Waste Disposal & Sustainable Energy最新文献

Mercury pollution is created by coal combustion processes in multi-component systems. Adsorbent injection was identified as a potential strategy for capturing Hg⁰ from waste gases, with adsorbents serving as the primary component. The hydrothermal approach was used to synthesize a series of MnO_x–CeO_x nanorod adsorbents with varying Mn/Ce molar ratios to maximize the Hg⁰ capture capabilities. Virgin CeO_x had weak Hg⁰ elimination activity; <8% Hg⁰ removal efficiency was obtained from 150 °C to 250 °C. With the addition of MnO_x, the amount of surface acid sites and the relative concentration of Mn⁴⁺ increased. This ensured the sufficient adsorption and oxidation of Hg⁰ while overcoming the limitations of restricted adsorbate-adsorbent interactions caused by the lower surface area, endowing MnO_x–CeO_x with increased Hg⁰ removal capacity. When the molar ratio of Mn/Ce reached 6/4, the adsorbent’s Hg⁰ removal efficiency remained over 92% at 150 °C and 200 °C. As the molar ratio of Mn/Ce grew, the adsorbent’s Hg⁰ elimination capacity declined due to decreased surface area, weakened acidity, and decreased activity of Mn⁴⁺; <75% Hg⁰ removal efficiency was reached between 150 °C and 250 °C for virgin MnO_x. Throughout the overall Hg⁰ elimination reactions, Mn⁴⁺ and O_α were in charge of oxidizing Hg⁰ to HgO, with Ce⁴⁺ acting as a promoter to aid in the regeneration of Mn⁴⁺. Because of its limited adaptability to flue gas components, further optimization of the MnO_x–CeO_x nanorod adsorbent is required.

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Sub-Saharan Africa is witnessing a proliferation of photovoltaic (PV) waste due to the increasing number of solar PV power plants. PV waste (panels, batteries, electrical cables, mounting structures, and inverters) consists of elements such as mercury, cadmium, chromium, lead, copper, aluminum, fluorinated compounds, and plastics that are toxic to human health and the environment if a proper management system is not available. Although many studies worldwide have focused on PV waste management, very few have been conducted in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aims to investigate the current PV waste management system in Burkina Faso, determine stakeholder profiles, and propose strategies to enhance the existing system. Documentary research, interviews, questionnaires, and field visits were used in the methodology. The survey showed that young people, mainly under 30 years of age and with a primary education, dominate (70%) in terms of PV waste collection and repair activities, while the more technical recycling and export activities are carried out mainly (88%) by stakeholders older than 40 years and with a secondary education (60%). Among the older stakeholders, 100% are aware of the hazardous nature of PV waste, whereas 36% are young people. From an environmental perspective, the main source of contamination observed is the release of lead-rich sulfuric acids into water and soil during the collection and repair phases. During the recycling of batteries and electrical cables, toxic fumes are emitted into the air, and recycling residues rich in toxic substances are landfilled. To reduce risks to human health and the environment when managing PV waste, the introduction of legislation, the multiplication of collection points and appropriate infrastructures, the training and awareness-raising of stakeholders, and the extended responsibility of manufacturers are recommended. Studies on the economic feasibility of setting up formal management structures are needed to complete this work.

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The moisture content (MC) of municipal sludge is the key factor affecting sludge treatment and disposal technologies, while the vast majority of existing measurement methods are off-line and time-consuming. To realize rapid online detection for the MC of sludge, a detection method based on the microwave reflection principle is proposed: experiments are carried out and the MC computation model of the sludge is derived using the resonant frequency and the permittivity ((varepsilon^{prime})). The results reveal that the detection accuracy of granular sludge with a thickness of 10 mm is higher. The theoretical model between the MC and the real part of (varepsilon^{prime}) is developed, and the relationship between the resonant frequency and (varepsilon^{prime}) is expressed by a cubic polynomial. The average error and the root mean square error (RMSE) of sludge are 2.06% and 2.49%, respectively. The prediction model for the MC of sludge is also given, and the determination coefficient and RMSE are 0.981 and 2.06%, respectively.

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This article has the general objective of estimating the efficiency of urban solid waste management in 940 Brazilian municipalities through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) technique and has specific objectives: (i) to estimate efficiency scores; (ii) to compare the performance between different groups of municipalities; and (iii) to analyze the profile of efficient municipalities from the perspective of the guidelines of Law 12,305/2010 and socio-economic and environmental indicators. The technique used was DEA with output-oriented and variable scale to return modeling. The results showed higher efficiency scores in the municipalities with populations above 500,000 inhabitants. The score variation ranged from 0.5 (municipalities with populations <10,000 inhabitants) to 0.9 (municipalities with more than 500,000 inhabitants). Of the sample set, only 12.34% of the municipalities were considered efficient, and when analyzing the efficient group, it was found that adherence to legislation was not a major factor in achieving efficiency.

