应用于更复杂的情况,如纤维材料领域。
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引用次数: 0
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Transport in Porous Media
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