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Assessing ferrite content in duplex stainless weld metal: WRC ‘92 predictions vs. practical measurements 评估双相不锈钢焊接金属中的铁素体含量:WRC '92 预测与实际测量对比
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01878-3
Lukas Quackatz, Elin Marianne Westin, Axel Griesche, Arne Kromm, Thomas Kannengiesser, Kai Treutler, Volker Wesling, Sten Wessman

The weldability of stainless steels is largely controlled by the chemical composition, and alloys with ferritic or ferritic-austenitic solidification show the highest resistance to hot cracking. As the resulting phase balance also affects the final properties, it may be beneficial to both foresee and measure the weld metal ferrite content. The WRC ‘92 constitution diagram is currently the most accurate prediction tool available, but it does not take the cooling rate into consideration and the precision may be less accurate for stainless steels with high ferrite numbers (FNs). This study aims to assess the reliability of the WRC ‘92 diagram for weld metals with FN > 50. The chemical composition was altered through gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) of UNS S32205 with ER347 filler wire that had been coated using physical vapor deposition (PVD) with either niobium (Nb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), carbon (C), or silicon (Si). The actual ferrite content was evaluated using image analysis, FeriteScope and X-ray diffraction (XRD). While predictions from the WRC ‘92 diagram were deemed acceptable for Ni, Si, and Mn, notable deviations were observed for Nb, Cu, and C. The FeriteScope exhibited a consistent trend with image analysis, albeit with slightly higher FN values, wider scatter, and the conversion factor from FN to vol% is open for discussion. The lowest accuracy and largest spread were obtained using non-contact XRD, rendering it unsuitable for ferrite measurements of welds. These findings underscore the need for improved prediction tools and appropriate measurement methods for assessing ferrite content in duplex weld metals.

不锈钢的可焊性在很大程度上由化学成分控制,铁素体或铁素体-奥氏体凝固的合金具有最高的抗热裂性。由于所产生的相平衡也影响最终性能,因此预测和测量焊缝金属铁素体含量可能是有益的。WRC ' 92组织图是目前可用的最准确的预测工具,但它没有考虑冷却速度,对于高铁素体数(FNs)的不锈钢,精度可能不太准确。本研究旨在评估使用FN >; 50焊接金属的WRC ' 92图的可靠性。采用物理气相沉积法(PVD)涂覆了铌(Nb)、铜(Cu)、镍(Ni)、锰(Mn)、碳(C)或硅(Si)的ER347填充丝,通过钨气弧焊(GTAW)改变了UNS S32205的化学成分。利用图像分析、铁氧体显微镜和x射线衍射(XRD)对实际铁氧体含量进行了评价。虽然WRC ' 92图表的预测对Ni、Si和Mn是可以接受的,但对Nb、Cu和c的预测却有明显的偏差。FeriteScope与图像分析显示出一致的趋势,尽管FN值略高,散点更宽,FN到vol%的转换系数有待讨论。非接触式XRD测量精度最低,分布最大,不适用于焊缝铁氧体的测量。这些发现强调需要改进预测工具和适当的测量方法来评估双相焊接金属中的铁素体含量。
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引用次数: 0
Strengthening and embrittlement mechanisms in laser-welded additively manufactured Inconel 718 superalloy 激光焊接增材制造Inconel 718高温合金的强化和脆化机理
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01897-0
Atef Hamada, Sumit Ghosh, Timo Rautio, Matias Jaskari, Walaa Abd-Elaziem, Antti Järvenpää