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The European Union (EU) and the United States (US) determine municipal solid waste (MSW) statistics differently. The EU applies a site-specific methodology that directly measures waste whereas the US employs a materials flow methodology that estimates MSW statistics indirectly based on production and recovery data from industries. This study dissects the materials flow methodology and presents quantitative materials flow Sankey diagrams for the primary MSW materials to highlight data gaps that can be addressed to improve the methodology’s accuracy. Private industry plastics data were applied to the materials flow methodology, and the results were within 10% of the plastics statistics reported by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Drawbacks to the methodologies include EU measurement inaccuracies due to double-counting and not accounting for residual waste in the US. The latter may partially explain why landfilling tonnages reported by the US EPA were approximately 60% less than the tonnages reported by the Waste to Energy Research and Technology Council (WTERT) in its national MSW survey that applied the EU methodology in the US. Unlike the EU, there is no US national policy that requires states to measure and report state-level waste data to the US EPA. Future improvements in US MSW statistics rely heavily on the implementation of national policies to homogenize the measurement and collection of waste data from states.

Electricity generated through coal-based Thermal Power Plants (TPPs) has played a pivotal role in shaping modern civilization, revolutionizing industries, and improving the quality of life for billions of people worldwide. These TPPs contribute to about 37%–40% of the global energy requirements. Energy production, in turn, has a direct impact on the economy of any country. Apart from this boon to humankind, these TPPs combusting coal as their primary fuel also have specific environmental impacts, the major ones being water, air, and soil pollution due to unscientific disposal of high-quantity fly ash produced yearly. If we can put this ash to good use, it may assist us in mitigating the pollution caused by it. Although there are many conventional uses of fly ash, such as a pozzolanic material in the cement industry, more pathways need to be discovered to balance the high generation quantities with consumption. Therefore, a detailed description of its use in potential geoliner applications is presented in this article. A geoliner or a landfill liner acts as a virtually impenetrable layer to mitigate the leachate penetration into the underneath subsoil and groundwater, thus preventing contamination. There are presently some studies that support the use of only fly ash in such applications. Nevertheless, the properties of the geoliners using it are not so good to significantly mitigate environmental degradation owing to its high permeability and low densification tendency. The bentonite conventionally used has limited deposits and is mined intensively for its use as a natural sealant. Their deposits must also be conserved, and an alternative material that may serve similar application benefits, like bentonite, must be selected. The desired aim can be fulfilled if we blend this combustion residue with other suitable materials (such as kaolinite clay) with low permeability. Thus, the article focuses on the possibilities of blending fly ash with different clays for geoliner construction to improve the individual properties of fly ash. This will contribute to developing a scope for future scientific research in deploying these blends in natural membrane materials for various industries. Different types of geoliners that are designed to contain the disposed-off waste are also explained in detail. Additionally, a glimpse of the global fly ash market is put forward to depict its importance for various industries in this technologically advancing world. This article profoundly observes an overall environmental management aspect regarding waste utilization.

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Population growth, waste generation, and massive waste mismanagement have led to environmental catastrophe. Management of municipal solid waste (MSW) requires an efficient and sustainable integrated system. The integrated thermal processing of MSW is one of the best waste management techniques. In this study, energy analysis of MSW is carried out based on the material and energy balance of 2000 kg wet MSW, which contains 50% leachate. Once the leachate is removed, the dry MSW is sent for carbon content enhancement in carbonization to produce MSW-based char. Thereafter, the combustion of MSW-based char provided high heat and syngas to be used in a hydrothermal process for MSW leachate treatment. The result shows that the char fuel of MSW produces a sufficient amount of energy, 13501.29 MJ (84.55%), in the form of synthetic gas by-product, which has a big potential as an energy source. The novelty of the proposed integrated thermal system is to produce 84.55% synthetic gas by-product, which is used for electricity production, cooking, food, and heat energy for industrial purposes. The proposed applications of this paper offer insightful information for policymaking regarding novel MSW techniques, which are economical, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly. Thus, it increases the effectiveness of MSW utilization.

