Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.2.083088
R. Cousin, M. Ferry
Cousin, R. and M. Ferry. 2019. Automatic localization of phoenix by satellite image analysis. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 83-88. The Red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus is becoming one of the deadliest pests of the palms in the world. In order to effectively implement a RPW control programme to achieve rapid regression of this pest, it is necessary to have GPS coordinates of each palm present on the control perimeter. This location makes it possible to establish maps and databases which are essential for organizing, at the local and national level, the implementation and permanent monitoring of control measures. It is difficult, time-consuming and expensive to locate palms by visually exploring the entire perimeter from the ground. In the zone of regular plantations, this work can be processed but it becomes extremely heavy in the traditional oasis like in urban environment where the distribution of the palms is very irregular. With advances in satellite imagery, it is possible to acquire high quality images at very short intervals of time from a standard format for a large part of the earth. Combined with the progress of machine learning, particularly deep learning, this amount of data is able to feed a robust model. It would allow to automate the detection of palms at large scale and monitor their evolution at very short intervals, which in the fight against RPW is valuable information. This first work wants to test the interest in this solution. We build and train a convolution neural network in order to find two species of palms Phoenix canariensis and Phoenix dactylifera (C&D) in a very heterogeneous area of 100 km2. Our model evaluation shows that 1/5 of the objects found are false positive and more than 2/3 of C&D are perfectly localized. These first results could be improved greatly by implementing a more robust algorithm using more data and using larger colour spectrum (as near infra-red). The question of the infested palms detection using satellite imagery and machine learning stays open.
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Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.2.200202
Mustapha El Bouhssin, A. N. Trissi, Zilal Kadour
El Bouhssini. M., A.N. Trissi and Z. Kadour. 2019. Is the use of entomopathogenic fungi a viable option for the control of Red Palm Weevil?. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 200-202. During the period 2010-2014, a survey of entomopathogenic fungi of red palm weevil (RPW) in the coastal areas of Syria were characterized and their efficacy against RPW was investigated. In addition, the naturally existing endophytes in palm trees were investigated. Promising results for the control of RPW were obtained under semi-field conditions using B. bassiana isolates. The big challenge for the different researchers working with entomopathogenic fungi is to have this type of high efficacy in the field where generally temperature is high and relative humidity is low. The potential use of B. bassiana endophytes was also discussed.
El Bouhssini。M.， A.N. Trissi和Z. Kadour. 2019。使用昆虫病原真菌是控制红棕榈象甲的可行选择吗?植物保护学报，37(2):200-202。2010-2014年，对叙利亚沿海地区红棕榈象鼻虫(RPW)昆虫病原真菌进行了鉴定，并对其防治效果进行了研究。此外，还对棕榈树自然存在的内生菌进行了调查。在半田间条件下，利用球孢白僵菌菌株防治RPW取得了良好的效果。对于从事昆虫病原真菌研究的不同研究人员来说，最大的挑战是在通常温度高、相对湿度低的田地里实现这种高效率。讨论了球孢内生白僵菌的潜在利用价值。
{"title":"Is the use of entomopathogenic fungi a viable option for the control of Red Palm Weevil?","authors":"Mustapha El Bouhssin, A. N. Trissi, Zilal Kadour","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.200202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.200202","url":null,"abstract":"El Bouhssini. M., A.N. Trissi and Z. Kadour. 2019. Is the use of entomopathogenic fungi a viable option for the control of Red Palm Weevil?. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 200-202. During the period 2010-2014, a survey of entomopathogenic fungi of red palm weevil (RPW) in the coastal areas of Syria were characterized and their efficacy against RPW was investigated. In addition, the naturally existing endophytes in palm trees were investigated. Promising results for the control of RPW were obtained under semi-field conditions using B. bassiana isolates. The big challenge for the different researchers working with entomopathogenic fungi is to have this type of high efficacy in the field where generally temperature is high and relative humidity is low. The potential use of B. bassiana endophytes was also discussed.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82100759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.2.119123
S. R Al Ballaa, J. R. Faleiro
Al Ballaa S.R. and J.R. Faleiro. 2019. Studies on curative treatment of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier infested date palms based on an innovative fumigation technique. