Pub Date : 2020-06-03DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-050520-125911
B. Carr, Florian Kuhnel
Although the dark matter is usually assumed to be made up of some form of elementary particle, primordial black holes (PBHs) could also provide some of it. However, various constraints restrict the possible mass windows to 1016–1017 g, 1020–1024 g, and 10–103 M⊙. The last possibility is contentious but of special interest in view of the recent detection of black hole mergers by LIGO/Virgo. PBHs might have important consequences and resolve various cosmological conundra even if they account for only a small fraction of the dark matter density. In particular, those larger than 103 M⊙ could generate cosmological structures through the seed or Poisson effect, thereby alleviating some problems associated with the standard cold dark matter scenario, and sufficiently large PBHs might provide seeds for the supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. More exotically, the Planck-mass relics of PBH evaporations or stupendously large black holes bigger than 1012 M⊙ could provide an interesting dark component.
{"title":"Primordial Black Holes as Dark Matter: Recent Developments","authors":"B. Carr, Florian Kuhnel","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-050520-125911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-050520-125911","url":null,"abstract":"Although the dark matter is usually assumed to be made up of some form of elementary particle, primordial black holes (PBHs) could also provide some of it. However, various constraints restrict the possible mass windows to 1016–1017 g, 1020–1024 g, and 10–103 M⊙. The last possibility is contentious but of special interest in view of the recent detection of black hole mergers by LIGO/Virgo. PBHs might have important consequences and resolve various cosmological conundra even if they account for only a small fraction of the dark matter density. In particular, those larger than 103 M⊙ could generate cosmological structures through the seed or Poisson effect, thereby alleviating some problems associated with the standard cold dark matter scenario, and sufficiently large PBHs might provide seeds for the supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei. More exotically, the Planck-mass relics of PBH evaporations or stupendously large black holes bigger than 1012 M⊙ could provide an interesting dark component.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-050520-125911","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41847793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-06-02DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-040620-021320
Chinami Kato, K. Ishidoshiro, T. Yoshida
More than 30 years have passed since the successful detection of supernova (SN) neutrinos from SN 1987A. In the last few decades, remarkable progress has been made in neutrino detection techniques, through which it may be possible to detect neutrinos from a new source, presupernova (pre-SN) neutrinos. They are emitted from a massive star prior to core bounce. Because neutrinos escape from the core freely, they carry information about the stellar physics directly. Pre-SN neutrinos may play an important role in verifying our understanding of stellar evolution for massive stars. Observation of pre-SN neutrinos, moreover, may serve as an alarm regarding an SN explosion a few days in advance if the progenitor is located in our vicinity, enabling us to observe the next galactic SN. In this review, we summarize the current status of pre-SN neutrino studies from both the theoretical and observational points of view.
{"title":"Theoretical Prediction of Presupernova Neutrinos and Their Detection","authors":"Chinami Kato, K. Ishidoshiro, T. Yoshida","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-040620-021320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-040620-021320","url":null,"abstract":"More than 30 years have passed since the successful detection of supernova (SN) neutrinos from SN 1987A. In the last few decades, remarkable progress has been made in neutrino detection techniques, through which it may be possible to detect neutrinos from a new source, presupernova (pre-SN) neutrinos. They are emitted from a massive star prior to core bounce. Because neutrinos escape from the core freely, they carry information about the stellar physics directly. Pre-SN neutrinos may play an important role in verifying our understanding of stellar evolution for massive stars. Observation of pre-SN neutrinos, moreover, may serve as an alarm regarding an SN explosion a few days in advance if the progenitor is located in our vicinity, enabling us to observe the next galactic SN. In this review, we summarize the current status of pre-SN neutrino studies from both the theoretical and observational points of view.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-040620-021320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49191427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-05-30DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-102819-100428
J. Henn
Tremendous ongoing theory efforts are dedicated to developing new methods for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. Qualitative rather than incremental advances are needed to fully exploit data that are still to be collected at the LHC. The maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, 𝒩=4 super Yang–Mills (sYM), shares with QCD the gluon sector, which contains the most complicated Feynman graphs but also has many special properties and is believed to be solvable exactly. It is natural to ask what we can learn from advances in 𝒩=4 sYM for addressing difficult problems in QCD. With this in mind, I review several remarkable developments and highlights of recent results in 𝒩=4 sYM. This includes all-order results for certain scattering amplitudes, novel symmetries, surprising geometrical structures of loop integrands, novel tools for the calculation of Feynman integrals, and bootstrap methods. While several insights and tools have already been carried over to QCD and have contributed to state-of-the-art calculations for LHC physics, I argue that there is a host of further fascinating ideas waiting to be explored. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