Although laser-welded additively manufactured Inconel 718 joints find numerous high-temperature industrial applications, their strengthening and embrittlement mechanisms remain underexplored. To bridge this gap, we herein prepared such joints by the laser welding of the as-built material (built-LW), laser welding of double-aging heat-treated as-built material (DAT-LW), and double-aging heat treatment of laser-welded as-built material (LW-DAT). The microstructures of the joint fusion zones (FZs) were examined using scanning electron microscopy (electron backscatter diffraction and secondary electron imaging), while nanoscale features were probed by transmission electron microscopy, and mechanical properties were evaluated using microindentation hardness (HIT) measurements and tensile tests. The FZs of the built-LW and DAT-LW joints contained no strengthening precipitates, such as the Laves phase and γ′ and γ″ nanoparticles. In stark contrast, the FZ of the LW-DAT joint contained spherical nanoparticles of the γ′ and γ″ phases responsible for precipitation hardening. The DAT-LW joint displayed base metal (BM) strengthening and FZ softening (HIT = 6.47 and 3.6 GPa, respectively), whereas the LW-DAT joint demonstrated BM and FZ strengthening (HIT = 6.2 and 6.5 GPa, respectively). The built-LW joint exhibited the lowest ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 833 MPa, primarily because of the absence of strengthening precipitates. The DAT-LW joint, despite experiencing FZ softening, exhibited a higher UTS of 1086 MPa and a limited elongation of 2%, while the LW-DAT joint featured the highest UTS of 1440 MPa, primarily because of the enhancement of nanosized γ′ and γ″ strengthening phases facilitated by postwelding double-aging heat treatment.

尽管激光焊接增材制造的Inconel 718接头在高温工业中得到了广泛应用,但其强化和脆化机制仍未得到充分研究。为了弥补这一空白,本文通过激光焊接建筑材料(built-LW)、激光焊接双时效热处理建筑材料(DAT-LW)和激光焊接双时效热处理建筑材料(LW-DAT)制备了这种接头。采用扫描电子显微镜(电子背散射衍射和二次电子成像)检测了接头熔合区(FZs)的微观组织,采用透射电子显微镜检测了纳米级特征,并通过微压痕硬度(HIT)测量和拉伸测试评估了力学性能。built-LW和DAT-LW接头的fz中不含Laves相、γ′和γ″纳米颗粒等强化相。与此形成鲜明对比的是,LW-DAT接头的FZ区含有γ′和γ″相的球形纳米颗粒,负责沉淀硬化。DAT-LW接头表现为母材(BM)强化和FZ软化(HIT分别为6.47和3.6 GPa),而LW-DAT接头表现为母材(BM)和FZ强化(HIT分别为6.2和6.5 GPa)。结合lw接头的极限抗拉强度最低,为833 MPa,主要原因是没有强化相。DAT-LW接头虽然经历了FZ软化,但其最高的UTS为1086 MPa,延伸率为2%,而LW-DAT接头的最高UTS为1440 MPa,这主要是由于焊后双时效热处理促进了纳米级γ′和γ″强化相的增强。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of a variable electrode force on the LME crack formation during resistance spot welding of 3G AHSS
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-27 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01889-0
M. Ullrich, S. Jüttner

In the pursuit of lightweight vehicles, third-generation advanced high-strength steels (3G AHSS) with increased mechanical properties are desired to be used for critical components. However, the exposure of these zinc-coated AHSS to the manufacturing conditions during resistance spot welding can trigger liquid metal embrittlement (LME), possibly compromising the mechanical properties. As the reproducibility of LME cracks in resistance spot welding is a challenge, the effect on the static and dynamic mechanical properties of the welds is not yet fully clarified and therefore a distinction between critical and non-critical cracks is not implemented in current standards. To achieve this, it is necessary to provoke LME cracks of a given size, for example by increasing the welding current, reducing the electrode force and hold time, or using manufacturing discontinuities. Due to its significant effect on the heat input and the tensile stresses during the resistance spot welding process, which impacts the LME crack propagation, the focus of this paper is on the electrode force. An expulsion-free decreasing force profile, which consists of a force run-in, force decrease, and force run-out time, has been derived in a two-stage Face-Centered-Central-Composite design of experiment for an electrogalvanized third-generation advanced high-strength steel (3G AHSS) DP1200 HD. The crack location, length, depth, and nugget geometries were investigated for each weld. With the decreasing force profile, it was possible to generate type A, B, and C cracks by parameter adaption, with type B and C cracks being the most dominant. The type C crack formation was investigated by aborting the welding process in defined time steps and the LME cracking mechanism was confirmed by welding dezincified samples. Based on the investigations carried out, the force profile was found suitable for generating different LME crack sizes to further investigate the mechanical joint properties as it was able to reproducibly generate defined cracks without expulsion and excessive electrode indentation while maintaining a minimum nugget diameter.