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 119123. The Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. in the Near East and North Africa region. RPW infested date palms respond to curative chemical treatments if detected and judiciously treated in the early stage of attack. However, the currently used curative treatments, involve either excessive tissue removal of the palm around the infested palm section (mechanical sanitization) making the palm weak and vulnerable to toppling, injecting insecticide into the infested palms which often does not kill all the stages of the pest within the palm, calling for repeated applications or fumigating the infested palm section with phosphine gas which is also not always effective, possibly due to inadequate dose and escape of the gas. A new fumigation technique involving treatment of infested date palms with aluminium phosphide tablets (3g) ensuring complete entrapment of phosphine gas was devised and field tested in 295 RPW infested date palms in various stages of attack in Al-Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during 20172018. The technique was tested in both young date palms (9-12 years old) as well in offshoots (4 years old), through a series of field trials to optimize the number of applications, dose, duration of treatment and type of wrapping to entrap the gas. Results revealed that for young date palms in the susceptible age of attack to RPW, a single application of 10 aluminium phosphide tablets for 5 days inserted in air tight black plastic wrapping resulted in complete mortality of larva, pupae and adult stages of the pest. Further, in offshoots, a single treatment with 15 aluminium phosphide tablets inserted in air tight transparent plastic wrapping for 10 days ensured complete mortality of the pest within the palm. The technique can be used for both field treatment of infested palms as well for quarantine treatment of date palm offshoots and is gaining popularity in Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"Studies on curative treatment of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier infested date palms based on an innovative fumigation technique","authors":"S. R Al Ballaa, J. R. Faleiro","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.119123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.119123","url":null,"abstract":"Al Ballaa S.R. and J.R. Faleiro. 2019. Studies on curative treatment of red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier infested date palms based on an innovative fumigation technique. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 119123. The Red Palm Weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a key pest of date palm Phoenix dactylifera L. in the Near East and North Africa region. RPW infested date palms respond to curative chemical treatments if detected and judiciously treated in the early stage of attack. However, the currently used curative treatments, involve either excessive tissue removal of the palm around the infested palm section (mechanical sanitization) making the palm weak and vulnerable to toppling, injecting insecticide into the infested palms which often does not kill all the stages of the pest within the palm, calling for repeated applications or fumigating the infested palm section with phosphine gas which is also not always effective, possibly due to inadequate dose and escape of the gas. A new fumigation technique involving treatment of infested date palms with aluminium phosphide tablets (3g) ensuring complete entrapment of phosphine gas was devised and field tested in 295 RPW infested date palms in various stages of attack in Al-Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, during 20172018. The technique was tested in both young date palms (9-12 years old) as well in offshoots (4 years old), through a series of field trials to optimize the number of applications, dose, duration of treatment and type of wrapping to entrap the gas. Results revealed that for young date palms in the susceptible age of attack to RPW, a single application of 10 aluminium phosphide tablets for 5 days inserted in air tight black plastic wrapping resulted in complete mortality of larva, pupae and adult stages of the pest. Further, in offshoots, a single treatment with 15 aluminium phosphide tablets inserted in air tight transparent plastic wrapping for 10 days ensured complete mortality of the pest within the palm. The technique can be used for both field treatment of infested palms as well for quarantine treatment of date palm offshoots and is gaining popularity in Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"167 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80531811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.2.143148
R. Massa, G. Panariello, M. Migliore, Daniele Pinchera, F. Schettino, R. Griffo, M. Martano, K. Power, P. Maiolino, E. Caprio, Cassino Via G. Di Biasio – – Cassino Southern Lazio
Massa, R., G. Panariello, M.D. Migliore, D. Pinchera, F. Schettino, R. Griffo, M. Martano, K. Power, P. Maiolino and E. Caprio. 2019. Microwave heating: a promising and eco-compatible solution to fight the spread of red palm weevil. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 143-148. The red palm weevil is one of the major pests of palms. Until now no effective and economic method has been adopted for the total eradication of this pest and some concerns are raised for chemical methods, mainly in ornamental plants located in urban areas. Among the proposed techniques, a very promising and eco-compatible solution is the palm microwave heating, which could be integrated in a IPM approach. Advantages of microwave disinfestation include speed, efficiency and the absence of toxic, hazardous or polluting residues. Moreover, insects are not likely to develop a resistance to radiation as they often do to chemical insecticides. This work aims to resume our results on the feasibility of microwave applications on infested Phoenix canariensis palms. Temperatures that can be lethal to insects applied on the external layers do not affect the internal palm tissues. Moreover, microwaves can influence the ability of reproduction of the survived weevils. Once the physical/thermal parameters of the tissues were determined, a protocol of duration of time and schedule (on-off cycles) was developed for a better control of the temperature profile inside the palm. In this way, the lethal temperature dose for the insects was applied using a ring microwave applicator.