{"title":"What Can We Learn About QCD and Collider Physics from $mathcal {N}=4$ Super Yang–Mills?","authors":"J. Henn","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-102819-100428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-102819-100428","url":null,"abstract":"Tremendous ongoing theory efforts are dedicated to developing new methods for quantum chromodynamics (QCD) calculations. Qualitative rather than incremental advances are needed to fully exploit data that are still to be collected at the LHC. The maximally supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory, 𝒩=4 super Yang–Mills (sYM), shares with QCD the gluon sector, which contains the most complicated Feynman graphs but also has many special properties and is believed to be solvable exactly. It is natural to ask what we can learn from advances in 𝒩=4 sYM for addressing difficult problems in QCD. With this in mind, I review several remarkable developments and highlights of recent results in 𝒩=4 sYM. This includes all-order results for certain scattering amplitudes, novel symmetries, surprising geometrical structures of loop integrands, novel tools for the calculation of Feynman integrals, and bootstrap methods. While several insights and tools have already been carried over to QCD and have contributed to state-of-the-art calculations for LHC physics, I argue that there is a host of further fascinating ideas waiting to be explored. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Volume 71 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48886324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-27DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023530
A. Hoang
This review provides an overview of the conceptual issues regarding the interpretation of so-called direct top quark mass measurements, which are based on the kinematic reconstruction of top quark decay products at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These measurements quote the top mass parameter [Formula: see text] of Monte Carlo event generators with current uncertainties of around 0.5 GeV. The problem of finding a rigorous relation between [Formula: see text] and top mass renormalization schemes defined in field theory is unresolved to date and touches perturbative as well as nonperturbative aspects and the limitations of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo event generators. I review the status of LHC top mass measurements, illustrate how conceptual limitations enter the picture, and explain a controversy that has permeated the community in the context of the interpretation problem related to [Formula: see text]. I then summarize recent advances in acquiring first principles insights and outline what else has to be understood to fully resolve the issue. I conclude with recommendations on how to deal with the interpretation problem for the time being when making top mass–dependent theoretical predictions.
{"title":"What Is the Top Quark Mass?","authors":"A. Hoang","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023530","url":null,"abstract":"This review provides an overview of the conceptual issues regarding the interpretation of so-called direct top quark mass measurements, which are based on the kinematic reconstruction of top quark decay products at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These measurements quote the top mass parameter [Formula: see text] of Monte Carlo event generators with current uncertainties of around 0.5 GeV. The problem of finding a rigorous relation between [Formula: see text] and top mass renormalization schemes defined in field theory is unresolved to date and touches perturbative as well as nonperturbative aspects and the limitations of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo event generators. I review the status of LHC top mass measurements, illustrate how conceptual limitations enter the picture, and explain a controversy that has permeated the community in the context of the interpretation problem related to [Formula: see text]. I then summarize recent advances in acquiring first principles insights and outline what else has to be understood to fully resolve the issue. I conclude with recommendations on how to deal with the interpretation problem for the time being when making top mass–dependent theoretical predictions.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41845019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-03-07DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-021920-095245
F. Becattini, M. Lisa
The quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced by collisions between ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Noncentral collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system manifests as flow vorticity. This rotational structure can lead to a spin polarization of the hadrons that eventually emerge from the plasma, and thus these collisions provide experimental access to flow substructure at unprecedented detail. Recently, the first observations of Λ hyperon polarization along the direction of collisional angular momentum were reported. These measurements are in broad agreement with hydrodynamic and transport-based calculations and reveal that the QGP is the most vortical fluid ever observed. However, there remain important tensions between theory and observation that might be fundamental in nature. In the relatively mature field of heavy-ion physics, the discovery of global hyperon polarization and 3D simulations of the collision have opened an entirely new direction of research. We discuss the current status of this rapidly developing area and directions for future research.
