Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.065070
Khalaf A. Mohamad, Maadh A. Fahed
Mohamed, Kh.A. and M.A. Alfahd. 2023. Detection of the Enzymes and Toxins Produced by the Pathogenic Fungi that Cause Chias Pollen Disease on Different Date Palm Cultivars in Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 65-70. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.065070 This study aimed to determine the exo-enzyme activity of some inflorescence-rot causing fungi that were isolated from different date palm cultivars such as Mauginiella scaettae, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporium and Alternaria radicina and their ability to produce protease and cellulase enzymes on Czapek dox (CD) liquid media supplemented with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), as well as their ability to produce Fumonisin B1 toxin using the enzyme linked immunoassay assay (ELISA). The results obtained showed a discrepancy in the amount of enzymes and toxins produced by these pathogens. The fungus F. oxysporum produced the highest cellulase enzyme activity, which amounted to 1.1933 units/ml, whereas Alternaria radicina produced the highest protease enzyme activity which amounted to 50,964 units/ml. The pathogen M. scaettae produced the highest toxin concentration of 38.465 µg/kg, whereas the pathogen Fusarium solani did not produce this toxin. Keywords: Mauginiella. Scaettae, enzymes, fumonisin B1, toxins.
{"title":"Detection of the Enzymes and Toxins Produced by the Pathogenic Fungi that Cause Chias Pollen Disease on Different Date Palm Cultivars in Iraq","authors":"Khalaf A. Mohamad, Maadh A. Fahed","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.065070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.065070","url":null,"abstract":"Mohamed, Kh.A. and M.A. Alfahd. 2023. Detection of the Enzymes and Toxins Produced by the Pathogenic Fungi that Cause Chias Pollen Disease on Different Date Palm Cultivars in Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 65-70. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.065070 This study aimed to determine the exo-enzyme activity of some inflorescence-rot causing fungi that were isolated from different date palm cultivars such as Mauginiella scaettae, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporium and Alternaria radicina and their ability to produce protease and cellulase enzymes on Czapek dox (CD) liquid media supplemented with carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), as well as their ability to produce Fumonisin B1 toxin using the enzyme linked immunoassay assay (ELISA). The results obtained showed a discrepancy in the amount of enzymes and toxins produced by these pathogens. The fungus F. oxysporum produced the highest cellulase enzyme activity, which amounted to 1.1933 units/ml, whereas Alternaria radicina produced the highest protease enzyme activity which amounted to 50,964 units/ml. The pathogen M. scaettae produced the highest toxin concentration of 38.465 µg/kg, whereas the pathogen Fusarium solani did not produce this toxin. Keywords: Mauginiella. Scaettae, enzymes, fumonisin B1, toxins.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74178339","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.037039
H.L . Terlemezyan, M. Ghazaryan
Terlemezyan, H.L. and M.H. Ghazaryan. 2023. Control of Spodoptera exigua Which Attacks Pepper Crop in Armenia Using Different Chemical Insecticides. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 37-39. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.037039 Spodoptera exigua (syn. Caradrina exigua Hübner) is a major pest of pepper in Armavir region, Armenia, and the damage is caused by the larval stage of the insect. During the 2020-2021 growing season, a field experiment was conducted at Khoronk, Armavir region, to control Spodoptera exigua using different chemical insecticides (Eforia, Coragen, Corragen, DecisProfi, Belt, Decis f-Lux, Movento, Ampligo 150, Vertimec, Prokleym, Spintor), in addition to the commonly used insecticide Arrivo, as a control. Results obtained showed that the insecticides Spintor, Belt, Decis f-Lux and Prokleym were the most effective against Spodoptera exigua. Keywords: Spodoptera exigua, pepper, chemical control, Armenia.