马萨，R.， G. Panariello, M.D. Migliore, D. Pinchera, F. Schettino, R. Griffo, M. Martano, K. Power, P. Maiolino和E. Caprio. 2019。微波加热:一个有前途的和生态兼容的解决方案，以对抗红棕榈象鼻虫的传播。植物保护学报，37(2):143-148。红棕榈象甲是棕榈的主要害虫之一。到目前为止，还没有采取有效和经济的方法来彻底消灭这种害虫，人们对化学方法提出了一些关注，主要是在城市地区的观赏植物中。在提出的技术中，一个非常有前途和生态兼容的解决方案是手掌微波加热，它可以集成在IPM方法中。微波消毒的优点包括速度快、效率高、无有毒、有害或污染残留物。此外，昆虫不太可能像对化学杀虫剂那样对辐射产生抗药性。这项工作旨在恢复我们的研究结果，微波应用在加纳利凤凰侵染棕榈树的可行性。即使温度对昆虫来说是致命的，但对手掌内部组织却没有影响。此外，微波对存活象鼻虫的繁殖能力也有影响。一旦确定了组织的物理/热参数，就会制定一个持续时间和时间表(开关周期)的协议，以便更好地控制手掌内部的温度分布。采用环形微波施药器对昆虫施加致死温度剂量。
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Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.2.158158
M. Abbas
Abbas, M.K. 2019. The effect of preventive measures in reducing red palm weevil infestation. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 158-158. The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a palm borer native to South Asia, recorded in Egypt in date palm plantations of Sharkia and Ismailia governorates in 1992. The infestation at present is distributed all over the country including 26 governorates. A survey was conducted in Bahria oases, Giza governorate in Egypt in two successive years 2016 and 2017 to determine the red palm weevil infestation rate in 10000 palm trees. During the first year of study 2016, results indicated that the total infestation rate reached 21% (2100 palm trees), with 41 % (861 palm trees) of infested palm trees had air offshoots, whereas 20.2 % (430 palm trees) of infested palm trees had a large number of offshoots. On the other hand, 19.8 % of infested palm trees did not have offshoots, however, in orchards with drip irrigation system for comparison, the observed infestation rate was 5 % only (105 palms). Moreover, in case of flood irrigation system, the observed infestation rate was relatively higher (14 %). During the second year of the survey (2017), horticultural practices were applied including removal of aerial offshoots, in addition to pesticide spray with chlorpyrifos at a rate of 3 ml per liter of water which resulted in reducing infestation rate to 9%. It could be concluded that preventive measures can reduce pest incidence by 80.2%, in comparison with untreated areas, where pest infestation increased four times.
