Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166819
M. Nalbach, O. Skipa, F. Sachse, O. Dossel
Noninvasive Imaging of the bioelectric processes on the heart using Electrocardiography (ECG) and Magnetocardiography (MCG) data is a widely discussed research topic of the recent years. The source space of ECG is compared with the source space of MCG and vice versa to investigate the difference of information content of these mapping techniques for source imaging purposes. The approach allows the calculation of the intersection and non-intersection part (the calculation of silent sources) of MCG (ECG) in comparison to ECG (MCG). The investigation was carried out on a Finite Element model which was constructed from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset of a volunteer. Anisotropic fibre orientation was applied to myocardium to investigate its effect on the differences of the source spaces.
{"title":"Investigation of the source space of electrocardiography and magnetocardiography using isotropic and anisotropic thorax models","authors":"M. Nalbach, O. Skipa, F. Sachse, O. Dossel","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166819","url":null,"abstract":"Noninvasive Imaging of the bioelectric processes on the heart using Electrocardiography (ECG) and Magnetocardiography (MCG) data is a widely discussed research topic of the recent years. The source space of ECG is compared with the source space of MCG and vice versa to investigate the difference of information content of these mapping techniques for source imaging purposes. The approach allows the calculation of the intersection and non-intersection part (the calculation of silent sources) of MCG (ECG) in comparison to ECG (MCG). The investigation was carried out on a Finite Element model which was constructed from a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) dataset of a volunteer. Anisotropic fibre orientation was applied to myocardium to investigate its effect on the differences of the source spaces.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"27 1","pages":"501-504"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166819","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166801
Olivier Meste, G. Blain, S. Bermon
The analysis of heart period series is a difficult task especially under graded exercise conditions. Among all the information present in these series, we are more interested in the coupling between respiratory and cardiac systems, known as respiratory sinus arrythmia. We show in this work that from the heart period series precise patterns concerning the respiratory frequency can be extracted. Evolutive model is introduced in order to achieve the tracking of the main frequencies and their time-varying power.
{"title":"Analysis of the respiratory and cardiac systems coupling in pyramidal exercise using a time-varying model","authors":"Olivier Meste, G. Blain, S. Bermon","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166801","url":null,"abstract":"The analysis of heart period series is a difficult task especially under graded exercise conditions. Among all the information present in these series, we are more interested in the coupling between respiratory and cardiac systems, known as respiratory sinus arrythmia. We show in this work that from the heart period series precise patterns concerning the respiratory frequency can be extracted. Evolutive model is introduced in order to achieve the tracking of the main frequencies and their time-varying power.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"429-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166801","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166820
L. Xia, M. Huo, F. Liu
Using mathematical modeling method, this paper investigates the interactions between electrical conduction and mechanical function in the ischemia or infarcted ventricle. The influence of electrical asynchrony on regional mechanics of the ventricle is simulated based on electromechanical heart models. Regional deformation, strain and stress are calculated during systole phase. The preliminary results show that considerable disruption of the contraction pattern occurs in the near ischemic zone, the minimum principal strains in local infarction regions were significantly smaller than those in corresponding regions of the normal heart, while the stresses are larger than those of normal tissues. The simulated results are compared with dog experiments and solutions obtained in the literature. This simulation suggests that such coupled heart models can be used to assess the mechanical function of the ventricle with diseases such as myocardial ischemic or infarction.
