Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166758
M. Paterni, A. Belardinelli, A. Benassi, C. Carpeggiani, M. Demi
Today most commercial equipment already provides ECG signals in a digital form and allow their registration in a local archive. However, the recovery of past ECGs from graph paper is still needed since ECGs are a valuable source of information regarding the clinical history of a patient and, consequently, it is very useful to have all the ECG recordings of the same patient in the same digital archive for subsequent analyses and comparisons. In this paper we propose a new method to convert ECGs from graph paper to digital signals. First a digital image of the ECG on graph paper is obtained with a flatbed scanner (600 dpi) and then a line detection procedure is used to detect and locate the ECG trace. The first order absolute moment (FOAM) is used as a mathematical operator to highlight the ECG trace with a ridge and the ECG signal is subsequently located at the top of the ridge with a multi-resolution approach.
{"title":"An automatic procedure to convert ECGs from graph paper to digital signals","authors":"M. Paterni, A. Belardinelli, A. Benassi, C. Carpeggiani, M. Demi","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166758","url":null,"abstract":"Today most commercial equipment already provides ECG signals in a digital form and allow their registration in a local archive. However, the recovery of past ECGs from graph paper is still needed since ECGs are a valuable source of information regarding the clinical history of a patient and, consequently, it is very useful to have all the ECG recordings of the same patient in the same digital archive for subsequent analyses and comparisons. In this paper we propose a new method to convert ECGs from graph paper to digital signals. First a digital image of the ECG on graph paper is obtained with a flatbed scanner (600 dpi) and then a line detection procedure is used to detect and locate the ECG trace. The first order absolute moment (FOAM) is used as a mathematical operator to highlight the ECG trace with a ridge and the ECG signal is subsequently located at the top of the ridge with a multi-resolution approach.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"263-266"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62180770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166788
C. Hooijschuur, W. Dijk, W. van der Velde, B. Sanon, C. Ammeraal, W. Dassen, H. Spruijt
In the Netherlands the Central Pacemaker Patient Registry (CPPR) collects information of pacemaker and ICD (implantable cardio defibrillator) patients from all 109 Dutch hospitals. Many pacemaker clinics use a computer to store their implant and follow-up data in a database. Because the devices are getting more and more complex more clinical data is needed for optimal use of the device. Since 1989 databases have been developed by several pacemaker industries and some clinics use databases developed themselves. When using these databases you depend on individual persons for support and update of the database. In order to improve the accuracy of received data and to ensure continuity a uniform pacemaker and ICD information system is developed where data is checked, after which it is sent to the central registry by e-mail and where support is guaranteed by the NPRF.
{"title":"Uniform pacemaker and ICD information system in the Netherlands","authors":"C. Hooijschuur, W. Dijk, W. van der Velde, B. Sanon, C. Ammeraal, W. Dassen, H. Spruijt","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166788","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166788","url":null,"abstract":"In the Netherlands the Central Pacemaker Patient Registry (CPPR) collects information of pacemaker and ICD (implantable cardio defibrillator) patients from all 109 Dutch hospitals. Many pacemaker clinics use a computer to store their implant and follow-up data in a database. Because the devices are getting more and more complex more clinical data is needed for optimal use of the device. Since 1989 databases have been developed by several pacemaker industries and some clinics use databases developed themselves. When using these databases you depend on individual persons for support and update of the database. In order to improve the accuracy of received data and to ensure continuity a uniform pacemaker and ICD information system is developed where data is checked, after which it is sent to the central registry by e-mail and where support is guaranteed by the NPRF.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"377-380"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166788","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62180972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166770
R. Throne, L. Olson, G. Bu, J. Windle
In this paper we compare zero and first order Tikhonov and Generalized Eigensystem (GES) regularization for estimating the endocardial potentials from measured potentials on a noncontact probe. In all cases, the Composite Residual Error and Smoothing Operator (CRESO) was used to estimate the regularization parameter In this limited study the use of higher order regularization produced larger average correlation coefficients between the estimated and measured endocardial electrograms.