{"title":"Control of Spodoptera exigua Which Attacks Pepper Crop in Armenia Using Different Chemical Insecticides","authors":"H.L . Terlemezyan, M. Ghazaryan","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.037039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.037039","url":null,"abstract":"Terlemezyan, H.L. and M.H. Ghazaryan. 2023. Control of Spodoptera exigua Which Attacks Pepper Crop in Armenia Using Different Chemical Insecticides. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 37-39. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.037039 Spodoptera exigua (syn. Caradrina exigua Hübner) is a major pest of pepper in Armavir region, Armenia, and the damage is caused by the larval stage of the insect. During the 2020-2021 growing season, a field experiment was conducted at Khoronk, Armavir region, to control Spodoptera exigua using different chemical insecticides (Eforia, Coragen, Corragen, DecisProfi, Belt, Decis f-Lux, Movento, Ampligo 150, Vertimec, Prokleym, Spintor), in addition to the commonly used insecticide Arrivo, as a control. Results obtained showed that the insecticides Spintor, Belt, Decis f-Lux and Prokleym were the most effective against Spodoptera exigua. Keywords: Spodoptera exigua, pepper, chemical control, Armenia.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81037588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.048053
Ahmed Amin Ahmed Saleh, Hend S. El-Tahawe, Heba Elnagar, Ahmed Shmhi Jabbar
Saleh, A.A.A., H.S. El-Tahawe, H. El-Nagar and A.S. Jabbar. 2023. Biology and Feeding Potential of the Predator, Hippodamia convergens Guér., on Four Aphid Species Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 48-53. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.048053 Suitability of the aphid species Brevicoryne brassicae L., Aphis craccivora Koch, Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy and Aphis illinoisensis Shimer as preys for the predator Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) development and reproduction was evaluated under laboratory conditions of 20±2ºC temperature and 70±5% relative humidity. Results obtained revealed that the prey species had significant effect on the development and predation rate of H. convergens immatures. The shortest total larval developmental period (12.82 days) was observed for the beetle fed on A. craccivora, whereas the longest (16.32 days) was recorded for the beetle fed on H. pruni. H. convergens consumed significantly more individuals of H. pruni (278.34) during its larval period than A. craccivora (186.76), B. brassicae (227.87) and A. illinoisensis. (211.94). The lowest immature stages mortality rate was recorded when they were fed on A. craccivora (6.47%), followed by those fed on A. illinoisensis (8.05%), B. brassicae (9.65%) and H. pruni (13.6%). Meanwhile, adult females consumed significantly more individuals of H. pruni (4937.40) than B. brassicae, A. illinoisensis (3693.92, 3432.15) and A. craccivora (2953.5). Highest fecundity (564.00 eggs) was recorded when females of H. convergens were fed on A. craccivora. In addition, beetle adult females and males that fed on H. pruni had significantly longer life span than those fed on the other three aphid species. The investigation provides useful information for the utilization of the H. convergens predator in IPM programs to protect faba bean, cabbage, grapevine and stone fruit trees from aphids as well as other sap sucking pests. Keywords: Hippodamia convergens, Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis craccivora, Hyalopterus pruni, Aphis illinoisensis, biology, reproduction, feeding capacity.
{"title":"Biology and Feeding Potential of the Predator, Hippodamia convergens Guér., on Four Aphid Species Under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Ahmed Amin Ahmed Saleh, Hend S. El-Tahawe, Heba Elnagar, Ahmed Shmhi Jabbar","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.048053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.048053","url":null,"abstract":"Saleh, A.A.A., H.S. El-Tahawe, H. El-Nagar and A.S. Jabbar. 2023. Biology and Feeding Potential of the Predator, Hippodamia convergens Guér., on Four Aphid Species Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 48-53. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.048053 Suitability of the aphid species Brevicoryne brassicae L., Aphis craccivora Koch, Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy and Aphis illinoisensis Shimer as preys for the predator Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) development and reproduction was evaluated under laboratory conditions of 20±2ºC temperature and 70±5% relative humidity. Results obtained revealed that the prey species had significant effect on the development and predation rate of H. convergens immatures. The shortest total larval developmental period (12.82 days) was observed for the beetle fed on A. craccivora, whereas the longest (16.32 days) was recorded for the beetle fed on H. pruni. H. convergens consumed significantly more individuals of H. pruni (278.34) during its larval period than A. craccivora (186.76), B. brassicae (227.87) and A. illinoisensis. (211.94). The lowest immature stages mortality rate was recorded when they were fed on A. craccivora (6.47%), followed by those fed on A. illinoisensis (8.05%), B. brassicae (9.65%) and H. pruni (13.6%). Meanwhile, adult females consumed significantly more individuals of H. pruni (4937.40) than B. brassicae, A. illinoisensis (3693.92, 3432.15) and A. craccivora (2953.5). Highest fecundity (564.00 eggs) was recorded when females of H. convergens were fed on A. craccivora. In addition, beetle adult females and males that fed on H. pruni had significantly longer life span than those fed on the other three aphid species. The investigation provides useful information for the utilization of the H. convergens predator in IPM programs to protect faba bean, cabbage, grapevine and stone fruit trees from aphids as well as other sap sucking pests. Keywords: Hippodamia convergens, Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis craccivora, Hyalopterus pruni, Aphis illinoisensis, biology, reproduction, feeding capacity.