{"title":"The simulation study of the influence of electrical asynchrony on regional mechanics of the ischemic ventricle using electromechanical heart models","authors":"L. Xia, M. Huo, F. Liu","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166820","url":null,"abstract":"Using mathematical modeling method, this paper investigates the interactions between electrical conduction and mechanical function in the ischemia or infarcted ventricle. The influence of electrical asynchrony on regional mechanics of the ventricle is simulated based on electromechanical heart models. Regional deformation, strain and stress are calculated during systole phase. The preliminary results show that considerable disruption of the contraction pattern occurs in the near ischemic zone, the minimum principal strains in local infarction regions were significantly smaller than those in corresponding regions of the normal heart, while the stresses are larger than those of normal tissues. The simulated results are compared with dog experiments and solutions obtained in the literature. This simulation suggests that such coupled heart models can be used to assess the mechanical function of the ventricle with diseases such as myocardial ischemic or infarction.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"505-508"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166820","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166805
L. R. Davrath, Y. Goren, I. Pinhas, D. David, S. Akselrod
Hypertension affects approximately 25% of adults in industrialized countries and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Young adult, normotensive offspring of one hypertensive parent (KHT, n = 12) and normotensive offspring of two normotensive parents (YN, n = 14) participated ECG, continuous blood pressure, and respiration were recorded Time-frequency decomposition of these signals was performed by a Continuous Wavelet Transform. During change in posture (CP), KHT demonstrated a significantly greater increase in the low frequency fluctuations in heart rate (HR) than YN, indicating enhanced sympathetic involvement in the HR response to CP. Upon recovery from Handgrip, vagal reactivation was more sluggish in KHT These results indicate possible malfunctions in both branches of autonomic control in individuals at increased risk of hypertension.
在工业化国家，高血压影响约25%的成年人，是心血管疾病发病率和死亡率的重要因素。记录年轻成人、双亲中一人血压正常的后代(KHT, n = 12)和双亲中一人血压正常的后代(YN, n = 14)的心电图、连续血压和呼吸信号，采用连续小波变换对这些信号进行时频分解。在体位改变(CP)过程中，KHT表现出比YN更大的低频心率波动(HR)增加，表明交感神经参与对CP的HR反应增强。从握力恢复后，KHT的迷走神经再激活更缓慢，这些结果表明高血压风险增加的个体自主控制的两个分支可能出现故障。
{"title":"Early detection of essential hypertension by time-frequency analysis","authors":"L. R. Davrath, Y. Goren, I. Pinhas, D. David, S. Akselrod","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166805","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension affects approximately 25% of adults in industrialized countries and contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases. Young adult, normotensive offspring of one hypertensive parent (KHT, n = 12) and normotensive offspring of two normotensive parents (YN, n = 14) participated ECG, continuous blood pressure, and respiration were recorded Time-frequency decomposition of these signals was performed by a Continuous Wavelet Transform. During change in posture (CP), KHT demonstrated a significantly greater increase in the low frequency fluctuations in heart rate (HR) than YN, indicating enhanced sympathetic involvement in the HR response to CP. Upon recovery from Handgrip, vagal reactivation was more sluggish in KHT These results indicate possible malfunctions in both branches of autonomic control in individuals at increased risk of hypertension.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"445-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166805","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166823
K. Matthys, D. Vanhercke, S. Van Aken, K. De Groote, I. Coomans, P. Verdonck
Aiming to improve early diagnosis of people at cardiovascular risk, we are developing a custom set-up to allow an adequate hemodynamic analysis of heart function and arterial circulation properties, based on non-invasive acquisition of pressure (arterial tonometry) and flow (Doppler ultrasound techniques) waveforms. In an experimental setting 15 healthy volunteers were examined on a custom made supine bicycle. Able to record usable data throughout the bicycle test and automatically analyse derived hemodynamic parameters such as compliance, peripheral resistance, etc., we also applied the set-up in a real clinical environment. This research contributes to a more complete cardiovascular examination without significant additional discomfort for the patient or prolongation of the test protocol.