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引用次数: 0
A review on the impact of volumetric energy density on morphological and mechanical behavior in laser powder bed fusion steel alloys 体积能量密度对激光粉末床熔融钢合金形态和机械行为的影响综述
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-26 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01861-y
Elango Venkatachalam, Devendiran Sundararajan

Additive manufacturing (AM) is a reliable advanced manufacturing technology for producing stainless steel (SS) parts. Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) is an essential AM technique; it has a wide range of applications in healthcare, automobiles, aviation, and agriculture due to its ability to produce SS alloys with high corrosion resistance and strength. However, achieving minimal defects and comparable mechanical properties with traditional processes is challenging. Appropriate LPBF process parameters, including scanning speed, hatch spacing, laser power, and layer thickness, are selected to overcome these challenges. The cumulative influence of these parameters with this technique is a novel method. Meanwhile, the volumetric energy density (VED) is one of the essential factors to integrate with these four most important processing parameters. Hence, there is a significant need to review VED's effect on the morphology and properties of LPBF-manufactured (LPBFed) materials. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of ongoing studies on the impact of VED on LPBFed steel parts, highlighting significant discoveries, challenges, and research objectives. Furthermore, this article evaluates AM’s ability to handle various types of multi-materials, particularly steel-based components; in addition, this study also evaluates multiple techniques for optimizing process parameters. The result of this review concludes by presenting future research challenges and opportunities for LPBF-processed steel alloys. This paper aims to contribute to the progress of both research and practical use of LPBF-printed steels.

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引用次数: 0
Proposal of a new hybrid weight drop test based on the Pellini test 在佩利尼试验的基础上提出一种新的混合重量跌落试验
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01869-4
J. Beaudet, T. Millot, A. Menegazzi, P. Chivé

The high mechanical stresses that may be linked to the operation of French Navy ships and in particular the operating conditions of submarines must be considered right from the preliminary design phases. The failure to define special requirements may expose large-sized parts or weld fabricated assemblies to the risk of sudden fracture in the presence of flaws or cracks, right from the phase of admission of the naval platform to active service. This risk needs to be ruled out through laboratory tests. As early as the 1950s, Pellini’s work led to the development of several tests aimed at preventing this type of risk. The best known of these tests is the eponymous test or drop weight test. While this test became fundamental to determining the characteristic brittleness temperature of ferritic steels, Pellini also developed other less well-known tests. The impact of preparing the test pieces for this Pellini test gave rise to numerous studies, the guiding principle being to consolidate the resulting reference nil-ductility transition temperature (RTNDT), which is a key element in guaranteeing the service life of a nuclear reactor component in service. The work presented in this article focuses on fracture behaviour and the prevention of sudden fractures on nuclear propulsion components. The study is focused on the work of William S. Pellini in order to propose a “modified” Pellini test giving access to a toughness transition (type T0) with a test that costs less to implement and requires less material. This article presents an experimental strategy and makes a comparison between different test results obtained on several parts to give credit to the approach and build a strategy to standardise the method.

高机械应力可能与法国海军舰艇的操作有关,特别是潜艇的操作条件,必须从初步设计阶段开始考虑。未能定义特殊要求可能会使大型部件或焊接装配件从海军平台进入现役阶段就面临突然断裂的风险,因为存在缺陷或裂缝。这种风险需要通过实验室检测排除。早在20世纪50年代,Pellini的工作就导致了几种旨在预防这种风险的测试的发展。这些测试中最著名的是同名测试或掉落重量测试。当这个测试成为确定铁素体钢的特征脆性温度的基础时,Pellini还开发了其他不太知名的测试。为这次Pellini试验准备试件的影响引起了大量的研究,指导原则是巩固得到的参考非延性转变温度(RTNDT),这是保证核反应堆组件使用寿命的关键因素。本文提出的工作重点是断裂行为和防止核推进部件的突然断裂。本研究的重点是William S. Pellini的工作,目的是提出一种“改进的”Pellini测试,该测试可以获得韧性转变(T0型),并且测试成本更低,需要的材料也更少。本文提出了一种实验策略,并对几个部分的不同测试结果进行了比较,以证明该方法的有效性,并建立了一种策略来规范该方法。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructural studies of Stellite 6 hardfacing deposited on nickel-based superalloys subjected to long-time aging 镍基超合金上沉积的 Stellite 6 硬面经长时间老化后的微观结构研究
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01886-3
Xiaozhou Zhang, Rong Liu, Xueyao Wu, Siqi Li, Xijia Wu, Fadila Khelfaoui