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"15 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86651577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.054057
Noor C.H Al-Fatlawy, Sienaa M. Al-Zurfi
Al-Fatlawi, N.C.H. and S. Al-Zurfi. 2023. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Plant Extracts of Palazin and Tondxier Against the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbest) Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 54-57. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.054057 The Effect of Tondxier and Palazin plant extracts on the mortality of the flour beetle T. castaneum (Herb) was investigated. Plant extracts were separately tested under laboratory conditions against the beetles using a topical spray. Beetles were sprayed with plant suspensions at different concentrations (1, 2 and 3 ml/L) for both Tondxier and Palazin. Mortality was recorded daily for 15 days while beetles were kept on wheat flour. Both Tondxier and Palazin had an impact on T. castaneum. Commercial Tondxier was more effective than Palazin at the same concentrations tested. Nevertheless, significant differences in the mortality rate at the end of the experiments between second, and 5 th instar larvae and adults treated with Palazin and Tondxier extracts were observed. Second and 5 th instar larvae were more susceptible, and adults were more resistant to Palazin and Tondxier treatments. This study showed that mortality rate increases with increased concentration and length of exposure times. Results obtained suggested that the two plant extracts of Palazin and Tondxier used in this study can be used as potent insect control agents. Keywords: Palazin, Tondxier, Tribolium castaneum, larvae
{"title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Plant Extracts of Palazin and Tondxier Against the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbest) Under Laboratory Conditions","authors":"Noor C.H Al-Fatlawy, Sienaa M. Al-Zurfi","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.054057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.054057","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Fatlawi, N.C.H. and S. Al-Zurfi. 2023. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Commercial Plant Extracts of Palazin and Tondxier Against the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbest) Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 54-57. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.054057 The Effect of Tondxier and Palazin plant extracts on the mortality of the flour beetle T. castaneum (Herb) was investigated. Plant extracts were separately tested under laboratory conditions against the beetles using a topical spray. Beetles were sprayed with plant suspensions at different concentrations (1, 2 and 3 ml/L) for both Tondxier and Palazin. Mortality was recorded daily for 15 days while beetles were kept on wheat flour. Both Tondxier and Palazin had an impact on T. castaneum. Commercial Tondxier was more effective than Palazin at the same concentrations tested. Nevertheless, significant differences in the mortality rate at the end of the experiments between second, and 5 th instar larvae and adults treated with Palazin and Tondxier extracts were observed. Second and 5 th instar larvae were more susceptible, and adults were more resistant to Palazin and Tondxier treatments. This study showed that mortality rate increases with increased concentration and length of exposure times. Results obtained suggested that the two plant extracts of Palazin and Tondxier used in this study can be used as potent insect control agents. Keywords: Palazin, Tondxier, Tribolium castaneum, larvae","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89178548","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.012014
Haitham Mohieldin Muhammad Al-Jalal, Wafaa Abid Yahya
Al-Jalal, H.M.M. and W.A. Yahya. 2023. First Record of the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp, Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 12-14. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.012014 Gall wasps ophelimus maskelli were detected for the first time in Nineveh Governorate on the foliage of Eucalyptus tree during June, 2021. Symptoms of infestation were in the form of pus-like swellings on the fresh stems and leaf blade. Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were heavily infested with the gall wasp, with leaves infestation rate and severity of infestation reached 42.2% and 5.2 galls/cm², respectively. The results showed that the severity of infestation at the basal and middle leaves was higher than the terminal leaves, and the averages reached 5.38, 2.73 and 1.70 galls/cm², respectively. Keywords: Swelling wasp, Eucalyptus, rate of infestation, severity of infestation.