{"title":"Non-invasive assessment of hemodynamics in adolescents with arterial tonometry and Doppler ultrasound during a conventional stress test","authors":"K. Matthys, D. Vanhercke, S. Van Aken, K. De Groote, I. Coomans, P. Verdonck","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166823","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166823","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming to improve early diagnosis of people at cardiovascular risk, we are developing a custom set-up to allow an adequate hemodynamic analysis of heart function and arterial circulation properties, based on non-invasive acquisition of pressure (arterial tonometry) and flow (Doppler ultrasound techniques) waveforms. In an experimental setting 15 healthy volunteers were examined on a custom made supine bicycle. Able to record usable data throughout the bicycle test and automatically analyse derived hemodynamic parameters such as compliance, peripheral resistance, etc., we also applied the set-up in a real clinical environment. This research contributes to a more complete cardiovascular examination without significant additional discomfort for the patient or prolongation of the test protocol.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"517-520"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166823","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181648","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166808
R. Brychtal, W. Charoensuk, L. Bernardi, R. Furlan, R. Shiavi, A. Diedrich
The application of conventional signal processing methods used to obtain an integrated signal from muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) reduces the amount of information and may confound the spectral characteristics. We present a novel alternative method of processing the raw MSNA signal using a wavelet transform denoising technique that enables detection of individual action potentials and facilitates spectral analysis. A spike density function (SDF) is generated from the denoised signal by replacing the detected action potentials with delta functions and convolving with a 3 Hz Gaussian filter. This method was validated using data from a sinusoidal neck suction (NS) experiment in humans. The results of the analysis indicate that the oscillations of sympathetic nerve firings closely followed the NS frequency. In conclusion, the SDF representation allows for a novel and insightful analysis of spectral components of action potential trains in raw MSNA.
{"title":"Spectral analysis of multiunit action potential trains of muscle sympathetic nerve activity in humans","authors":"R. Brychtal, W. Charoensuk, L. Bernardi, R. Furlan, R. Shiavi, A. Diedrich","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166808","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166808","url":null,"abstract":"The application of conventional signal processing methods used to obtain an integrated signal from muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) reduces the amount of information and may confound the spectral characteristics. We present a novel alternative method of processing the raw MSNA signal using a wavelet transform denoising technique that enables detection of individual action potentials and facilitates spectral analysis. A spike density function (SDF) is generated from the denoised signal by replacing the detected action potentials with delta functions and convolving with a 3 Hz Gaussian filter. This method was validated using data from a sinusoidal neck suction (NS) experiment in humans. The results of the analysis indicate that the oscillations of sympathetic nerve firings closely followed the NS frequency. In conclusion, the SDF representation allows for a novel and insightful analysis of spectral components of action potential trains in raw MSNA.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"457-460"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166808","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166826
J. Pagani, M. Villa, G. Calcagnini, E. Lombardozzi, F. Censi, S. Poli, P. Bartolini, V. Barbaro, R. Ronchetti
The aim of this study was to validate the use of pulse transit time (PTT) as a method to monitor sleep apnea in children. PTT was estimated as the interval between the ECGR-wave and the point at which the pulse wave at the finger reached 50% amplitude. First, we assessed changes in the PTT during breathing against known resistances in 15 awake children; resistance was applied with a modified nose and mouth two-way nonrebreathing face mask, having the inhalation valve port fitted with drilled plastic cylinders of various diameters. Second, we analyzed 20 events of obstructive apnea and 90 events of central apnea during sleep in 10 children. Our data showed good correlation between the inspiratory effort and PTT oscillation amplitude. In addition, PTT oscillation amplitude tuned out to successfully discriminate central from obstructive apnea.
{"title":"Detection of central and obstructive sleep apnea in children using pulse transit time","authors":"J. Pagani, M. Villa, G. Calcagnini, E. Lombardozzi, F. Censi, S. Poli, P. Bartolini, V. Barbaro, R. Ronchetti","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166826","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166826","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to validate the use of pulse transit time (PTT) as a method to monitor sleep apnea in children. PTT was estimated as the interval between the ECGR-wave and the point at which the pulse wave at the finger reached 50% amplitude. First, we assessed changes in the PTT during breathing against known resistances in 15 awake children; resistance was applied with a modified nose and mouth two-way nonrebreathing face mask, having the inhalation valve port fitted with drilled plastic cylinders of various diameters. Second, we analyzed 20 events of obstructive apnea and 90 events of central apnea during sleep in 10 children. Our data showed good correlation between the inspiratory effort and PTT oscillation amplitude. In addition, PTT oscillation amplitude tuned out to successfully discriminate central from obstructive apnea.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"529-532"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166826","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166833
S. Nelwan, T. B. V. Dam, P. Klootwijk, Simon H. Meij
An application "Pocket WinView" was developed for a Pocket PC personal digital assistant device, which allows remote access to near real-time physiological information from a patient monitor on a commercial handheld device (iPAQ, Pocket PC). The application provides continuous display of up to six monitored physiological waveforms and parameter values. Wireless communication can be established using Wireless LAN and general packet radio service (GPRS). Data is protected with hybrid public key encryption. User authentication is required every time the application is started. Patient data can also be stored on Compact Flash memory cards for data collection purposes. Additional integration with Web-based applications on the hospital intranet make it possible to combine the near realtime signals with previously recorded 12-lead ECGs, laboratory test results, and charting information.
