Abstract Species of Liriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) occur worldwide and are economically important leafminers. However, populations of some pest species, although very similar morphologically, show highly divergent mtDNA sequences, suggesting that nominal species are in fact complexes of cryptic species. This study focuses on two globally invasive pests, L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) and L. sativae Blanchard, already known to be highly destructive in Brazilian crops, although only a few studies on morphological and genetic divergences of them have been made. A total of 63 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) from Brazilian populations of L. huidobrensis and L. sativae collected from six crops (gypsophila, chrysanthemum, melon, watermelon, tomato, and onion) in Northeastern Brazil were generated to investigate their genetic structure together with available sequences from the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Genetic structure was not found to be correlated to neither host plant nor geographical locality. Liriomyza huidobrensis showed an overall low intraspecific global genetic divergence in both genes. On the other hand, high intraspecific divergences for L. sativae and its phylogenetic position confirm a divergent clade currently found only in Brazil and suggest it may be a global complex of cryptic species. Considering the possibility of cryptic species (in the latter case), we provided detailed redescriptions of these Brazilian populations for future studies and local management of these global pests. Finally, our results also revealed a new synonym herein proposed, L. strigosa Spencer as a junior synonym of L. huidobrensis.
{"title":"Investigating Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Populations From Northeastern Brazil: mtDNA Analyses of the Global Pests L. sativae and L. huidobrensis","authors":"V. R. Sousa, N. Dias-Pini, M. Couri, D. Takiya","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab054","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Species of Liriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) occur worldwide and are economically important leafminers. However, populations of some pest species, although very similar morphologically, show highly divergent mtDNA sequences, suggesting that nominal species are in fact complexes of cryptic species. This study focuses on two globally invasive pests, L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) and L. sativae Blanchard, already known to be highly destructive in Brazilian crops, although only a few studies on morphological and genetic divergences of them have been made. A total of 63 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) from Brazilian populations of L. huidobrensis and L. sativae collected from six crops (gypsophila, chrysanthemum, melon, watermelon, tomato, and onion) in Northeastern Brazil were generated to investigate their genetic structure together with available sequences from the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Genetic structure was not found to be correlated to neither host plant nor geographical locality. Liriomyza huidobrensis showed an overall low intraspecific global genetic divergence in both genes. On the other hand, high intraspecific divergences for L. sativae and its phylogenetic position confirm a divergent clade currently found only in Brazil and suggest it may be a global complex of cryptic species. Considering the possibility of cryptic species (in the latter case), we provided detailed redescriptions of these Brazilian populations for future studies and local management of these global pests. Finally, our results also revealed a new synonym herein proposed, L. strigosa Spencer as a junior synonym of L. huidobrensis.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"285 - 303"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61317979","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Darwin in his book, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, described his fascination with a male Chiasognathus grantii Stephens (Coreptera, Lucanidae), a stag beetle species with enormous mandibles. Wallace in his book, The Malay Archipelago, recorded his enchantment with a male Euchirus longimanus L. (Coreptera, Scarabaeoidae), a ‘chafer’ species with ‘immense fore-arms’ (tibia or femora). These oversized traits have been interpreted as the results of allometry through sexual selection. Both Darwin and Wallace were aware that there was a large variation in these oversized traits intraspecifically, leading to the question of the role of variability in species-level evolution. To answer this question, I studied the variation in developmental plasticity (DP; the individual ability to react to external environment) of the stag beetles, which shows a great variation in external morphology. These observations indicated that 1) DP (measured in body length) is independent of allometry of the mandibles, 2) allometry of the mandibles had been ingrained in most members of the Family before the differentiation of DP took place, 3) DP is indirectly related to sexual selection through elongated mandibles that are used for fighting or securing the mate, as evidenced by the close correlation of DP with the mandible length, and 4) the enormous mandibles of stag beetles are the product of enlarged DP through allometry and sexual selection. From these results, I add enhanced DP as an independent element in the evolution of seemingly oversized traits seen in many beetle species.
