Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science最新文献

英文中文

Our Future Nuclear Data Needs 我们未来的核数据需求

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-10-19 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023708

L. Bernstein, David A. Brown, A. Koning, B. Rearden, C. Romano, A. Sonzogni, A. Voyles, W. Younes

A well-established knowledge of nuclear phenomena including fission, reaction cross sections, and structure/decay properties is critical for applications ranging from the design of new reactors to nonproliferation to the production of radioisotopes for the diagnosis and treatment of illness. However, the lack of a well-quantified, predictive theoretical capability means that most nuclear observables must be measured directly and used to calibrate empirical models, which in turn provide the data needed for these applications. In many cases, either there is a lack of data needed to guide the models or the results of the different measurements are discrepant, leading to the development of evaluation methodologies to provide recommended values and uncertainties. In this review, we describe the nuclear data evaluation process and the international community that carries it out. We then discuss new measurements and improved theory and/or modeling needed to address future challenges in applied nuclear science.

对核现象（包括裂变、反应截面和结构/衰变特性）的公认知识对于从新反应堆的设计到防扩散，再到用于疾病诊断和治疗的放射性同位素的生产等应用至关重要。然而，缺乏量化良好的预测理论能力意味着大多数核可观测性必须直接测量并用于校准经验模型，而经验模型反过来又提供了这些应用所需的数据。在许多情况下，要么缺乏指导模型所需的数据，要么不同测量的结果不一致，导致开发评估方法以提供推荐值和不确定性。在这篇综述中，我们介绍了核数据评估过程以及进行评估的国际社会。然后，我们讨论了应对应用核科学未来挑战所需的新测量和改进的理论和/或建模。

引用次数: 40

The Medical Device Regulation of the European Union Intensifies Focus on Clinical Benefits of Devices. 欧盟医疗器械法规加强了对器械临床效益的关注。

IF 1.5 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-08-27 DOI: 10.1177/2168479019870732

Beata Wilkinson, Robert van Boxtel

This article comments on the new approach to the clinical evaluation of medical devices in the European Union (EU), which adds consideration of intended clinical benefits to the traditional focus on safety and performance. The article also discusses types of clinical benefits that may be claimed and how evidence for them may be generated. In the EU, determining the benefit-risk profile is an existing core requirement of the clinical evaluation performed according to MEDDEV 2.7/1 Rev 4 guidelines, but under the new Medical Device Regulation (MDR), "intended" clinical benefits must be determined first. The MDR sets high standards for ensuring reliable data are generated from clinical investigations. It stipulates that the endpoints of clinical investigations should include clinical benefits. However, many clinical-use questions arise only after a device is made widely available to patients. For all medical devices, particularly for on-the-market devices never subjected to randomized controlled trials and for new devices developed when these trials were inappropriate/impossible, the postmarket phase of the device is a valuable source of clinical-benefit data. Postmarket clinical follow-up can corroborate and refine predictions of clinical benefits over time. Indirect clinical effects, which may affect treatment adherence and influence patients' well-being, may surface in the postmarket phase. Real-world clinical data will improve the manufacturer's understanding of their device's clinical benefits, potentially changing claims of intended clinical benefits in subsequent clinical evaluations. A paradigm change in clinical evaluation of medical devices in the EU will ensue when manufacturers ensure that their devices deliver real-world clinical benefits.

本文对欧盟（EU）医疗器械临床评估的新方法进行了评论，该方法在传统的安全性和性能重点之外，增加了对预期临床效益的考虑。文章还讨论了可声称的临床益处类型以及如何为这些益处提供证据。在欧盟，根据 MEDDEV 2.7/1 Rev 4 指南进行临床评估的现行核心要求是确定效益-风险概况，但根据新的《医疗器械法规》（MDR），必须首先确定 "预期 "临床效益。MDR 为确保临床研究产生可靠的数据设定了高标准。它规定临床研究的终点应包括临床效益。然而，许多临床使用问题只有在器械广泛提供给患者后才会出现。对于所有医疗设备，尤其是从未进行过随机对照试验的上市设备，以及在不适合/不可能进行这些试验的情况下开发的新设备，设备的上市后阶段是临床效益数据的宝贵来源。上市后的临床跟踪可以证实和完善对临床效益的预测。间接临床效果可能会影响治疗的依从性并影响患者的健康，这些效果可能会在上市后阶段显现出来。真实世界的临床数据将提高制造商对其设备临床效益的认识，并有可能在后续临床评估中改变预期临床效益的说法。当制造商确保其设备能带来真实世界的临床益处时，欧盟医疗设备临床评估的模式将随之改变。

