Pub Date : 2008-05-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607708000299
B. Cox
There is more to organic chemistry than the covalent bond. The design and synthesis of molecules, because of their particular architecture, are able to bind strongly target ions or molecules by utilizing lots of individually relatively weak non-covalent interactions has led to many novel and important applications. Examples include the transport of ions across biological membranes, the generation of unusual ionic species, such as sodium anions, the recovery of pure metals from mineral ores, and contrasting agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
{"title":"CHEMISTRY: HOW DOES IT SHAPE UP?","authors":"B. Cox","doi":"10.1142/S0219607708000299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607708000299","url":null,"abstract":"There is more to organic chemistry than the covalent bond. The design and synthesis of molecules, because of their particular architecture, are able to bind strongly target ions or molecules by utilizing lots of individually relatively weak non-covalent interactions has led to many novel and important applications. Examples include the transport of ions across biological membranes, the generation of unusual ionic species, such as sodium anions, the recovery of pure metals from mineral ores, and contrasting agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"42 1","pages":"55-69"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82508477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607708000263
J. Loo
Man has been using plastics for thousands of years, and some of the earlier uses of plastics include spoons, buttons and combs. Today, plastics are used for a myriad of applications, such as for aerospace, microelectronics and water purification. With polymer chemistry, man has been able to alter the properties of plastics or polymers to suit almost any application. Their properties can also be tailored for use as advanced biomedical implants in the human body. An example of such a polymer is the biocompatible lactide/glycolide polyesters. These biodegradable polymers are currently used as sutures, drug delivery systems, temporary implants and even as scaffolds for tissue engineering.
{"title":"FROM PLASTICS TO ADVANCED POLYMER IMPLANTS: THE ESSENTIALS OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY","authors":"J. Loo","doi":"10.1142/S0219607708000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607708000263","url":null,"abstract":"Man has been using plastics for thousands of years, and some of the earlier uses of plastics include spoons, buttons and combs. Today, plastics are used for a myriad of applications, such as for aerospace, microelectronics and water purification. With polymer chemistry, man has been able to alter the properties of plastics or polymers to suit almost any application. Their properties can also be tailored for use as advanced biomedical implants in the human body. An example of such a polymer is the biocompatible lactide/glycolide polyesters. These biodegradable polymers are currently used as sutures, drug delivery systems, temporary implants and even as scaffolds for tissue engineering.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"48 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84708579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607708000275
B. Burkett
Solid-phase synthesis is a technique of synthesizing compounds that was first reported by R. Bruce Merrifield in 1963. This revolutionary way of performing chemical synthesis has changed the face of synthesis — yet few people outside the halls of chemical research will ever hear about it. So, what is this technique and why is it useful? How has the technique of solid-phase synthesis changed the world? How has the solid-phase synthesis changed over time? This article aims to give a background of the area of solid-phase synthesis and answer these questions.
{"title":"SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS: FROM REVOLUTION TO EVOLUTION","authors":"B. Burkett","doi":"10.1142/S0219607708000275","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607708000275","url":null,"abstract":"Solid-phase synthesis is a technique of synthesizing compounds that was first reported by R. Bruce Merrifield in 1963. This revolutionary way of performing chemical synthesis has changed the face of synthesis — yet few people outside the halls of chemical research will ever hear about it. So, what is this technique and why is it useful? How has the technique of solid-phase synthesis changed the world? How has the solid-phase synthesis changed over time? This article aims to give a background of the area of solid-phase synthesis and answer these questions.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"65 1","pages":"17-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84760395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2008-05-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607708000317
A. Seayad, J. Seayad
Catalysis plays an important role in our day-to-day life either directly or indirectly. While the petrochemical industries are largely based on catalytic processes, in recent decades, small volume specialty and fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals are increasingly produced through catalytic routes as part of effort to improve efficiencies of reactions. In this review, some of the important homogeneous catalytic methodologies relevant to the synthesis of value added products are described.
{"title":"HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS: AN OVERVIEW","authors":"A. Seayad, J. Seayad","doi":"10.1142/S0219607708000317","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607708000317","url":null,"abstract":"Catalysis plays an important role in our day-to-day life either directly or indirectly. While the petrochemical industries are largely based on catalytic processes, in recent decades, small volume specialty and fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals are increasingly produced through catalytic routes as part of effort to improve efficiencies of reactions. In this review, some of the important homogeneous catalytic methodologies relevant to the synthesis of value added products are described.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"59 1","pages":"83-97"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84287654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607707000220
A. Chen, G. Liu, L. Jian, H. Moser
X-ray lithography with synchrotron radiation is an important nanolithographic tool which has unique advantages in the production of high aspect ratio nanostructures. The optimum synchrotron radiation spectrum for nanometer scale X-ray lithography is normally in the range of 500 eV to 2 keV. In this paper, we present the main methods, equipment, process parameters and preliminary results of nanofabrication by proximity X-ray lithography within the nanomanufacturing program pursued by Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS). Nanostructures with feature sizes down to 200 nm and an aspect ratio up to 10 have been successfully achieved by this approach.