{"title":"Polarization and Vorticity in the Quark–Gluon Plasma","authors":"F. Becattini, M. Lisa","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-021920-095245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-021920-095245","url":null,"abstract":"The quark–gluon plasma (QGP) produced by collisions between ultrarelativistic heavy nuclei is well described in the language of hydrodynamics. Noncentral collisions are characterized by very large angular momentum, which in a fluid system manifests as flow vorticity. This rotational structure can lead to a spin polarization of the hadrons that eventually emerge from the plasma, and thus these collisions provide experimental access to flow substructure at unprecedented detail. Recently, the first observations of Λ hyperon polarization along the direction of collisional angular momentum were reported. These measurements are in broad agreement with hydrodynamic and transport-based calculations and reveal that the QGP is the most vortical fluid ever observed. However, there remain important tensions between theory and observation that might be fundamental in nature. In the relatively mature field of heavy-ion physics, the discovery of global hyperon polarization and 3D simulations of the collision have opened an entirely new direction of research. We discuss the current status of this rapidly developing area and directions for future research.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-021920-095245","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43713785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-011720-042725
J. Ethier, E. Nocera
We review the current status of parton distribution function (PDF) determinations for unpolarized and longitudinally polarized protons and for unpolarized nuclei, which are probed by high-energy hadronic scattering in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We present the established theoretical framework, the experimental information, and the methodological aspects inherent to any modern PDF extraction. Furthermore, we summarize the present knowledge of PDFs and discuss their limitations in both accuracy and precision relevant to advancing our understanding of QCD proton substructure and pursuing our quest for precision in the Standard Model and beyond. In this respect, we highlight various achievements, discuss contemporary issues in PDF analyses, and outline future directions of progress.
{"title":"Parton Distributions in Nucleons and Nuclei","authors":"J. Ethier, E. Nocera","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-011720-042725","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011720-042725","url":null,"abstract":"We review the current status of parton distribution function (PDF) determinations for unpolarized and longitudinally polarized protons and for unpolarized nuclei, which are probed by high-energy hadronic scattering in perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD). We present the established theoretical framework, the experimental information, and the methodological aspects inherent to any modern PDF extraction. Furthermore, we summarize the present knowledge of PDFs and discuss their limitations in both accuracy and precision relevant to advancing our understanding of QCD proton substructure and pursuing our quest for precision in the Standard Model and beyond. In this respect, we highlight various achievements, discuss contemporary issues in PDF analyses, and outline future directions of progress.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-011720-042725","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45163005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-23DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023608
Junjie Yang, J. Piekarewicz
How does subatomic matter organize itself? Neutron stars are cosmic laboratories uniquely poised to answer this fundamental question that lies at the heart of nuclear science. Newly commissioned rare isotope facilities, telescopes operating across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and ever more sensitive gravitational wave detectors will probe the properties of neutron-rich matter with unprecedented precision over an enormous range of densities. A coordinated effort between observation, experiment, and theoretical research is of paramount importance for realizing the full potential of these investments. Theoretical nuclear physics provides valuable insights into the properties of neutron-rich matter in regimes that are not presently accessible to experiment or observation. In particular, nuclear density functional theory is likely the only tractable framework that can bridge the entire nuclear landscape by connecting finite nuclei to neutron stars. This compelling connection is the main scope of the present review.
{"title":"Covariant Density Functional Theory in Nuclear Physics and Astrophysics","authors":"Junjie Yang, J. Piekarewicz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023608","url":null,"abstract":"How does subatomic matter organize itself? Neutron stars are cosmic laboratories uniquely poised to answer this fundamental question that lies at the heart of nuclear science. Newly commissioned rare isotope facilities, telescopes operating across the entire electromagnetic spectrum, and ever more sensitive gravitational wave detectors will probe the properties of neutron-rich matter with unprecedented precision over an enormous range of densities. A coordinated effort between observation, experiment, and theoretical research is of paramount importance for realizing the full potential of these investments. Theoretical nuclear physics provides valuable insights into the properties of neutron-rich matter in regimes that are not presently accessible to experiment or observation. In particular, nuclear density functional theory is likely the only tractable framework that can bridge the entire nuclear landscape by connecting finite nuclei to neutron stars. This compelling connection is the main scope of the present review.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101918-023608","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44738446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-21DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nucl-020619-120837
R. Jaffe, R. Jeanloz
Sidney David Drell, professor emeritus at Stanford University and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, died shortly after his 90th birthday in Palo Alto, California. In a career spanning nearly 70 years, Sid—as he was universally known—achieved prominence as a theoretical physicist, public servant, and humanitarian. Sid contributed incisively to our understanding of the electromagnetic properties of matter. He created the theory group at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and led it through the most creative period in elementary particle physics. The Drell-Yan mechanism is the process through which many particles of the Standard Model, including the famous Higgs boson, were discovered. Sid advised Presidents and Cabinet Members on matters ranging from nuclear weapons to intelligence, speaking truth to power but with keen insight for offering politically effective advice. His special friendships with Wolfgang (Pief) Panofsky, Andrei Sakharov, and George Shultz highlighted his work at the interface between science and human affairs. He advocated widely for the intellectual freedom of scientists and in his later years campaigned tirelessly to rid the world of nuclear weapons.