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引用次数: 0

Merger and Mass Ejection of Neutron Star Binaries 中子星双星的合并和质量抛射

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023625

M. Shibata, K. Hotokezaka

Mergers of binary neutron stars and black hole–neutron star binaries are among the most promising sources for ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors and are also high-energy astrophysical phenomena, as illustrated by the observations of GWs and electromagnetic (EM) waves in the event of GW170817. Mergers of these neutron star binaries are also the most promising sites for r-process nucleosynthesis. Numerical simulation in full general relativity (numerical relativity) is a unique approach to the theoretical prediction of the merger process, GWs emitted, mass ejection process, and resulting EM emission. We summarize the current understanding of the processes of neutron star mergers and subsequent mass ejection based on the results of the latest numerical-relativity simulations. We emphasize that the predictions of the numerical-relativity simulations agree broadly with the optical and IR observations of GW170817.

双星-中子星和黑洞-中子星双星的合并是地面引力波（GW）探测器最有前途的来源之一，也是高能天体物理现象，如GW170817事件中对GWs和电磁波的观测所示。这些中子星双星的合并也是r过程核合成最有希望的地点。全广义相对论（数值相对论）中的数值模拟是对合并过程、发射的GWs、质量抛射过程以及由此产生的EM发射进行理论预测的一种独特方法。根据最新的数值相对论模拟结果，我们总结了目前对中子星合并和随后质量抛射过程的理解。我们强调，数值相对论模拟的预测与GW170817的光学和红外观测结果大致一致。

引用次数: 130

The First fm/c of Heavy-Ion Collisions 重离子碰撞的第一次fm/c

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-08-06 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023825

S. Schlichting, D. Teaney

We present an introductory review of the early-time dynamics of high-energy heavy-ion collisions and the kinetics of high-temperature quantum chromodynamic matter. The equilibration mechanisms in the quark–gluon plasma uniquely reflect the nonabelian and ultrarelativistic character of the many-body system. Starting with a brief exposé of the key theoretical and experimental questions, we provide an overview of the theoretical tools employed in weak coupling studies of the early-time nonequilibrium dynamics. We highlight theoretical progress in understanding different thermalization mechanisms in weakly coupled nonabelian plasmas, and discuss their relevance in describing the approach to local thermal equilibrium during the first fm/ c of a heavy-ion collision. We also briefly discuss some important connections to the phenomenology of heavy-ion collisions.

我们介绍了高能重离子碰撞的早期动力学和高温量子色动力学物质的动力学。夸克-胶子等离子体中的平衡机制独特地反映了多体系统的非贝利亚和超相对论性质。从简要介绍关键的理论和实验问题开始，我们概述了早期非平衡动力学弱耦合研究中使用的理论工具。我们强调了在理解弱耦合非贝利亚等离子体中不同热化机制方面的理论进展，并讨论了它们在描述重离子碰撞的第一次fm/c过程中的局部热平衡方法中的相关性。我们还简要讨论了与重离子碰撞现象学的一些重要联系。

引用次数: 60

High-Energy Multimessenger Transient Astrophysics 高能多信使瞬态天体物理学

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-07-29 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023510

K. Murase, I. Bartos

The recent discoveries of high-energy cosmic neutrinos and gravitational waves from astrophysical objects have led to a new era of multimessenger astrophysics. In particular, electromagnetic follow-up observations triggered by these cosmic signals have proved to be highly successful and have brought about new opportunities in time-domain astronomy. We review high-energy particle production in various classes of astrophysical transient phenomena related to black holes and neutron stars, and discuss how high-energy emission can be used to reveal the underlying physics of neutrino and gravitational-wave sources.