{"title":"First Record of the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp, Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq","authors":"Haitham Mohieldin Muhammad Al-Jalal, Wafaa Abid Yahya","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.012014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.012014","url":null,"abstract":"Al-Jalal, H.M.M. and W.A. Yahya. 2023. First Record of the Eucalyptus Gall Wasp, Ophelimus maskelli (Ashmead) in Nineveh Governorate, Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 12-14. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.012014 Gall wasps ophelimus maskelli were detected for the first time in Nineveh Governorate on the foliage of Eucalyptus tree during June, 2021. Symptoms of infestation were in the form of pus-like swellings on the fresh stems and leaf blade. Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis were heavily infested with the gall wasp, with leaves infestation rate and severity of infestation reached 42.2% and 5.2 galls/cm², respectively. The results showed that the severity of infestation at the basal and middle leaves was higher than the terminal leaves, and the averages reached 5.38, 2.73 and 1.70 galls/cm², respectively. Keywords: Swelling wasp, Eucalyptus, rate of infestation, severity of infestation.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86770164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.001007
M. Irfan Ullah, M. Arshad, Waqas Ahmed, N. Altaf, Aqsa Arroj, Muhammad Afzal
Ullah, M.I., M. Arshad, W. Ahmed, N. Altaf, A. Arroj and M. Afzal. 2023. Relative Feeding Potential and Biology of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Fed on Different Host Plants. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.001007 Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect pest causing major losses of corn crop in Pakistan. Biology and feeding potential of S. frugiperda was evaluated on three economically important crops including maize, Zea maize L. (Poaceae); sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. (Poaceae); and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) under laboratory conditions. The findings of this study showed that relative consumption rate (RCR) of S. frugiperda was 3.61 mg/mg/day, relative growth rate (RGR) was 0.78 mg/mg/day, the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) was 31.6%, and approximate digestibility (AD) was 56.46% feeding on maize leaves and was higher compared to other host plants. However, RCR (0.687 mg/mg/day), RGR (0.29 mg/mg/day), ECI (17.5%) and AD (33.96%) values were lower when larvae fed on cabbage leaves. Similarly, large larval instars completed their development faster when they fed on maize leaves. The larval mortality rate was also lower (13.3%) when they fed on maize leaves as compared to sorghum (20.0%) and cabbage (36.7%). Overall, it is concluded that the maize crop was the most suitable host plant for S. frugiperda as the growth and development of the insect was higher compared to other host plants in this study. But in the absence of a favored host i.e. maize, it can feed and develop on other hosts such as sorghum and cabbage. Information on the biology and feeding indices of pests could be very useful in developing integrated pest management tactics and improving crop production. Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda, biology, nutritional indices, insect-plant interaction
乌拉，M. i .， M. arshhad, W. Ahmed, N. Altaf, A. Arroj和M. Afzal。2023。不同寄主植物对秋粘虫的相对取食潜力及生物学研究。植物保护学报，41(1):1-7。https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.001007秋粘虫(FAW)， Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith)(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)是巴基斯坦玉米作物的主要食性害虫。对三种重要经济作物玉米(玉米科)的生物学特性和取食潜力进行了评价;高粱，高粱双色(禾本科);以及实验室条件下的甘蓝(十字花科)。结果表明:以玉米叶片为食的沙蚕的相对摄取率(RCR)为3.61 mg/mg/d，相对生长率(RGR)为0.78 mg/mg/d，食入食物转化效率(ECI)为31.6%，近似消化率(AD)为56.46%，高于其他寄主植物。而摄食甘蓝叶的幼虫的RCR (0.687 mg/mg/d)、RGR (0.29 mg/mg/d)、ECI(17.5%)和AD(33.96%)较低。同样，以玉米叶片为食的大型幼虫完成发育的速度更快。以玉米叶片为食的幼虫死亡率(13.3%)也低于高粱(20.0%)和卷心菜(36.7%)。综上所述，由于玉米作物的生长发育高于其他寄主植物，因此玉米作物是最适合的寄主植物。但在没有玉米等寄主的情况下，它可以以高粱和卷心菜等寄主为食并在其上发育。关于害虫的生物学和摄食指数的信息对制定害虫综合治理策略和提高作物产量非常有用。关键词:夜蛾;生物学;营养指标