{"title":"A comparison of methods for estimating endocardial potentials from a noncontact probe","authors":"R. Throne, L. Olson, G. Bu, J. Windle","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166770","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166770","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we compare zero and first order Tikhonov and Generalized Eigensystem (GES) regularization for estimating the endocardial potentials from measured potentials on a noncontact probe. In all cases, the Composite Residual Error and Smoothing Operator (CRESO) was used to estimate the regularization parameter In this limited study the use of higher order regularization produced larger average correlation coefficients between the estimated and measured endocardial electrograms.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"309-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166770","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166776
S. Schuckers, P. Raphisak, T. Yan, M. Schuckers
A method has been developed where the electrocardiogram (ECG) is monitored continuously using implantable monitors in a doxorubicin rabbit model of heart failure. The primary goal is to devise strategies to detect and analyze changes in the ECG as the disease develops. Doxorubicin was injected weekly in four rabbits at two different doses, 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg per week. Two control rabbits received saline injections. The ECG was continuously tracked and recorded (1000 samples per sec) for three control and up to ten treatment weeks. Data was produced 180 MB per ECG channel per day per rabbit, totaling around 200 GB for the study. Eleven classic heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were derived for every usable 5-minute segment for the entire period of the recordings. A new visualization technique was designed The results graphically show changes in the circadian rhythm in treatment group with a general loss in circadian rhythm and decrease in HRV.
{"title":"Development of an experimental method for long-term electrocardiographic recordings in a heart failure rabbit model","authors":"S. Schuckers, P. Raphisak, T. Yan, M. Schuckers","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166776","url":null,"abstract":"A method has been developed where the electrocardiogram (ECG) is monitored continuously using implantable monitors in a doxorubicin rabbit model of heart failure. The primary goal is to devise strategies to detect and analyze changes in the ECG as the disease develops. Doxorubicin was injected weekly in four rabbits at two different doses, 2 mg/kg and 4 mg/kg per week. Two control rabbits received saline injections. The ECG was continuously tracked and recorded (1000 samples per sec) for three control and up to ten treatment weeks. Data was produced 180 MB per ECG channel per day per rabbit, totaling around 200 GB for the study. Eleven classic heart rate variability (HRV) parameters were derived for every usable 5-minute segment for the entire period of the recordings. A new visualization technique was designed The results graphically show changes in the circadian rhythm in treatment group with a general loss in circadian rhythm and decrease in HRV.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"333-336"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166776","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166779
O. Blagosklonov, E. Itti, R. Sabbah, P. Guiderdoni, M. Meignan, J. Cardot, R. Itti
This project - Imaging Cardio Web Institute (ICWI) - was presented for the first time to nuclear cardiology scientific community in 2000. The very first aim of the project was to provide a support for a multi-centric study. Actually this initiative of French medical imaging specialists is extended to other European countries. This network provides European cardiologists and medical imaging specialists with high security level communication procedures for transfer and storage of medical imaging data.
{"title":"High-secured cardiac imaging network: Imaging CardioWeb Institute","authors":"O. Blagosklonov, E. Itti, R. Sabbah, P. Guiderdoni, M. Meignan, J. Cardot, R. Itti","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166779","url":null,"abstract":"This project - Imaging Cardio Web Institute (ICWI) - was presented for the first time to nuclear cardiology scientific community in 2000. The very first aim of the project was to provide a support for a multi-centric study. Actually this initiative of French medical imaging specialists is extended to other European countries. This network provides European cardiologists and medical imaging specialists with high security level communication procedures for transfer and storage of medical imaging data.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"345-346"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166779","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166832
A. Conti, A. Conti, G. Gensini
The practical reliability of the 20% risk threshold is examined, as fixed by the Italian Health Ministry using the European Joint Task Force(JES) 'chart of coronary risk'. Two different risk functions, one derived from the Framingham study and one from the PROCAM study, are compared. The comparison has been carried out in a homogeneous way. The data base is represented by 4584 Italian subjects (2067 males, 2517 females) on primary prevention, who participated in the RAI (Registro ANCE Ipertensione) study. The results show that there are 131 subjects (out of 271; 48.3%) who have a larger that 20% risk using the JES/Framingham algorithm, but are below threshold using the PROCAM one. Although any cut introduces a subjective measure, the choice of different risk functions is relevant in a high percentage of borderline cases, thus changing the status from 'high risk' to lower risk and vice versa.