{"title":"Ubiquitous mobile access to real-time patient monitoring data","authors":"S. Nelwan, T. B. V. Dam, P. Klootwijk, Simon H. Meij","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166833","url":null,"abstract":"An application \"Pocket WinView\" was developed for a Pocket PC personal digital assistant device, which allows remote access to near real-time physiological information from a patient monitor on a commercial handheld device (iPAQ, Pocket PC). The application provides continuous display of up to six monitored physiological waveforms and parameter values. Wireless communication can be established using Wireless LAN and general packet radio service (GPRS). Data is protected with hybrid public key encryption. User authentication is required every time the application is started. Patient data can also be stored on Compact Flash memory cards for data collection purposes. Additional integration with Web-based applications on the hospital intranet make it possible to combine the near realtime signals with previously recorded 12-lead ECGs, laboratory test results, and charting information.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"557-560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166833","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166859
S. Frljak, V. Avbelj, R. Trobec, B. Geršak
Non-uniform recovery of myocardial excitability may be essential in triggering malignant ventricular tachycardia in patients after cardiac surgery. Beat-to-beat heart rate and QT interval variability was investigated in 27 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and 20 control subjects. 35 channel ECG was recorded for 6 minutes, followed by off line computer analysis. Heart rate interval duration, RR SD, QT SD and power spectra of RR variability were computed from 256-second stable heart rate and QT interval series using MECG software. Study showed that CABG caused increased QT interval variability in face of nearly constant or slowly changing heart rate, suggesting a loss of autonomic coupling between heart rate and ventricular repolarization for sympathovagal modulation.
{"title":"Beat-to-beat heart rate and QT interval variability in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery","authors":"S. Frljak, V. Avbelj, R. Trobec, B. Geršak","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166859","url":null,"abstract":"Non-uniform recovery of myocardial excitability may be essential in triggering malignant ventricular tachycardia in patients after cardiac surgery. Beat-to-beat heart rate and QT interval variability was investigated in 27 patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) and 20 control subjects. 35 channel ECG was recorded for 6 minutes, followed by off line computer analysis. Heart rate interval duration, RR SD, QT SD and power spectra of RR variability were computed from 256-second stable heart rate and QT interval series using MECG software. Study showed that CABG caused increased QT interval variability in face of nearly constant or slowly changing heart rate, suggesting a loss of autonomic coupling between heart rate and ventricular repolarization for sympathovagal modulation.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"661-664"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166859","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2002-09-22DOI: 10.1109/CIC.2002.1166844
F. Hanser, B. Tilg, R. Modre, G. Fischer, B. Messnarz, F. Hintringer, F. Roithinger
The feasibility of atrial activation time imaging is investigated based on data sets of four patients who underwent an electrophysiologic study. Several pacing protocols with pacing sites at the right atrial appendage, coronary sinus, and high right atrium were part of the study and were employed to reconstruct the associated atrial activation time patterns. The localization error was estimated to be between 8 and 14 mm.
{"title":"Feasibility of atrial activation time imaging","authors":"F. Hanser, B. Tilg, R. Modre, G. Fischer, B. Messnarz, F. Hintringer, F. Roithinger","doi":"10.1109/CIC.2002.1166844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166844","url":null,"abstract":"The feasibility of atrial activation time imaging is investigated based on data sets of four patients who underwent an electrophysiologic study. Several pacing protocols with pacing sites at the right atrial appendage, coronary sinus, and high right atrium were part of the study and were employed to reconstruct the associated atrial activation time patterns. The localization error was estimated to be between 8 and 14 mm.","PeriodicalId":80984,"journal":{"name":"Computers in cardiology","volume":"1 1","pages":"601-604"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/CIC.2002.1166844","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62181966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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