{"title":"Darwin's and Wallace's Fascinations With Oversized Morphology and the Question of Developmental Plasticity","authors":"K. Kawano","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab044","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Darwin in his book, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, described his fascination with a male Chiasognathus grantii Stephens (Coreptera, Lucanidae), a stag beetle species with enormous mandibles. Wallace in his book, The Malay Archipelago, recorded his enchantment with a male Euchirus longimanus L. (Coreptera, Scarabaeoidae), a ‘chafer’ species with ‘immense fore-arms’ (tibia or femora). These oversized traits have been interpreted as the results of allometry through sexual selection. Both Darwin and Wallace were aware that there was a large variation in these oversized traits intraspecifically, leading to the question of the role of variability in species-level evolution. To answer this question, I studied the variation in developmental plasticity (DP; the individual ability to react to external environment) of the stag beetles, which shows a great variation in external morphology. These observations indicated that 1) DP (measured in body length) is independent of allometry of the mandibles, 2) allometry of the mandibles had been ingrained in most members of the Family before the differentiation of DP took place, 3) DP is indirectly related to sexual selection through elongated mandibles that are used for fighting or securing the mate, as evidenced by the close correlation of DP with the mandible length, and 4) the enormous mandibles of stag beetles are the product of enlarged DP through allometry and sexual selection. From these results, I add enhanced DP as an independent element in the evolution of seemingly oversized traits seen in many beetle species.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"194 - 201"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48809361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The ability to disperse is vital for all organisms, but especially for those whose habitats deteriorate, necessitating relocation to better feeding or breeding sites. Phoresy is assisted dispersal in which one organism uses another as its vehicle. In this review, phoresy will be largely restricted to cases wherein the rider is not parasitic on the vehicular stage used for dispersal, and in which insects are riders or rides. Phoresy occurs in organisms with limited mobility, and in secondarily brachypterous or completely wingless insects. Intraspecific phoresy also occurs. Generally, immature stages resistant to environmental assaults, such as dauers in nematodes, triungulins in beetles, or deutonymphs in mites, undertake phoresy. A size differential between rider and rider enables several conspecifics to board the same vehicle, likely ensuring mating opportunities at the destination. Riders may have special attachment devices or adhesive secretions to ensure safety during travel. Life cycles of riders and vehicles are often synchronized, and when phoresy is mutualistic, vehicles may also employ chemical tactics to achieve this synchrony. Chemical cues help to identify the appropriate vehicle, for disembarkation, or to lure the vehicle towards riders. Most riders prefer female vehicles, possibly to ensure access to rich nesting sites. Density-dependent selection may operate to limit the number of riders on a vehicle and phoresy may also facilitate sexual selection among riders. Whether vehicles can avoid phoresy is barely understood. This review attempts to place phoresy within a broad evolutionary context and points out the paucity of knowledge in certain research areas.
{"title":"Phoresy Involving Insects as Riders or Rides: Life History, Embarkation, and Disembarkation","authors":"R. Borges","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab051","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The ability to disperse is vital for all organisms, but especially for those whose habitats deteriorate, necessitating relocation to better feeding or breeding sites. Phoresy is assisted dispersal in which one organism uses another as its vehicle. In this review, phoresy will be largely restricted to cases wherein the rider is not parasitic on the vehicular stage used for dispersal, and in which insects are riders or rides. Phoresy occurs in organisms with limited mobility, and in secondarily brachypterous or completely wingless insects. Intraspecific phoresy also occurs. Generally, immature stages resistant to environmental assaults, such as dauers in nematodes, triungulins in beetles, or deutonymphs in mites, undertake phoresy. A size differential between rider and rider enables several conspecifics to board the same vehicle, likely ensuring mating opportunities at the destination. Riders may have special attachment devices or adhesive secretions to ensure safety during travel. Life cycles of riders and vehicles are often synchronized, and when phoresy is mutualistic, vehicles may also employ chemical tactics to achieve this synchrony. Chemical cues help to identify the appropriate vehicle, for disembarkation, or to lure the vehicle towards riders. Most riders prefer female vehicles, possibly to ensure access to rich nesting sites. Density-dependent selection may operate to limit the number of riders on a vehicle and phoresy may also facilitate sexual selection among riders. Whether vehicles can avoid phoresy is barely understood. This review attempts to place phoresy within a broad evolutionary context and points out the paucity of knowledge in certain research areas.