{"title":"Cardiovascular risk functions, and their practical relevance: to be trusted or not to be trusted","authors":"A. Conti, A. Conti, G. Gensini","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166832","url":null,"abstract":"The practical reliability of the 20% risk threshold is examined, as fixed by the Italian Health Ministry using the European Joint Task Force(JES) 'chart of coronary risk'. Two different risk functions, one derived from the Framingham study and one from the PROCAM study, are compared. The comparison has been carried out in a homogeneous way. The data base is represented by 4584 Italian subjects (2067 males, 2517 females) on primary prevention, who participated in the RAI (Registro ANCE Ipertensione) study. The results show that there are 131 subjects (out of 271; 48.3%) who have a larger that 20% risk using the JES/Framingham algorithm, but are below threshold using the PROCAM one. Although any cut introduces a subjective measure, the choice of different risk functions is relevant in a high percentage of borderline cases, thus changing the status from 'high risk' to lower risk and vice versa.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"553-556"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166832","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166799
S. Ramchurn, A. Murray
The RR heart rate variability characteristics of normal subjects were studied to compare the multifractal characteristics during day and night. The RR intervals were obtained from 24-hour digital Holter ECG recordings of normal subjects, starting at midday. Each 24 hour period was split into 4 blocks of 6-hour which were analysed separately. The overnight period was fully contained in the third block, between midnight to 6 a.m. The 6-hour blocks were analysed using a wavelet transform multifractal formalism. Each spectrum peaked between the Hurst exponent (h) limits of 0.07 and 0.29. In one subject the overnight spectrum did not have a consistent overnight peak and could not be analysed. In the subjects with well-defined spectral peaks, the overnight peak position of h tended to be greater than that for any of the other three 6-hour periods, indicating that the fractal characteristics of the RR intervals differ during the overnight sleep period.
{"title":"Multifractal analysis of the day and night characteristics of heart rate variability","authors":"S. Ramchurn, A. Murray","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166799","url":null,"abstract":"The RR heart rate variability characteristics of normal subjects were studied to compare the multifractal characteristics during day and night. The RR intervals were obtained from 24-hour digital Holter ECG recordings of normal subjects, starting at midday. Each 24 hour period was split into 4 blocks of 6-hour which were analysed separately. The overnight period was fully contained in the third block, between midnight to 6 a.m. The 6-hour blocks were analysed using a wavelet transform multifractal formalism. Each spectrum peaked between the Hurst exponent (h) limits of 0.07 and 0.29. In one subject the overnight spectrum did not have a consistent overnight peak and could not be analysed. In the subjects with well-defined spectral peaks, the overnight peak position of h tended to be greater than that for any of the other three 6-hour periods, indicating that the fractal characteristics of the RR intervals differ during the overnight sleep period.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"421-424"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166799","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166800
J. Guerrero, M. Segarra, J.F. Chorro, M. Bataller, A. Rosado, J. Espí
Smoking habit induces alterations on cardiovascular parameters, but its suppression produces immediate effects on these parameters. This work studies the modification of the HRV parameters in habitual smokers during two 24-hour period. Fourteen habitual smokers were monitored in usual conditions (Group 1) and in the next 24 hours without smoking (Group 2). Diurnal and nocturnal periods were studied In general, parameters decrease for Group 2, except in case of parasympathetic influence on heart rate variability, related with HF band, which is higher than Group 1 in both periods. The results obtained during the abstention show an increment of the vagal component in nocturnal period and a decrement in heart rate for both periods. Only time related parameters show significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2 in both nocturnal and diurnal periods. These results demonstrate the immediate recovering of cardiovascular parameters after smoking cessation.