{"title":"Relative Feeding Potential and Biology of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Fed on Different Host Plants","authors":"M. Irfan Ullah, M. Arshad, Waqas Ahmed, N. Altaf, Aqsa Arroj, Muhammad Afzal","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.001007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.001007","url":null,"abstract":"Ullah, M.I., M. Arshad, W. Ahmed, N. Altaf, A. Arroj and M. Afzal. 2023. Relative Feeding Potential and Biology of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda Fed on Different Host Plants. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.001007 Fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous insect pest causing major losses of corn crop in Pakistan. Biology and feeding potential of S. frugiperda was evaluated on three economically important crops including maize, Zea maize L. (Poaceae); sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. (Poaceae); and cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. (Cruciferae) under laboratory conditions. The findings of this study showed that relative consumption rate (RCR) of S. frugiperda was 3.61 mg/mg/day, relative growth rate (RGR) was 0.78 mg/mg/day, the efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) was 31.6%, and approximate digestibility (AD) was 56.46% feeding on maize leaves and was higher compared to other host plants. However, RCR (0.687 mg/mg/day), RGR (0.29 mg/mg/day), ECI (17.5%) and AD (33.96%) values were lower when larvae fed on cabbage leaves. Similarly, large larval instars completed their development faster when they fed on maize leaves. The larval mortality rate was also lower (13.3%) when they fed on maize leaves as compared to sorghum (20.0%) and cabbage (36.7%). Overall, it is concluded that the maize crop was the most suitable host plant for S. frugiperda as the growth and development of the insect was higher compared to other host plants in this study. But in the absence of a favored host i.e. maize, it can feed and develop on other hosts such as sorghum and cabbage. Information on the biology and feeding indices of pests could be very useful in developing integrated pest management tactics and improving crop production. Keywords: Spodoptera frugiperda, biology, nutritional indices, insect-plant interaction","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86223519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.085092
Moselem Ashour A. W. Al-Etby
Al-Etby, M.A.A.W. 2023. Defense Behavior of Honeybee Apis mellifera L. Hives: A Review. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 85-92. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.085092 Beekeeping is an important agricultural activity that contributes to increasing agricultural production. Therefore, it has received a lot of attention through the ages. Despite this importance, it is still facing many problems in all countries especially in Iraq. One of the obstacles of honeybee industry development is the aggressive behavior of this beneficial insect. This review examined the complex integration of external stimuli, reactions, and response to olfactory, visual, and mechanical signals. It was concluded that the strength of the colony, its queen health, her production of eggs, and the abundance of food sources, all have a role in determining the aggressiveness of bees. The physiological explanation of this behavior is the secretion of alarming pheromone, isopentyl acetate, which leads to an increase in the level of serotonin and dopamine in the brains of bee workers. Moreover, the location of the olfactory and visual receptors, and the number of sensory cells in the antennae, which varies according to honeybee races, resulted in a complex response of defensive reactions that include guarding, recruiting, alerting, attracting, culminating, biting, stinging, and pursuing. Keywords: Defense behavior, aggressiveness, venom gland, alarm pheromones, honeybees.
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.028036
Ayad Alsendi, Ali Abdulhusien Kareem, ,. M. R. Havasi, G. Golmohammadi
Alsendi, A., A.A. Kareem, M. Havasi and Gh. Golmohammadi. 2023. A Study on the Toxicity and Sublethal Concentrations of Three Insecticides on the Population Dynamics of Green Lacewing Chrysoperla carnea Stephens. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 28-36. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.028036 The study was carried out to evaluate toxicity and sublethal effects of lufenuron, novaluron, and lambda-cyhalothrin on natural enemies such as Chrysoperla carnea. All sub-lethal concentrations caused a significant decrease in oviposition period, total fecundity, longevity, and total life span of C. carnea compared to the control. Maximum and minimum mean lifespan of C. carnea individuals were observed in the untreated group and LC30 concentration of novaluron. Total fecundity varied from 153.47 offspring/individual in treatment with LC30 novaluron to 300.12 offspring/individual in the control treatment. The highest value for intrinsic and finite rate of increase (r, λ) was obtained by the concentration of lambda-cyhalothrin. The net reproduction rate (R0) reached its lowest level in novaluron treatment. As a result, the effects of sublethal concentrations of lufenuron, novaluron, and lambda-cyhalothrin on C. carnea were assessed and discussed to design improved integrated management programs. Keywords: Integrated pest management, side effects, aphidophagous predators, natural enemies.