Stellite 6 hardfacing is deposited on Haynes 282 and Inconel 740H via plasma transferred arc (PTA) welding. The fabricated hardfacing specimens are subjected to different post-welding heat treatments, and then aged at 760, 815 and 871 °C for a time length ranging from 1000 to 30,000 h. The microstructures of the hardfacings before and after long-time aging are investigated with SEM/EDS/XRD. It is shown that the PTA welding process causes the hardfacing microstructure deviating from Stellite 6 alloy due to dilution. With participation of other elements from the substrate material, the compositions of both solid solution and carbide/intermetallic of the Stellite 6 hardfacing are modified. In the meanwhile, Ti–rich or Ti/Nb-rich new phases are generated. Long-time aging has an impact on the microstructures of the hardfacings, but at 760 °C, especially for an exposure time less than 20,000 h, the microstructures of the hardfacings do not show obvious change. However, when the hardfacing specimens are aged at 815 and 871 °C even for an exposure time of 1000 h only, Al-rich precipitates can occur, and the amount of the precipitates increase with aging time. These brittle precipitates generally have a detrimental effect on the performance of the hardfacings because they can deteriorate the ductility of the hardfacings. With the presence of Al-rich precipitates the hardness of the hardfacings decreases.

通过等离子转移电弧(PTA)焊接在Haynes 282和Inconel 740H上沉积钨铬钴合金6堆焊。对堆焊试样进行不同的焊后热处理,分别在760、815和871℃下时效1000 ~ 30000 h,采用SEM/EDS/XRD分析堆焊试样在长时间时效前后的组织。结果表明,PTA焊接工艺使堆焊组织因稀释而偏离Stellite 6合金。在基体材料中加入其他元素后,对Stellite 6堆焊的固溶体和碳化物/金属间化合物的组成进行了改性。同时生成富Ti或富Ti/ nb新相。长时间时效对堆焊层的组织有影响,但在760℃下,特别是暴露时间小于20,000 h时,堆焊层的组织没有明显变化。而当堆焊试样在815℃和871℃时效1000 h时,富al析出,且析出量随时效时间的延长而增加。这些脆性析出物通常对堆焊材料的性能有不利的影响,因为它们会使堆焊材料的延展性恶化。富铝析出物的存在使堆焊面的硬度降低。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of silane-doped argon shielding gases for gas metal arc welding of S355 掺硅烷的氩气保护气体对 S355 气体金属弧焊的影响
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01883-6
Kai Treutler, Philipp Neef, Volker Wesling

The welding of steel grades relies primarily on the interaction of the weld metal with doped oxygen components of the shielding gas. This mainly serves to decrease the viscosity and reduce the surface tension of the melt in order to achieve an adjusted material transition. Interference with the ambient atmosphere is undesirable in this context. In order to prevent material-related changes in the microstructure, slag initiators are admixed which promote the precipitation of low-density oxides on the weld seam surface. Manufacturing technology is increasingly striving to eliminate the interaction of atmospheric oxygen in the production process. It is primarily intended to counteract the negative effects of oxygen during manufacturing. For this objective, silane-doped gases for subtractive manufacturing processes and additive manufacturing via the PBF-LB/M process have been considered. Small amounts of silane in conventional inert shielding gases allow partial pressures of oxygen that are comparable to a high vacuum. In the scope of this publication on investigations for welding applications, blind welds on S355 substrate plates were performed using G3Si1 filler material. In addition to the recommended M21, an argon shielding gas with 1.5% silane doping and argon 4.6 are applied for welding. Apart from the observation of the resulting energy input, the weld seams are metallographically characterized. For this purpose, the formation of silicates on the weld seam surface and the development of the weld seam within the base material are investigated. The volume of the weld seam is reduced as a result of the silane doping compared to the M21 application. The composition of the weld metal is significantly influenced by the silane content, leading to an increased manganese content in particular. The silane doping results in an intensified formation of an acicular bainitic structure and an accompanying hardening within the weld metal.