最近发现的高能宇宙中微子和来自天体物理物体的引力波开创了多信使天体物理学的新时代。特别是，由这些宇宙信号触发的电磁后续观测被证明是非常成功的，并为时域天文学带来了新的机遇。我们回顾了与黑洞和中子星有关的各类天体物理瞬态现象中的高能粒子产生，并讨论了如何利用高能发射来揭示中微子和引力波源的基本物理。

引用次数: 36

Neutrino Emission as Diagnostics of Core-Collapse Supernovae 中微子发射作为核心坍缩超新星的诊断

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-04-24 DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023434

B. Müller

With myriads of detection events from a prospective Galactic core-collapse supernova, current and future neutrino detectors will be able to sample detailed, time-dependent neutrino fluxes and spectra. This offers enormous possibilities for inferring supernova physics from the various phases of the neutrino signal from the neutronization burst through the accretion and early explosion phase to the cooling phase. The signal will constrain the time evolution of bulk parameters of the young proto-neutron star like its mass and radius as well as the structure of the progenitor, probe multi-dimensional phenomena in the supernova core, and constrain thedynamics of the early explosion phase. Aside from further astrophysical implications, supernova neutrinos may also shed further light on the properties of matter at supranuclear densities and on open problems in particle physics.

从未来的银河系核心坍缩超新星的无数探测事件中，当前和未来的中微子探测器将能够对详细的、随时间变化的中微子通量和光谱进行采样。这为从中微子信号的各个阶段(从中子爆发到吸积和早期爆炸阶段到冷却阶段)推断超新星物理提供了巨大的可能性。该信号将约束年轻的原中子星的质量、半径等体积参数的时间演化以及祖星的结构，探测超新星核心的多维现象，约束早期爆炸阶段的动力学。除了进一步的天体物理学意义之外，超新星中微子还可能进一步阐明超核密度下物质的性质和粒子物理学中的开放性问题。

引用次数: 27

Open Heavy-Flavor Production in Heavy-Ion Collisions 重离子碰撞中的开放式重香料生产

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-03-18 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023806

Xin Dong, Yen-Jie Lee, R. Rapp

The ultrarelativistic heavy-ion programs at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider and the Large Hadron Collider have entered an era of quantitative analysis of quantum chromodynamics (QCD) at high temperatures. The remarkable discovery of the strongly coupled quark–gluon plasma (sQGP), as deduced from its hydrodynamic behavior at long wavelengths, calls for probes that can reveal its inner workings. Charm- and bottom-hadron spectra offer unique insights into the transport properties and the microscopic structure of the QCD medium created in these collisions. At low momentum the Brownian motion of heavy quarks in the sQGP gives access to their diffusion constant, at intermediate momentum these quarks give insight into hadronization mechanisms, and at high momentum they are expected to merge into a radiative-energy loss regime. We review recent experimental and theoretical achievements on measuring a variety of heavy-flavor observables, characterizing the different regimes in momentum and extracting pertinent transport coefficients to unravel the structure of the sQGP and its hadronization.

在相对论重离子对撞机和大型强子对撞机上的超相对论重离子项目已经进入了高温下量子色动力学(QCD)定量分析的时代。强耦合夸克-胶子等离子体(sQGP)的显著发现，根据其在长波长的流体动力学行为推断，需要能够揭示其内部工作原理的探测器。粲强子光谱和底强子光谱为这些碰撞中产生的QCD介质的输运性质和微观结构提供了独特的见解。在低动量下，sQGP中重夸克的布朗运动可以获得它们的扩散常数，在中等动量下，这些夸克可以深入了解强子化机制，在高动量下，它们有望合并到辐射能量损失区。我们回顾了近年来在测量各种重味观测值，表征动量的不同制度和提取相关输运系数方面的实验和理论成果，以揭示sQGP的结构及其强子化。

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引用次数: 58

The Short-Baseline Neutrino Program at Fermilab 费米实验室的短基线中微子计划

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-03-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020949

P. Machado, O. Palamara, D. Schmitz

The Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) program consists of three liquid argon time-projection chamber detectors located along the Booster Neutrino Beam at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Its main goals include searches for New Physics—particularly eV-scale sterile neutrinos, detailed studies of neutrino–nucleus interactions at the GeV energy scale, and the advancement of the liquid argon detector technology that will also be used in the DUNE/LBNF long-baseline neutrino experiment in the next decade. We review these science goals and the current experimental status of SBN.