{"title":"SYNCHROTRON-RADIATION-SUPPORTED HIGH-ASPECT-RATIO NANOFABRICATION","authors":"A. Chen, G. Liu, L. Jian, H. Moser","doi":"10.1142/S0219607707000220","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607707000220","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray lithography with synchrotron radiation is an important nanolithographic tool which has unique advantages in the production of high aspect ratio nanostructures. The optimum synchrotron radiation spectrum for nanometer scale X-ray lithography is normally in the range of 500 eV to 2 keV. In this paper, we present the main methods, equipment, process parameters and preliminary results of nanofabrication by proximity X-ray lithography within the nanomanufacturing program pursued by Singapore Synchrotron Light Source (SSLS). Nanostructures with feature sizes down to 200 nm and an aspect ratio up to 10 have been successfully achieved by this approach.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 1","pages":"79-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87539159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607707000207
X. Xie, H. Chung, A. Wee
Nanotechnology is vital to the fabrication of integrated circuits, memory devices, display units, biochips and biosensors. Scanning probe microscope (SPM) has emerged to be a unique tool for materials structuring and patterning with atomic and molecular resolution. SPM includes scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this chapter, we selectively discuss the atomic and molecular manipulation capabilities of STM nanolithography. As for AFM nanolithography, we focus on those nanopatterning techniques involving water and/or air when operated in ambient. The typical methods, mechanisms and applications of selected SPM nanolithographic techniques in nanoscale structuring and fabrication are reviewed.
{"title":"SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY BASED NANOSCALE PATTERNING AND FABRICATION","authors":"X. Xie, H. Chung, A. Wee","doi":"10.1142/S0219607707000207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607707000207","url":null,"abstract":"Nanotechnology is vital to the fabrication of integrated circuits, memory devices, display units, biochips and biosensors. Scanning probe microscope (SPM) has emerged to be a unique tool for materials structuring and patterning with atomic and molecular resolution. SPM includes scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). In this chapter, we selectively discuss the atomic and molecular manipulation capabilities of STM nanolithography. As for AFM nanolithography, we focus on those nanopatterning techniques involving water and/or air when operated in ambient. The typical methods, mechanisms and applications of selected SPM nanolithographic techniques in nanoscale structuring and fabrication are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89867314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607707000219
H. Kinoshita
EUV lithography is the exposure technology in which even 15 nm node which is the limit of Si device can be achieved. Unlike the conventional optical lithography, this technology serves as a reflection type optical system, and a multilayer coated mirror is used. Development of manufacturing equipment is accelerated to aim at the utilization starting from 2011. The critical issues of development are the EUV light source which has the power over 115 W and resist with high sensitivity and low line edge roughness (LER).
{"title":"EUV LITHOGRAPHY FOR SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING AND NANOFABRICATION","authors":"H. Kinoshita","doi":"10.1142/S0219607707000219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607707000219","url":null,"abstract":"EUV lithography is the exposure technology in which even 15 nm node which is the limit of Si device can be achieved. Unlike the conventional optical lithography, this technology serves as a reflection type optical system, and a multilayer coated mirror is used. Development of manufacturing equipment is accelerated to aim at the utilization starting from 2011. The critical issues of development are the EUV light source which has the power over 115 W and resist with high sensitivity and low line edge roughness (LER).","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"29 1","pages":"51-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80354029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607707000256
Hai Xu, X. Xie, M. Zilani, Wei Chen, A. Wee
Nanoscale characterization is a key field in nanoscience and technology as it provides fundamental understanding of the properties and functionalities of materials down to the atomic and molecular scale. In this article, we review the development and application of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) techniques in nanoscale characterization. We will discuss the working principle, experimental setup, operational modes, and tip preparation methods of scanning tunneling microscope. Selected examples are provided to illustrate the application of STM in the nanocharacterization of semiconductors. In addition, new developments in STM techniques including spin-polarized STM (SP-STM) and multi-probe STM (MP-STM) are discussed in comparison with conventional non-magnetic and single tip STM methods.