钢种的焊接主要依赖于焊缝金属与保护气体中掺氧组分的相互作用。这主要是为了降低粘度和降低熔体的表面张力,以实现调整的材料过渡。在这种情况下,与周围大气的干扰是不可取的。为了防止材料引起的组织变化,在焊缝表面加入了引发渣剂,促进了低密度氧化物的析出。制造技术正日益努力消除生产过程中大气中氧的相互作用。它主要是为了抵消生产过程中氧气的负面影响。为此,考虑了通过PBF-LB/M工艺用于减法制造工艺和增材制造的硅烷掺杂气体。在传统的惰性保护气体中,少量的硅烷允许氧气的分压与高真空相当。在本出版物关于焊接应用研究的范围内,使用G3Si1填充材料在S355基板上进行盲焊。除推荐的M21外,还可采用硅烷掺杂1.5%、氩气4.6的氩保护气进行焊接。除了观察产生的能量输入外,焊缝还具有金相特征。为此,研究了焊缝表面硅酸盐的形成和焊缝在母材内部的发展。与M21相比,硅烷掺杂减少了焊缝的体积。焊接金属的组成受硅烷含量的显著影响,特别是导致锰含量的增加。硅烷掺杂导致焊缝金属中针状贝氏体结构的强化形成和伴随的硬化。
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引用次数: 0
Surface flatness and height dimensional control of complex structural components with wire arc additive manufacturing
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01880-9
Jin Yang, Aimin Wang

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is currently one of the most promising technologies for manufacturing large-scale structures; however, its surface quality and dimensional accuracy urgently need to be addressed. Currently, research on WAAM shape control focuses primarily on single structural parts. Therefore, this study analyzes multiple factors that affect the surface smoothness of complex structural samples using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control for the dynamic adjustment of wire feed speed to achieve superior surface flatness and establishes corresponding layer height deviation models and parameter self-learning algorithms. By controlling the surface flatness, the surface height difference could be reduced from 8 to 2 mm in the four layers. By the 30th layer, the variation in height was reduced by 88.4% compared with uncontrolled samples. Based on the surface flatness control, a closed-loop height dimensional control system was established. Under closed-loop height dimensional control, the error of the inclined edge of the sample was reduced to 0.87 mm, a decrease of 74.9%, achieving surface smoothness and dimensional precision control for intricate samples. Moreover, the sample exhibited an increase of 48.3% in the maximum available weld bead width and 40.0% in the maximum available area proportion, which significantly reduced the material removal rate.

{"title":"Surface flatness and height dimensional control of complex structural components with wire arc additive manufacturing","authors":"Jin Yang,&nbsp;Aimin Wang","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01880-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01880-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is currently one of the most promising technologies for manufacturing large-scale structures; however, its surface quality and dimensional accuracy urgently need to be addressed. Currently, research on WAAM shape control focuses primarily on single structural parts. Therefore, this study analyzes multiple factors that affect the surface smoothness of complex structural samples using proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control for the dynamic adjustment of wire feed speed to achieve superior surface flatness and establishes corresponding layer height deviation models and parameter self-learning algorithms. By controlling the surface flatness, the surface height difference could be reduced from 8 to 2 mm in the four layers. By the 30th layer, the variation in height was reduced by 88.4% compared with uncontrolled samples. Based on the surface flatness control, a closed-loop height dimensional control system was established. Under closed-loop height dimensional control, the error of the inclined edge of the sample was reduced to 0.87 mm, a decrease of 74.9%, achieving surface smoothness and dimensional precision control for intricate samples. Moreover, the sample exhibited an increase of 48.3% in the maximum available weld bead width and 40.0% in the maximum available area proportion, which significantly reduced the material removal rate.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 4","pages":"973 - 988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143581253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Acoustic process monitoring during projection welding using airborne sound analysis and machine learning
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-20 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01876-5
J. Koal, M. Baumgarten, C. Nikolov, S. Ramakrishnan, C. Mathiszik, H. C. Schmale

Resistance projection welding is predominantly performed using capacitor discharge machines, known for their short welding times, rapid current rise times, and high currents compared to medium-frequency inverter technology. The resulting joints are covered up during resistance welding, so that either destructive or non-destructive testing is required to evaluate the quality. Process monitoring is therefore essential in resistance projection welding. The requirement for this is process data that can be acquired and integrated into the process monitoring easily, cost-effectively, and contactlessly. This study investigates the use of low-cost condenser microphones to utilize the airborne sound generated during welding for process monitoring. It is shown that, acoustic data processed by the fast Fourier transform can be used to evaluate the quality of the connection. Only a minor influence of the microphone position could be determined. A machine learning model was also used to detect the batch of the welding nut. The machine parameters, welding nut geometry and material were kept constant. The results show a batch prediction of more than 90% using airborne sound.