短基线中微子(SBN)项目由三个液态氩气时间投影室探测器组成，它们位于费米国家加速器实验室的助推中微子束上。它的主要目标包括寻找新的物理现象，特别是ev尺度的无菌中微子，在GeV能量尺度上对中微子-核相互作用的详细研究，以及在未来十年中也将用于DUNE/LBNF长基线中微子实验的液态氩探测器技术的进步。我们对这些科学目标和SBN的实验现状进行了综述。

引用次数: 122

Nonempirical Interactions for the Nuclear Shell Model: An Update 核壳模型的非经验相互作用:更新

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-02-16 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021120

Steven Ragnar Stroberg, S. Bogner, H. Hergert, J. Holt

The nuclear shell model has perhaps been the most important conceptual and computational paradigm for the understanding of the structure of atomic nuclei. While the shell model has been used predominantly in a phenomenological context, there have been efforts stretching back more than half a century to derive shell model parameters based on a realistic interaction between nucleons. More recently, several ab initio many-body methods—in particular, many-body perturbation theory, the no-core shell model, the in-medium similarity renormalization group, and coupled-cluster theory—have developed the capability to provide effective shell model Hamiltonians. We provide an update on the status of these methods and investigate the connections between them and their potential strengths and weaknesses, with a particular focus on the in-medium similarity renormalization group approach. Three-body forces are demonstrated to be important for understanding the modifications needed in phenomenological treatments. We then review some applications of these methods to comparisons with recent experimental measurements, and conclude with some remaining challenges in ab initio shell model theory.

核壳模型可能是理解原子核结构的最重要的概念和计算范式。虽然壳层模型主要用于现象学背景，但在半个多世纪以来，人们一直在努力推导基于核子之间实际相互作用的壳层模型参数。最近，一些从头开始的多体方法——特别是多体微扰理论、无核壳模型、中相似重整化群和耦合簇理论——已经发展出提供有效壳模型哈密顿量的能力。我们对这些方法的现状进行了更新，并研究了它们之间的联系及其潜在的优势和弱点，特别关注了中等相似性重整化群方法。三体力被证明对理解现象学处理中需要的修正是重要的。然后，我们回顾了这些方法的一些应用，与最近的实验测量结果进行了比较，并总结了从头算壳模型理论中仍存在的一些挑战。

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引用次数: 130

Neutrinoless Double-Beta Decay: Status and Prospects 中微子双β衰变:现状与展望

IF 12.4 2区物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, NUCLEAR

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

Pub Date : 2019-02-11 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023407

M. Dolinski, A. Poon, W. Rodejohann

Neutrinoless double-beta decay is a forbidden, lepton-number-violating nuclear transition whose observation would have fundamental implications for neutrino physics, theories beyond the Standard Model, and cosmology. In this review, we summarize the theoretical progress to understand this process, the expectations and implications under various particle physics models, and the nuclear physics challenges that affect the precise predictions of the decay half-life. We also provide a synopsis of the current and future large-scale experiments that aim to discover this process in physically well-motivated half-life ranges.

中微子双β衰变是一种被禁止的、违反轻子数的核跃迁，它的观察将对中微子物理学、标准模型之外的理论和宇宙学产生根本性的影响。在这篇综述中，我们总结了理解这一过程的理论进展，各种粒子物理模型的期望和意义，以及影响衰变半衰期精确预测的核物理挑战。我们还提供了当前和未来的大规模实验的概要，旨在发现这个过程在物理上良好的半衰期范围。

引用次数: 375

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Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science

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