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"219 - 231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2022-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61317679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
W. Cooper, Adrian T. Marshall, Jillian Foutz, M. Wildung, T. Northfield, D. Crowder, H. Leach, T. Leskey, S. Halbert, James Snyder
Abstract Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) includes several families of sap-feeding insects that tend to feed on a wide-range of host plants. Some species within Auchenorrhyncha are major agricultural pests that transmit plant pathogens or cause direct feeding damage. Nearly all pest Auchenorrhyncha are highly polyphagous, have mobile nymphs, and colonize crops from noncrop habitats. We examined whether methods for gut content analysis developed for more specialized Hemiptera identify dietary history of polyphagous Auchenorrhyncha. We used high-throughput sequencing of the plant genes trnF and ITS to examine the dietary history of Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Cicadellidae), Colladonus geminatus (Van Duzee) (Cicadellidae), Colladonus montanus reductus (Van Duzee) (Cicadellidae), and Lycorma delicatula (White) (Fulgoridae). C. tenellus is a vector of the vegetable pathogens Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii and beat curly top virus. Both Colladonus species are vectors of Ca. Phytoplasma pruni, the pathogen associated with X-disease of stone fruits. Lycorma delicatula is an invasive pest of grape and ornamentals in the eastern United States. Results showed spring hosts for C. tenellus included Brassicaceae, especially Sisymbrium sp. (tumble mustard), and spring hosts for both Colladonus species included Taraxacum sp. (dandelion). Gut content analysis also detected a decrease in host-breadth by L. delicatula from early to late instars. Results demonstrate that directed sequencing of plant DNA identified the dietary history of leafhopper and planthopper pests. Expanded use of gut content analysis will help identify the noncrop sources of phytoplasma-infected C. tenellus and Colladonus, and to examine seasonal changes in host shifts by L. delicatula.
{"title":"Directed Sequencing of Plant Specific DNA Identifies the Dietary History of Four Species of Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera)","authors":"W. Cooper, Adrian T. Marshall, Jillian Foutz, M. Wildung, T. Northfield, D. Crowder, H. Leach, T. Leskey, S. Halbert, James Snyder","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab053","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Auchenorrhyncha (Hemiptera) includes several families of sap-feeding insects that tend to feed on a wide-range of host plants. Some species within Auchenorrhyncha are major agricultural pests that transmit plant pathogens or cause direct feeding damage. Nearly all pest Auchenorrhyncha are highly polyphagous, have mobile nymphs, and colonize crops from noncrop habitats. We examined whether methods for gut content analysis developed for more specialized Hemiptera identify dietary history of polyphagous Auchenorrhyncha. We used high-throughput sequencing of the plant genes trnF and ITS to examine the dietary history of Circulifer tenellus (Baker) (Cicadellidae), Colladonus geminatus (Van Duzee) (Cicadellidae), Colladonus montanus reductus (Van Duzee) (Cicadellidae), and Lycorma delicatula (White) (Fulgoridae). C. tenellus is a vector of the vegetable pathogens Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii and beat curly top virus. Both Colladonus species are vectors of Ca. Phytoplasma pruni, the pathogen associated with X-disease of stone fruits. Lycorma delicatula is an invasive pest of grape and ornamentals in the eastern United States. Results showed spring hosts for C. tenellus included Brassicaceae, especially Sisymbrium sp. (tumble mustard), and spring hosts for both Colladonus species included Taraxacum sp. (dandelion). Gut content analysis also detected a decrease in host-breadth by L. delicatula from early to late instars. Results demonstrate that directed sequencing of plant DNA identified the dietary history of leafhopper and planthopper pests. Expanded use of gut content analysis will help identify the noncrop sources of phytoplasma-infected C. tenellus and Colladonus, and to examine seasonal changes in host shifts by L. delicatula.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"275 - 284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42914234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Sonenshine, F. Posada-Flórez, D. Laudier, C. Gulbronson, Samuel D. Ramsey, S. Cook