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Food waste generation is a pressing issue that requires urgent attention and concerted efforts worldwide. The staggering amount of food wasted each year not only wastes valuable resources but also exacerbates environmental, economic, and social challenges. Food Waste Management (FWM) consists of a complex array of criteria and sub-criteria, and treatments which seems interdependent. There is a need to evaluate the FWM with the help of important criteria and sub-criteria and treatments to address this challenge. In this study, we identified four important criteria, 21 sub-criteria, and four alternatives of FWM for the case of Malaysia using the integrated approach of literature review and expert opinions. Further, we employed the approach of Modified Fuzzy Improved Analytical Hierarchy Process (IAHP) to corroborate the interrelationships among the identified criteria and sub-criteria, and their associated treatments. This study undertakes linear normalization methods to transform data into comparable numerical values and the Geometric Mean method to handle uncertainty in human judgments. Moreover, the Centroid method is employed to convert fuzzy weights into crisp sets for ease of interpretation. The results indicate that environmental is the most essential criterion, followed by social, economic, and technical. In addition, air and water pollution is identified as the most critical sub-criteria. Black Soldier Fly is discovered as the most sustainable FWM treatment, since it performs the best while meeting all the criteria and sub-criteria assessed. Sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the outputs from the proposed method are robust and reliable. The finding suggests a proper and robust approach to help decision-makers select suitable FWM treatments to tackle various criteria and alternatives especially when handling inconsistent and uncertain judgments during evaluation.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) have attracted widespread concern due to their high toxicity, and their difficult manipulation in laboratories has made the research process tough. Thus, in our work, furan is selected as the model compound owing to the same structure of a central oxygenate ring. Although catalytic oxidation is regarded as an effective and applicable method for the abatement of PCDD/Fs, the synthesis of low-temperature catalysts is still a challenging problem in practical applications. Considering this situation, we prepared a novel V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst modified with N-doped hierarchical porous carbon (NHPC) via a wet impregnation method. The V/T-1%NHPC catalyst could achieve expectant low-temperature performances with 50% furan conversion at 150 °C and a complete conversion at 200 °C, which decreased 23 °C and 40 °C compared to the V/T catalyst respectively. Moreover, the addition of NHPC presented lifting chemical stability during long-time test. The addition of NHPC in V/T catalysts decreased the formation of crystalline V₂O₅ and increased the percentages of V⁵⁺ and O_lat, which improved the utilization of vanadium ions and the catalytic activity. Simultaneously, the higher binding energy shift of O_lat implied more reaction possibility with other oxidise reactants. Importantly, this work proved the lifting catalytic activity by the interaction between catalysts and NHPC, and proposed the promoting effects of the N element. The results showed that the content of the pyridinic N and graphitic N in NHPC changed after combining with V/T catalyst, which played crucial roles in the excellent catalytic performance. Overall, this work provides comprehensive research of the V/T-1%NHPC catalyst toward furan oxidation at low temperature and explain the effects of N-doped biomass carbon in catalytic activity clearly, which gave a new thought to design low-temperature catalysts in PCDD/Fs degradation. Besides, the internal functional mechanisms of N species are worth further exploration in future studies.

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Five common single plastics and nine different household, commercial and industrial waste plastics were processed using a three-stage (i) pyrolysis, (ii) catalytic steam reforming and (iii) water gas shift reaction system to produce hydrogen. Pyrolysis of plastics produces a range of different hydrocarbon species which are subsequently catalytically steam reformed to produce H₂ and CO and then undergo water gas shift reaction to produce further H₂. The process mimics the commercial process for hydrogen production from natural gas. Processing of the single polyalkene plastics (high-density polyethylene (HDPE), low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and polypropylene (PP)) produced similar H₂ yields between 115 mmol and 120 mmol per gram plastic. Even though PS produced an aromatic product slate from the pyrolysis stage, further stages of reforming and water gas shift reaction produced a gas yield and composition similar to that of the polyalkene plastics (115 mmol H₂ per gram plastic). PET gave significantly lower H₂ yield (41 mmol per gram plastic) due to the formation of mainly CO, CO₂ and organic acids from the pyrolysis stage which were not conducive to further reforming and water gas shift reaction. A mixture of the single plastics typical of that found in municipal solid waste produced a H₂ yield of 102 mmol per gram plastic. Knowing the gas yields and composition from the single plastics enabled an estimation of the yields from a simulated waste plastic mixture and a ‘real-world’ waste plastic mixture to be determined. The different household, commercial and industrial waste plastic mixtures produced H₂ yields between 70 mmol and 107 mmol per gram plastic. The H₂ yield and gas composition from the single waste plastics gave an indication of the type of plastics in the mixed waste plastic samples.

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