{"title":"Sidney David Drell (September 13, 1926–December 21, 2016): A Biographical Memoir","authors":"R. Jaffe, R. Jeanloz","doi":"10.1146/annurev-nucl-020619-120837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-020619-120837","url":null,"abstract":"Sidney David Drell, professor emeritus at Stanford University and senior fellow at the Hoover Institution, died shortly after his 90th birthday in Palo Alto, California. In a career spanning nearly 70 years, Sid—as he was universally known—achieved prominence as a theoretical physicist, public servant, and humanitarian. Sid contributed incisively to our understanding of the electromagnetic properties of matter. He created the theory group at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) and led it through the most creative period in elementary particle physics. The Drell-Yan mechanism is the process through which many particles of the Standard Model, including the famous Higgs boson, were discovered. Sid advised Presidents and Cabinet Members on matters ranging from nuclear weapons to intelligence, speaking truth to power but with keen insight for offering politically effective advice. His special friendships with Wolfgang (Pief) Panofsky, Andrei Sakharov, and George Shultz highlighted his work at the interface between science and human affairs. He advocated widely for the intellectual freedom of scientists and in his later years campaigned tirelessly to rid the world of nuclear weapons.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/annurev-nucl-020619-120837","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"63969889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-19DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023633
R. Carlini, W. V. van Oers, M. Pitt, Gregory R. Smith
This article discusses some of the history of parity-violation experiments that culminated in the Qweak experiment, which provided the first determination of the proton's weak charge [Formula: see text]. The guiding principles necessary to the success of that experiment are outlined, followed by a brief description of the Qweak experiment. Several consistent methods used to determine [Formula: see text] from the asymmetry measured in the Qweak experiment are explained in detail. The weak mixing angle sin2θw determined from [Formula: see text] is compared with results from other experiments. A description of the procedure for using the [Formula: see text] result on the proton to set TeV-scale limits for new parity-violating semileptonic physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) is presented. By also considering atomic parity-violation results on cesium, the article shows how this result can be generalized to set limits on BSM physics, which couples to any combination of valence quark flavors. Finally, the discovery space available to future weak-charge measurements is explored.
{"title":"Determination of the Proton's Weak Charge and Its Constraints on the Standard Model","authors":"R. Carlini, W. V. van Oers, M. Pitt, Gregory R. Smith","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023633","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses some of the history of parity-violation experiments that culminated in the Qweak experiment, which provided the first determination of the proton's weak charge [Formula: see text]. The guiding principles necessary to the success of that experiment are outlined, followed by a brief description of the Qweak experiment. Several consistent methods used to determine [Formula: see text] from the asymmetry measured in the Qweak experiment are explained in detail. The weak mixing angle sin2θw determined from [Formula: see text] is compared with results from other experiments. A description of the procedure for using the [Formula: see text] result on the proton to set TeV-scale limits for new parity-violating semileptonic physics beyond the Standard Model (BSM) is presented. By also considering atomic parity-violation results on cesium, the article shows how this result can be generalized to set limits on BSM physics, which couples to any combination of valence quark flavors. Finally, the discovery space available to future weak-charge measurements is explored.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023633","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41655471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-19DOI: 10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023551
C. Duhr
Precise predictions for collider observables require the computation of higher orders in perturbation theory. This task usually involves the evaluation of complicated multiloop integrals, which typically give rise to complicated special functions. This article discusses recent progress in understanding the mathematics underlying multiloop Feynman integrals and discusses a class of functions that generalizes the logarithm and that often appears in multiloop computations. The same class of functions is an active area of research in modern mathematics, which has led to the development of new powerful tools to compute Feynman integrals. These tools are at the heart of some of the most complicated computations ever performed for a hadron collider.
{"title":"Function Theory for Multiloop Feynman Integrals","authors":"C. Duhr","doi":"10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023551","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023551","url":null,"abstract":"Precise predictions for collider observables require the computation of higher orders in perturbation theory. This task usually involves the evaluation of complicated multiloop integrals, which typically give rise to complicated special functions. This article discusses recent progress in understanding the mathematics underlying multiloop Feynman integrals and discusses a class of functions that generalizes the logarithm and that often appears in multiloop computations. The same class of functions is an active area of research in modern mathematics, which has led to the development of new powerful tools to compute Feynman integrals. These tools are at the heart of some of the most complicated computations ever performed for a hadron collider.","PeriodicalId":8090,"journal":{"name":"Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.4,"publicationDate":"2019-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1146/ANNUREV-NUCL-101918-023551","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42282496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"物理与天体物理","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：