Abstract Histochemical staining of histological sections of Varroa destructor (Anderson andTrueman, 2000) mites reveal the internal body plan and are used to contrast the internal organs associated with feeding and reproduction of starved versus recently fed female mites.The gnathosoma is comprised of a powerful sucking pharynx, which employs 11 alternating dilator and constrictor muscles, the chelicerae, the salivary ducts, and the salivarium. Coronally, the esophagus is visible through the synganglion between its supraesophageal and subesophageal regions and connects posteriorly to the midgut.The midgut is devoid of food particles in starved mites, but in fed mites, the midgut epithelial cells are filled with innumerable globular spheroids replete with lipoproteins, including polyunsaturated lipids, whereas the lumen is filled with saturated lipids or other unidentified nutrients. In the opisthosomal body region of the fed female, the bilobed lyrate organ lies adjacent to the midgut on one side and the ovary on the opposite side, with very close cell to cell linkages that appear to form a syncytium. The fed female ovary contains an enormously enlarged ovum, and numerous elongated nurse cells extending from the lyrate organ. Dyes staining selectively for lipoproteins suggests rapid incorporation of neutral and polyunsaturated lipids and lipoproteins. Also evident near the ovary in fed females is the spermatheca filled with elongated, fully capacitated spermatozoa. The histological and histochemical findings reported in this study provide a fresh insight into the body structure, nutrition, and reproductive activity of the female of this harmful honey bee parasite and disease vector. Graphical Abstract Representative images histological atlas varroa destructor (Mesostimate:Varroidae): A. Anterior body region showing the pharynx, esophagus, sunganglion and salivary gland (sagittal view); B. Mid-section of body showing intracellularvesicles (lipoproteins) in epithelial cells of the midgut (sagittal view). C. Posterior region of body showing of the ovary with developing oocytes connected by elongated nurse cells to the lyrate organ: D. Posterior region of body showing the ovary with a very large developing oocyte, adjacent spermatheca and lyrate organ. All images are fed females.
对瓦氏破坏螨(Anderson and trueman, 2000)的组织切片进行组织化学染色，揭示了其体内结构，并用于对比饥饿和新近进食的雌性螨与进食和繁殖相关的内部器官。颌体由一个强大的吸吮咽组成，它使用11块交替的扩张肌和收缩肌、chelicerae、唾液管和唾腺。冠状面，通过食道上区和食道下区之间的联神经节可见食道，并在后方与中肠相连。在饥饿的螨虫中，中肠缺乏食物颗粒，但在喂食的螨虫中，中肠上皮细胞充满了无数充满脂蛋白的球状球体，包括多不饱和脂质，而管腔则充满了饱和脂质或其他未知的营养物质。在被喂食的雌鼠的胆小体区域，双叶lyrate器官一侧与中肠相邻，另一侧与卵巢相邻，细胞间的联系非常紧密，似乎形成合胞体。被喂食的雌性卵巢包含一个巨大的增大的卵子，以及许多从lyate器官延伸出来的细长的哺乳细胞。染料对脂蛋白的选择性染色表明中性和多不饱和脂质和脂蛋白的快速掺入。在雌性受精卵中，靠近卵巢的精子囊也很明显，充满了细长的、完全有能力的精子。本研究报告的组织学和组织化学发现为这种有害的蜜蜂寄生虫和病媒的雌性身体结构，营养和生殖活动提供了新的见解。图片摘要:典型组织学图像(中估计:Varroidae): A.前体区显示咽部、食道、太阳神经节和唾液腺(矢状面);B.身体中段显示中肠上皮细胞内的细胞内囊泡(脂蛋白)(矢状面)。C.身体后部显示卵巢，发育中的卵母细胞通过细长的哺乳细胞连接到lyrate器官;D.身体后部显示卵巢，发育中的卵母细胞非常大，邻近的精囊和lyrate器官。所有的图像都是雌性的。
{"title":"Histological Atlas of the Internal Anatomy of Female Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) Mites in Relation to Feeding and Reproduction","authors":"D. Sonenshine, F. Posada-Flórez, D. Laudier, C. Gulbronson, Samuel D. Ramsey, S. Cook","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab043","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Histochemical staining of histological sections of Varroa destructor (Anderson andTrueman, 2000) mites reveal the internal body plan and are used to contrast the internal organs associated with feeding and reproduction of starved versus recently fed female mites.The gnathosoma is comprised of a powerful sucking pharynx, which employs 11 alternating dilator and constrictor muscles, the chelicerae, the salivary ducts, and the salivarium. Coronally, the esophagus is visible through the synganglion between its supraesophageal and subesophageal regions and connects posteriorly to the midgut.The midgut is devoid of food particles in starved mites, but in fed mites, the midgut epithelial cells are filled with innumerable globular spheroids replete with lipoproteins, including polyunsaturated lipids, whereas the lumen is filled with saturated lipids or other unidentified nutrients. In the opisthosomal body region of the fed female, the bilobed lyrate organ lies adjacent to the midgut on one side and the ovary on the opposite side, with very close cell to cell linkages that appear to form a syncytium. The fed female ovary contains an enormously enlarged ovum, and numerous elongated nurse cells extending from the lyrate