Alsendi, A.， A.A. Kareem, M. Havasi和Gh。Golmohammadi》2023。三种杀虫剂对绿草金蝶种群动态的毒性和亚致死浓度研究。植物保护学报，41(1):28-36。https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.028036本研究旨在评价氟虫腈、新伐虫腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯对黄蝶等天敌的毒性和亚致死效应。与对照相比，各亚致死浓度均显著降低了蠋蝽的产卵期、总繁殖力、寿命和总寿命。观察未处理组的最大、最小平均寿命和新伐脲LC30浓度。总繁殖力从LC30处理的153.47个后代/个体到对照处理的300.12个后代/个体不等。λ -氯氟氰菊酯的浓度可使本征和有限增率(r， λ)达到最大值。净繁殖率(R0)在新伐隆处理下达到最低水平。因此，评估和讨论了亚致死浓度的氟虫腈、新伐螨腈和高效氯氟氰菊酯对蠋蝽的影响，以设计改进的综合管理方案。关键词:害虫综合治理;毒副作用;食蚜性天敌;
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Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.008011
Wurood J.A. Jabbar, Estabraq M. Abedulridah
Jabbar, W.J.A. and E.M. Abedulridah. 2023. Survey of Citrus Nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Causing Citrus Slow Decline in Karbala Province of Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 8-11. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.008011 The study aimed to determine the rate and severity of infection with citrus nematodes associated with the citrus slow decline in orchards and nurseries in different regions of Karbala governorate, including Aoun, Hay Al-Amel, Al-Haidariat, Al-Hurr Al-Saghir, Al-Bubiyat, AlHussainiya, and Al-Hindiya. The nematodes associated with citrus slow decline were isolated and phenotypically diagnosed based on microscopic examination of the infected stained roots, and juveniles in the soil based on the phenotypic characteristics of the citrus nematodes. Infestation rate in citrus orchards was assessed, and the severity of infestation was determined based on the number of females in 2 gm roots and the number of juveniles in 100 gm of the rhizospheric soil surrounding the roots. The causes of infection dissemination and the factors that contribute to the increase of infection in the severely affected orchards were investigated. The results of the field survey showed the presence of citrus nematodes infestation in all orchards and in all regions. The incidence and severity of citrus nematode infection differed between the different sites. It was found that the severity of infection was significantly higher with older trees compared to newly established orchards with young plants. The results of the questionnaire accompanying the field survey showed that most citrus orchards were not subject to nematode control practices. In addition, most farmers were not aware of the importance of plant parasitic nematodes and the damage they can cause, especially citrus nematodes. Keywords: Citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, survey, Iraq
{"title":"Survey of Citrus Nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Causing Citrus Slow Decline in Karbala Province of Iraq","authors":"Wurood J.A. Jabbar, Estabraq M. Abedulridah","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.008011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.008011","url":null,"abstract":"Jabbar, W.J.A. and E.M. Abedulridah. 2023. Survey of Citrus Nematode Tylenchulus semipenetrans Causing Citrus Slow Decline in Karbala Province of Iraq. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 8-11. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.008011 The study aimed to determine the rate and severity of infection with citrus nematodes associated with the citrus slow decline in orchards and nurseries in different regions of Karbala governorate, including Aoun, Hay Al-Amel, Al-Haidariat, Al-Hurr Al-Saghir, Al-Bubiyat, AlHussainiya, and Al-Hindiya. The nematodes associated with citrus slow decline were isolated and phenotypically diagnosed based on microscopic examination of the infected stained roots, and juveniles in the soil based on the phenotypic characteristics of the citrus nematodes. Infestation rate in citrus orchards was assessed, and the severity of infestation was determined based on the number of females in 2 gm roots and the number of juveniles in 100 gm of the rhizospheric soil surrounding the roots. The causes of infection dissemination and the factors that contribute to the increase of infection in the severely affected orchards were investigated. The results of the field survey showed the presence of citrus nematodes infestation in all orchards and in all regions. The incidence and severity of citrus nematode infection differed between the different sites. It was found that the severity of infection was significantly higher with older trees compared to newly established orchards with young plants. The results of the questionnaire accompanying the field survey showed that most citrus orchards were not subject to nematode control practices. In addition, most farmers were not aware of the importance of plant parasitic nematodes and the damage they can cause, especially citrus nematodes. Keywords: Citrus nematode, Tylenchulus semipenetrans, survey, Iraq","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79614089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.22268/ajpp-41.1.077084