{"title":"Acoustic process monitoring during projection welding using airborne sound analysis and machine learning","authors":"J. Koal,&nbsp;M. Baumgarten,&nbsp;C. Nikolov,&nbsp;S. Ramakrishnan,&nbsp;C. Mathiszik,&nbsp;H. C. Schmale","doi":"10.1007/s40194-024-01876-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s40194-024-01876-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Resistance projection welding is predominantly performed using capacitor discharge machines, known for their short welding times, rapid current rise times, and high currents compared to medium-frequency inverter technology. The resulting joints are covered up during resistance welding, so that either destructive or non-destructive testing is required to evaluate the quality. Process monitoring is therefore essential in resistance projection welding. The requirement for this is process data that can be acquired and integrated into the process monitoring easily, cost-effectively, and contactlessly. This study investigates the use of low-cost condenser microphones to utilize the airborne sound generated during welding for process monitoring. It is shown that, acoustic data processed by the fast Fourier transform can be used to evaluate the quality of the connection. Only a minor influence of the microphone position could be determined. A machine learning model was also used to detect the batch of the welding nut. The machine parameters, welding nut geometry and material were kept constant. The results show a batch prediction of more than 90% using airborne sound.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":809,"journal":{"name":"Welding in the World","volume":"69 2","pages":"459 - 470"},"PeriodicalIF":2.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40194-024-01876-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143109127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effect of TLP bonding atmosphere on microstructural and mechanical characteristics of Hastelloy x superalloy joints TLP 粘合气氛对哈氏合金 x 超合金接头微观结构和机械特性的影响
IF 2.4 4区 材料科学 Q2 METALLURGY & METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING Pub Date : 2024-11-19 DOI: 10.1007/s40194-024-01884-5
H. Bakhtiari, M. R. Rahimipour, M. Farvizi, A. Malekan

Important variables such as temperature, time, surface quality, atmosphere, chemical composition, and interlayer thickness affect the quality of the transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding. The mentioned factors have an essential role in the behavior of the created joints by affecting the formation of intermetallic phases. In this research, the TLP joints of Hestalloy X (HX) superalloy were prepared by a Bni–2 interlayer with a thickness of 80 µm and at a bonding temperature (Tb) of 1070 °C. The joining process was done in different atmospheres, including air, argon, and vacuum (10−5 torr) for 40 min. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), microhardness, and shear tests were employed to check the samples’ mechanical and metallurgical aspects. The results of microstructural investigations showed that joints prepared under argon and air atmospheres contain holes and porosities due to the partial oxidation of the joint-base metal (BM) interface. The results of mechanical tests prove that the joint made in the vacuum has the best shear strength (about 80% of the strength of the BM). This is attributed to the diffusion of the boron element into the BM and the reduction of harmful intermetallic borides in the bonding region.

温度、时间、表面质量、气氛、化学成分和层间厚度等重要变量都会影响瞬态液相(TLP)键合的质量。上述因素通过影响金属间相的形成,对所创建的接头的行为起着重要作用。本研究采用厚度为80µm的Bni-2夹层,在1070℃的结合温度(Tb)下制备了HX高温合金的TLP接头。焊接过程在空气、氩气和真空(10 ~ 5 torr)环境下进行40 min。采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、x射线衍射分析(XRD)、显微硬度和剪切测试来检查样品的力学和金相方面。显微组织研究结果表明,在氩气和空气气氛下制备的接头由于接头母材(BM)界面的部分氧化而存在孔洞和孔隙。力学试验结果表明,真空接头具有最佳的抗剪强度(约为BM强度的80%)。这是由于硼元素在基体中的扩散和键合区有害金属间硼化物的减少。
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引用次数: 0
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Welding in the World
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