organ. Dyes staining selectively for lipoproteins suggests rapid incorporation of neutral and polyunsaturated lipids and lipoproteins. Also evident near the ovary in fed females is the spermatheca filled with elongated, fully capacitated spermatozoa. The histological and histochemical findings reported in this study provide a fresh insight into the body structure, nutrition, and reproductive activity of the female of this harmful honey bee parasite and disease vector. Graphical Abstract Representative images histological atlas varroa destructor (Mesostimate:Varroidae): A. Anterior body region showing the pharynx, esophagus, sunganglion and salivary gland (sagittal view); B. Mid-section of body showing intracellularvesicles (lipoproteins) in epithelial cells of the midgut (sagittal view). C. Posterior region of body showing of the ovary with developing oocytes connected by elongated nurse cells to the lyrate organ: D. Posterior region of body showing the ovary with a very large developing oocyte, adjacent spermatheca and lyrate organ. All images are fed females.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"163 - 193"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48803788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Wasps of the genus Bembix (Fabricius) have enjoyed over 300 years as subjects of interest to entomologists and ethologists due to their large size and repertoire of dramatic nesting behaviors. This research history began with these wasps as the focus of brief behavioral accounts, which developed over time to yield detailed studies of the habits of individual species, as well as comparative studies of behavior. This work has revealed that Bembix is behaviorally diverse, with most aspects of their nesting habits showing variation both within and between species. Ultimately, this research history has made Bembix one of the best-known groups of solitary aculeate wasps. At the same time, much work remains to be done on Bembix. While the genus' behavioral diversity is well-recognized, it has not nearly been fully characterized, with the majority of Bembix species remaining unstudied in the field. Furthermore, no phylogeny has ever been published for the genus, and its evolutionary and biogeographic history remains essentially unknown. Thus, this review presents an overview of historical and biological information on Bembix with the aim of stimulating further work on this behaviorally diverse genus.
{"title":"The Biology and Research History of the Solitary Wasp Genus Bembix (Hymenoptera: Bembicidae): A Brief Review","authors":"J. Frank","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab050","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wasps of the genus Bembix (Fabricius) have enjoyed over 300 years as subjects of interest to entomologists and ethologists due to their large size and repertoire of dramatic nesting behaviors. This research history began with these wasps as the focus of brief behavioral accounts, which developed over time to yield detailed studies of the habits of individual species, as well as comparative studies of behavior. This work has revealed that Bembix is behaviorally diverse, with most aspects of their nesting habits showing variation both within and between species. Ultimately, this research history has made Bembix one of the best-known groups of solitary aculeate wasps. At the same time, much work remains to be done on Bembix. While the genus' behavioral diversity is well-recognized, it has not nearly been fully characterized, with the majority of Bembix species remaining unstudied in the field. Furthermore, no phylogeny has ever been published for the genus, and its evolutionary and biogeographic history remains essentially unknown. Thus, this review presents an overview of historical and biological information on Bembix with the aim of stimulating further work on this behaviorally diverse genus.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"33 1","pages":"232 - 238"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"61317552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-24eCollection Date: 2022-01-01DOI: 10.1093/aesa/saab037
Thomas N Sheehan, Kier D Klepzig
The longleaf pine Pinus palustris Miller (Pinales: Pinaceae) ecosystem once covered as many as 37 million hectares across the southeastern United States. Through fire suppression, development, and conversion to other plantation pines, this coverage has dwindled to fewer than 2 million hectares. A recent focus on the restoration of this ecosystem has revealed its complex and biologically diverse nature. Arthropods of the longleaf pine ecosystem are incredibly numerous and diverse-functionally and taxonomically. To provide clarity on what is known about the species and their functional roles in longleaf pine forests, we thoroughly searched the literature and found nearly 500 references. In the end, we tabulated 51 orders 477 families, 1,949 