{"title":"Early effect of the suppression of the smoking habit on the heart rate variability","authors":"J. Guerrero, M. Segarra, J.F. Chorro, M. Bataller, A. Rosado, J. Espí","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166800","url":null,"abstract":"Smoking habit induces alterations on cardiovascular parameters, but its suppression produces immediate effects on these parameters. This work studies the modification of the HRV parameters in habitual smokers during two 24-hour period. Fourteen habitual smokers were monitored in usual conditions (Group 1) and in the next 24 hours without smoking (Group 2). Diurnal and nocturnal periods were studied In general, parameters decrease for Group 2, except in case of parasympathetic influence on heart rate variability, related with HF band, which is higher than Group 1 in both periods. The results obtained during the abstention show an increment of the vagal component in nocturnal period and a decrement in heart rate for both periods. Only time related parameters show significant differences between Group 1 and Group 2 in both nocturnal and diurnal periods. These results demonstrate the immediate recovering of cardiovascular parameters after smoking cessation.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"425-428"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166800","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166807
J. Haaksma, J. Brouwer, W. Dijk, W. Dassen, D. V. van Veldhuisen
The dimension is a basic concept in non linear dynamics. The box counting dimension (BCD) is one of the methods that is available to determine the dimension. We studied the dimension of the heartrate signal in both 2 and 3D Poincare plots in a group of twenty five post myocardial infarction (MI) patients together with an age and sex matched control group. The average BCD from the normal subjects based on a 2D first return plot was 1.46/spl plusmn/0.09, while in the infarction group this was significantly lower: 1.34/spl plusmn/0.17 (p=0.003). Excluding ectopic data from the analysis caused large changes in the resulting dimension.
{"title":"The dimension of 2D and 3D Poincare plots obtained from 24 hour ECG registrations","authors":"J. Haaksma, J. Brouwer, W. Dijk, W. Dassen, D. V. van Veldhuisen","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166807","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166807","url":null,"abstract":"The dimension is a basic concept in non linear dynamics. The box counting dimension (BCD) is one of the methods that is available to determine the dimension. We studied the dimension of the heartrate signal in both 2 and 3D Poincare plots in a group of twenty five post myocardial infarction (MI) patients together with an age and sex matched control group. The average BCD from the normal subjects based on a 2D first return plot was 1.46/spl plusmn/0.09, while in the infarction group this was significantly lower: 1.34/spl plusmn/0.17 (p=0.003). Excluding ectopic data from the analysis caused large changes in the resulting dimension.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"453-456"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166845
J. Millet-Roig, J. J. Rieta, V. Zarzoso, A. Cebrián, F. Castells, C. Sánchez, R. García‐Civera
The isolation of atrial activity (AA) from the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) remains a challenging unsolved problem. Different methods based on the ventricular activity (VA) cancellation have been proposed, validated from the performance obtained over synthesized AF recordings where the AA is known. This performance is measured by comparison (e.g. correlation and quadratic error) of real and estimated AA lead by lead. Other methods estimate one AA as a global contribution of all leads, and so, performance can not be computed in the same way. In this case, the present work explores this problem from a spectral-domain perspective. Several AA extracted from real atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) patients have been analyzed. A spectral analysis reveals the existence of characteristic patterns.
{"title":"Surface-ECG atrial activity extraction via blind source separation: spectral validation","authors":"J. Millet-Roig, J. J. Rieta, V. Zarzoso, A. Cebrián, F. Castells, C. Sánchez, R. García‐Civera","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166845","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166845","url":null,"abstract":"The isolation of atrial activity (AA) from the surface electrocardiogram (ECG) remains a challenging unsolved problem. Different methods based on the ventricular activity (VA) cancellation have been proposed, validated from the performance obtained over synthesized AF recordings where the AA is known. This performance is measured by comparison (e.g. correlation and quadratic error) of real and estimated AA lead by lead. Other methods estimate one AA as a global contribution of all leads, and so, performance can not be computed in the same way. In this case, the present work explores this problem from a spectral-domain perspective. Several AA extracted from real atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) patients have been analyzed. A spectral analysis reveals the existence of characteristic patterns.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"605-608"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166845","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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