Mahmood Othman Abass, Adnan A. Lahuf
Abass, M.O. and A.A. Lahuf. 2023. High-Throughput Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveal Presence of the Endogenous Pararetrovirus Tobacco vein clearing virus Genome in the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Host Genome. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.077084 Endogenous pararetroviral sequences (EPRVs) are repetitive sequences that have been discovered mostly in the Kingdom Plantae, particularly in various species of the family Solanaceae. In this study, the draft genome of an endogenous retrovirus identified by next generation sequencing (NGS), was found integrated in the genome of Solanum lycopersicum. Results of the homology alignment revealed that the virus identified was Tobacco vein clearing virus (TVCV), is a member of the genus Solendovirus, family Caulimoviridae. It consists of a double-stranded DNA genome of 7,760 nucleotides in length. Additionally, it has four open reading frames (ORFs), which encodes Solendovirus typical conserved domains that comprise the putative coat protein (ORF1), putative cell-to-cell movement protein (ORF2), the polyprotein (ORF3), which comprises the aspartic protease, reverse transcriptase and RNase H, as well as the putative Trans-activator factor (ORF4). Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the Iraqi TVCV had 81.60% sequence identity to the INSDC Tobacco vein clearing virus (AF190123.1), that was only reported to be integrated in the genome of some species of Nicotiana spp. However, in the current study, TVCV genome was identified associated with genome of S. lycopersicum. This new fact was further verified through BLASTn analysis that confirmed the presence of TVCV genome associated with the genome of several cultivated and wild S. lycopersicum worldwide. In conclusion, the TVCV is the first EPRVs of Solendovirus members discovered in the S. lycopersicum identified from Iraq. Keywords: Tobacco vein clearing virus; Solanum lycopersicum genome, next generation sequencing, NGS
{"title":"High-Throughput Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveal Presence of the Endogenous Pararetrovirus Tobacco vein clearing virus Genome in the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Host Genome","authors":"Mahmood Othman Abass, Adnan A. Lahuf","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-41.1.077084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-41.1.077084","url":null,"abstract":"Abass, M.O. and A.A. Lahuf. 2023. High-Throughput Sequencing and Bioinformatic Analysis Reveal Presence of the Endogenous Pararetrovirus Tobacco vein clearing virus Genome in the Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Host Genome. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 41(1): 77-84. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-41.1.077084 Endogenous pararetroviral sequences (EPRVs) are repetitive sequences that have been discovered mostly in the Kingdom Plantae, particularly in various species of the family Solanaceae. In this study, the draft genome of an endogenous retrovirus identified by next generation sequencing (NGS), was found integrated in the genome of Solanum lycopersicum. Results of the homology alignment revealed that the virus identified was Tobacco vein clearing virus (TVCV), is a member of the genus Solendovirus, family Caulimoviridae. It consists of a double-stranded DNA genome of 7,760 nucleotides in length. Additionally, it has four open reading frames (ORFs), which encodes Solendovirus typical conserved domains that comprise the putative coat protein (ORF1), putative cell-to-cell movement protein (ORF2), the polyprotein (ORF3), which comprises the aspartic protease, reverse transcriptase and RNase H, as well as the putative Trans-activator factor (ORF4). Sequence alignment analysis revealed that the Iraqi TVCV had 81.60% sequence identity to the INSDC Tobacco vein clearing virus (AF190123.1), that was only reported to be integrated in the genome of some species of Nicotiana spp. However, in the current study, TVCV genome was identified associated with genome of S. lycopersicum. This new fact was further verified through BLASTn analysis that confirmed the presence of TVCV genome associated with the genome of several cultivated and wild S. lycopersicum worldwide. In conclusion, the TVCV is the first EPRVs of Solendovirus members discovered in the S. lycopersicum identified from Iraq. Keywords: Tobacco vein clearing virus; Solanum lycopersicum genome, next generation sequencing, NGS","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77229800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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