genera, and 3,032 arthropod species as having been stated in the scientific literature to occur in longleaf pine ecosystems. The body of research we drew from is rich and varied but far from comprehensive. Most work deals with land management objective associated taxa such as pests of pine, pests of-and food for-wildlife (red-cockaded woodpecker, northern bobwhite quail, gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, etc.), and pollinators of the diverse plant understory associated with longleaf pine. We explored the complex role frequent fire (critical in longleaf pine management) plays in determining the arthropod community in longleaf pine, including its importance to rare and threatened species. We examined known patterns of abundance and occurrence of key functional groups of longleaf pine-associated arthropods. Finally, we identified some critical gaps in knowledge and provide suggestions for future research into this incredibly diverse ecosystem.
{"title":"Arthropods and Fire Within the Biologically Diverse Longleaf Pine Ecosystem.","authors":"Thomas N Sheehan, Kier D Klepzig","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab037","DOIUrl":"10.1093/aesa/saab037","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The longleaf pine <i>Pinus palustris</i> Miller (Pinales: Pinaceae) ecosystem once covered as many as 37 million hectares across the southeastern United States. Through fire suppression, development, and conversion to other plantation pines, this coverage has dwindled to fewer than 2 million hectares. A recent focus on the restoration of this ecosystem has revealed its complex and biologically diverse nature. Arthropods of the longleaf pine ecosystem are incredibly numerous and diverse-functionally and taxonomically. To provide clarity on what is known about the species and their functional roles in longleaf pine forests, we thoroughly searched the literature and found nearly 500 references. In the end, we tabulated 51 orders 477 families, 1,949 genera, and 3,032 arthropod species as having been stated in the scientific literature to occur in longleaf pine ecosystems. The body of research we drew from is rich and varied but far from comprehensive. Most work deals with land management objective associated taxa such as pests of pine, pests of-and food for-wildlife (red-cockaded woodpecker, northern bobwhite quail, gopher tortoise, pocket gopher, etc.), and pollinators of the diverse plant understory associated with longleaf pine. We explored the complex role frequent fire (critical in longleaf pine management) plays in determining the arthropod community in longleaf pine, including its importance to rare and threatened species. We examined known patterns of abundance and occurrence of key functional groups of longleaf pine-associated arthropods. Finally, we identified some critical gaps in knowledge and provide suggestions for future research into this incredibly diverse ecosystem.</p>","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"69-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/95/93/saab037.PMC8764571.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39843875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. Mattila, S. Shimano, G. Otis, L. Nguyen, Erica R Maul, J. Billen
Abstract The activities of social insect colonies are supported by exocrine glands and the tremendous functional diversity of the compounds that they secrete. Many social wasps in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae have two sternal glands—the van der Vecht and Richards' glands—that vary in their features and function across the species in which they are found. Field observations suggest that giant hornets use secretions from the van der Vecht gland to chemically mark targeted nests when workers initiate group attacks on social insect prey. However, descriptions of giant hornets' sternal glands and details about their recruitment behavior are lacking. We describe the morphology of the sternal glands of the giant hornet Vespa soror du Buysson and consider their potential to contribute to a marking pheromone. We also assess the gastral rubbing behavior of workers as they attacked Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. V. soror workers have well-developed van der Vecht and Richards' glands on their terminal gastral sternites, with morphologies that robustly support the synthesis, storage, and dissemination of their secretory products. Observations confirm that the van der Vecht gland is exposed during gastral rubbing, but that the Richards' gland and glands associated with the sting apparatus may also contribute to a marking pheromone. Workers briefly but repeatedly rubbed their gasters around hive entrances and on overhead vegetation. Colonies were heavily marked over consecutive attacks. Our findings provide insight into the use of exocrine secretions by giant hornets as they recruit nestmates to prey colonies for group attacks.