{"title":"NANOSCALE CHARACTERIZATION BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY","authors":"Hai Xu, X. Xie, M. Zilani, Wei Chen, A. Wee","doi":"10.1142/S0219607707000256","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607707000256","url":null,"abstract":"Nanoscale characterization is a key field in nanoscience and technology as it provides fundamental understanding of the properties and functionalities of materials down to the atomic and molecular scale. In this article, we review the development and application of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) techniques in nanoscale characterization. We will discuss the working principle, experimental setup, operational modes, and tip preparation methods of scanning tunneling microscope. Selected examples are provided to illustrate the application of STM in the nanocharacterization of semiconductors. In addition, new developments in STM techniques including spin-polarized STM (SP-STM) and multi-probe STM (MP-STM) are discussed in comparison with conventional non-magnetic and single tip STM methods.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"37 1","pages":"23-50"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86546595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607707000232
G.Y.H. Lee, C. Lim
Tissues, cells and biomolecules can experience changes in their structural and mechanical properties during the occurrence of certain diseases. Recent advances in the fields of nanotechnology, biomechanics and cell and molecular biology have led to the development of state-of-the-art and novel biophysical and nanotechnological tools to probe the mechanical properties of individual living cells and biomolecules. Here we will review the basic principles and application of some of these nanotechnological tools used to relate changes in the elastic and viscoelastic properties of cells to alterations in the cellular and molecular structures induced by diseases such as malaria and cancer. Knowing the ways and the extent to which mechanical properties of living cells are altered with the onset of disease progression will be crucial for us to gain vital insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of malaria and cancer, and potentially offers the opportunity to develop new and better methods of detection, diagnosis and treatment.
{"title":"NANOTECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN DISEASES","authors":"G.Y.H. Lee, C. Lim","doi":"10.1142/S0219607707000232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607707000232","url":null,"abstract":"Tissues, cells and biomolecules can experience changes in their structural and mechanical properties during the occurrence of certain diseases. Recent advances in the fields of nanotechnology, biomechanics and cell and molecular biology have led to the development of state-of-the-art and novel biophysical and nanotechnological tools to probe the mechanical properties of individual living cells and biomolecules. Here we will review the basic principles and application of some of these nanotechnological tools used to relate changes in the elastic and viscoelastic properties of cells to alterations in the cellular and molecular structures induced by diseases such as malaria and cancer. Knowing the ways and the extent to which mechanical properties of living cells are altered with the onset of disease progression will be crucial for us to gain vital insights into the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of malaria and cancer, and potentially offers the opportunity to develop new and better methods of detection, diagnosis and treatment.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"4 1","pages":"89-101"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90321769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2007-11-01DOI: 10.1142/S0219607707000244
A. S. Nair, Renjis T. Tom, V. R. R. Kumar, C. Subramaniam, T. Pradeep
In this paper, a summary of some of the recent research efforts in our laboratory on chemical interactions at noble metal nanoparticle surfaces is presented. The article is divided into five sections, detailing with (i) interactions of simple halocarbons with gold and silver nanoparticle surfaces at room temperature by a new chemistry and the exploitation of this chemistry in the extraction of pesticides from drinking water, (ii) interaction of biologically important proteins such as Cyt c, hemoglobin and myoglobin as well as a model system, hemin with gold and silver nanoparticles and nanorods forming nano–bio conjugates and their surface binding chemistry, (iii) formation of polymer–nano composites with tunable optical properties and temperature sensing characteristics by single and multi-step methodologies, (iv) nanomaterials-based flow sensors and (v) composites of noble metal nanoparticles and metallic carbon nanotubes showing visible fluorescence induced by metal–semiconductor transition.
{"title":"CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS AT NOBLE METAL NANOPARTICLE SURFACES — CATALYSIS, SENSORS AND DEVICES","authors":"A. S. Nair, Renjis T. Tom, V. R. R. Kumar, C. Subramaniam, T. Pradeep","doi":"10.1142/S0219607707000244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219607707000244","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a summary of some of the recent research efforts in our laboratory on chemical interactions at noble metal nanoparticle surfaces is presented. The article is divided into five sections, detailing with (i) interactions of simple halocarbons with gold and silver nanoparticle surfaces at room temperature by a new chemistry and the exploitation of this chemistry in the extraction of pesticides from drinking water, (ii) interaction of biologically important proteins such as Cyt c, hemoglobin and myoglobin as well as a model system, hemin with gold and silver nanoparticles and nanorods forming nano–bio conjugates and their surface binding chemistry, (iii) formation of polymer–nano composites with tunable optical properties and temperature sensing characteristics by single and multi-step methodologies, (iv) nanomaterials-based flow sensors and (v) composites of noble metal nanoparticles and metallic carbon nanotubes showing visible fluorescence induced by metal–semiconductor transition.","PeriodicalId":80753,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin - Cosmos Club. Cosmos Club (Washington, D.C.)","volume":"13 1","pages":"103-124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90063097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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