摘要群居昆虫群落的活动受到外分泌腺和它们分泌的化合物的巨大功能多样性的支持。Vespinae和Politinae亚科中的许多群居黄蜂都有两个胸骨腺——范德韦希特腺和理查兹腺——它们的特征和功能因物种而异。实地观察表明，当工作人员对社会昆虫猎物发起集体攻击时，大黄蜂会利用范德韦希特腺的分泌物对目标巢穴进行化学标记。然而，关于大黄蜂胸骨腺的描述和它们的招募行为的细节却缺乏。我们描述了大黄蜂Vespa soror du Buysson胸骨腺的形态，并考虑了它们作为标记信息素的潜力。我们还评估了工人攻击蜜蜂群落时的腹部摩擦行为。V.soror工作人员在其胃末胸骨上有发育良好的范德韦和理查兹腺，其形态有力地支持其分泌产物的合成、储存和传播。观察证实，范德韦希特腺在腹部摩擦过程中暴露，但理查兹腺和与刺器相关的腺体也可能有助于标记信息素。工人们在蜂箱入口处和头顶的植被上短暂但反复地摩擦他们的胃。殖民地在连续的进攻中被打上了重重的标记。我们的发现为大黄蜂在招募配偶捕食群体进行群体攻击时使用外分泌分泌物提供了见解。
{"title":"Linking the Morphology of Sternal Glands to Rubbing Behavior by Vespa soror (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) Workers During Recruitment for Group Predation","authors":"H. Mattila, S. Shimano, G. Otis, L. Nguyen, Erica R Maul, J. Billen","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab048","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The activities of social insect colonies are supported by exocrine glands and the tremendous functional diversity of the compounds that they secrete. Many social wasps in the subfamilies Vespinae and Polistinae have two sternal glands—the van der Vecht and Richards' glands—that vary in their features and function across the species in which they are found. Field observations suggest that giant hornets use secretions from the van der Vecht gland to chemically mark targeted nests when workers initiate group attacks on social insect prey. However, descriptions of giant hornets' sternal glands and details about their recruitment behavior are lacking. We describe the morphology of the sternal glands of the giant hornet Vespa soror du Buysson and consider their potential to contribute to a marking pheromone. We also assess the gastral rubbing behavior of workers as they attacked Apis cerana F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies. V. soror workers have well-developed van der Vecht and Richards' glands on their terminal gastral sternites, with morphologies that robustly support the synthesis, storage, and dissemination of their secretory products. Observations confirm that the van der Vecht gland is exposed during gastral rubbing, but that the Richards' gland and glands associated with the sting apparatus may also contribute to a marking pheromone. Workers briefly but repeatedly rubbed their gasters around hive entrances and on overhead vegetation. Colonies were heavily marked over consecutive attacks. Our findings provide insight into the use of exocrine secretions by giant hornets as they recruit nestmates to prey colonies for group attacks.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"202 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44964825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Harvester ants (Latreille) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) have traditionally been labeled as pests within their native ranges from perceived effects on crop production and rangeland productivity.Yet, modern research casts doubt on many of these perceived detrimental effects and instead suggests that harvester ants act as keystone species that largely benefit both ecosystems and human activities.Through nest engineering and trophic interactions (such as seed harvesting and predation), harvester ants have considerable direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Here we summarize the ecological roles of harvester ants and review their services and disservices to ecosystems and human activities. In doing so, we help clarify perceived keystone and pest roles of harvester ants and their implications for rangeland management. We find the numerous keystone roles of harvester ants to be well-supported compared to perceived pest roles.We also highlight areas where further research into their roles in natural and managed systems is needed.
{"title":"From Pests to Keystone Species: Ecosystem Influences and Human Perceptions of Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex, Veromessor, and Messor spp.)","authors":"Derek A. Uhey, R. Hofstetter","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Harvester ants (Latreille) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera) have traditionally been labeled as pests within their native ranges from perceived effects on crop production and rangeland productivity.Yet, modern research casts doubt on many of these perceived detrimental effects and instead suggests that harvester ants act as keystone species that largely benefit both ecosystems and human activities.Through nest engineering and trophic interactions (such as seed harvesting and predation), harvester ants have considerable direct and indirect effects on community structure and ecosystem functioning. Here we summarize the ecological roles of harvester ants and review their services and disservices to ecosystems and human activities. In doing so, we help clarify perceived keystone and pest roles of harvester ants and their implications for rangeland management. We find the numerous keystone roles of harvester ants to be well-supported compared to perceived pest roles.We also highlight areas where further research into their roles in natural and managed systems is needed.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"127 - 140"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47795097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pa Bartlett, L. Hesler, B. French, M. Catangui, J. Gritzner
Recent detections of adults of three previously common, native species of lady beetles [Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, and Adalia bipunctata (L.); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] during surveys at several sites in western South Dakota and western Nebraska provided impetus for additional sampling of lady beetles in that region. The current study systematically sampled for lady beetles among three dominant habitats in the region in 2010 and 2011. Four techniques (sucrose-baited and nonbaited yellow sticky traps, sweepnetting, visual searches) sampled 4,036 adult and 830 larval coccinellids comprising 10 species. Coccinella septempunctata L., Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), and Brachiacantha albifrons (Say) were the most common species. C. novemnotata ranked fifth in abundance, with 94 sampled in small grains, 20 in alfalfa, and 5 in grassland pasture; 58 larval C. novemnotata were sampled primarily in small-grain fields. Abundance of C. novemnotata negatively correlated with proportion of vegetative cover in fields, whereas this characteristic did not correlate with abundances of H. convergens, H. parenthesis, and C. septempunctata. Abundance of these three species negatively correlated with vegetative species richness and diversity in fields, whereas C. novemnotata abundance was not related to these indices. Fourteen C. transversoguttata richardsoni, 30 C. novemnotata, and several other coccinellids were observed on roadside vegetation near sample fields. A. bipunctata was not sampled in this study. Results suggest that sparsely vegetated small-grain fields may favor reproducing populations of C. novemnotata in relatively arid areas of the north central United States.
{"title":"Erratum to: Lady Beetle Assemblages (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in Western South Dakota and Western Nebraska and Detection of Reproducing Populations of Coccinella novemnotata","authors":"Pa Bartlett, L. Hesler, B. French, M. Catangui, J. Gritzner","doi":"10.1093/aesa/saab039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saab039","url":null,"abstract":"Recent detections of adults of three previously common, native species of lady beetles [Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, and Adalia bipunctata (L.); Coleoptera: Coccinellidae] during surveys at several sites in western South Dakota and western Nebraska provided impetus for additional sampling of lady beetles in that region. The current study systematically sampled for lady beetles among three dominant habitats in the region in 2010 and 2011. Four techniques (sucrose-baited and nonbaited yellow sticky traps, sweepnetting, visual searches) sampled 4,036 adult and 830 larval coccinellids comprising 10 species. Coccinella septempunctata L., Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Meneville, Hippodamia parenthesis (Say), and Brachiacantha albifrons (Say) were the most common species. C. novemnotata ranked fifth in abundance, with 94 sampled in small grains, 20 in alfalfa, and 5 in grassland pasture; 58 larval C. novemnotata were sampled primarily in small-grain fields. Abundance of C. novemnotata negatively correlated with proportion of vegetative cover in fields, whereas this characteristic did not correlate with abundances of H. convergens, H. parenthesis, and C. septempunctata. Abundance of these three species negatively correlated with vegetative species richness and diversity in fields, whereas C. novemnotata abundance was not related to these indices. Fourteen C. transversoguttata richardsoni, 30 C. novemnotata, and several other coccinellids were observed on roadside vegetation near sample fields. A. bipunctata was not sampled in this study. Results suggest that sparsely vegetated small-grain fields may favor reproducing populations of C. novemnotata in relatively arid areas of the north central United States.","PeriodicalId":8076,"journal":{"name":"Annals of The Entomological Society of America","volume":"115 1","pages":"217 - 217"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2021-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48291003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：