{"title":"The effect of preventive measures in reducing red palm weevil infestation","authors":"M. Abbas","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.158158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.158158","url":null,"abstract":"Abbas, M.K. 2019. The effect of preventive measures in reducing red palm weevil infestation. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 158-158. The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a palm borer native to South Asia, recorded in Egypt in date palm plantations of Sharkia and Ismailia governorates in 1992. The infestation at present is distributed all over the country including 26 governorates. A survey was conducted in Bahria oases, Giza governorate in Egypt in two successive years 2016 and 2017 to determine the red palm weevil infestation rate in 10000 palm trees. During the first year of study 2016, results indicated that the total infestation rate reached 21% (2100 palm trees), with 41 % (861 palm trees) of infested palm trees had air offshoots, whereas 20.2 % (430 palm trees) of infested palm trees had a large number of offshoots. On the other hand, 19.8 % of infested palm trees did not have offshoots, however, in orchards with drip irrigation system for comparison, the observed infestation rate was 5 % only (105 palms). Moreover, in case of flood irrigation system, the observed infestation rate was relatively higher (14 %). During the second year of the survey (2017), horticultural practices were applied including removal of aerial offshoots, in addition to pesticide spray with chlorpyrifos at a rate of 3 ml per liter of water which resulted in reducing infestation rate to 9%. It could be concluded that preventive measures can reduce pest incidence by 80.2%, in comparison with untreated areas, where pest infestation increased four times.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80976147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-06-01DOI: 10.22268/AJPP-037.2.205205
M. Abbas
Abbas, M.K. 2019. The economic impact of red palm weevil Rhynchophorusf errugineus Olivier in Egypt. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 205-205. The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a palm borer introduced to the Arab World, and was first recorded in 1992 in Egypt in date palm plantations of Sharkia and Ismailia Governorates. The infestation now covers all 26 governorates in Egypt, with infection rates from 2% to 35%. Date palm is considered of economic importance in Bahria and Siwa oases and Aswan with infestation rate exceeding 20%, and the highest infestation rate was recorded in 2014 on more than 250,000 infested date palm trees. The most important control measures applied were pesticides spraying and injection, palm removal, prevention of spread through offshoots, agricultural extension and aggregation pheromone trapping in some areas. The cost of control operations in Sharkia and Ismailia Governorates were around 10 million Egyptian pounds (around 3 million USD) during the period from 1992 to 2000, which included the use of 160 tons of pesticides (more than 25 tons per year) as well as fuel, sprayers, and labor. The estimated total cost per year in Egypt was around 354 million Egyptian pounds (20 million USD) which include labor cost of periodic monitoring (2700 persons to investigate 6000 palm trees/person/month, with a cost 4.55 million USD per year), protective spraying during March and November (13.4 million USD), and quarantine operations, removal of highly infested palms and eradication with a total cost around 2-3 million USD, and funding was not always available which lead to increased damage. The estimated total loss since 1992 untill now is around 4 billion Egyptian pounds (400 million USD), taking into consideration the cost of replantation, removal of highly infested palms and control operations, in addition to the negative impact on 100 date factories due to reduction in the total amount of dates processed.
{"title":"The economic impact of red palm weevil Rhynchophorusf errugineus Olivier in Egypt","authors":"M. Abbas","doi":"10.22268/AJPP-037.2.205205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-037.2.205205","url":null,"abstract":"Abbas, M.K. 2019. The economic impact of red palm weevil Rhynchophorusf errugineus Olivier in Egypt. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 37(2): 205-205. The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a palm borer introduced to the Arab World, and was first recorded in 1992 in Egypt in date palm plantations of Sharkia and Ismailia Governorates. The infestation now covers all 26 governorates in Egypt, with infection rates from 2% to 35%. Date palm is considered of economic importance in Bahria and Siwa oases and Aswan with infestation rate exceeding 20%, and the highest infestation rate was recorded in 2014 on more than 250,000 infested date palm trees. The most important control measures applied were pesticides spraying and injection, palm removal, prevention of spread through offshoots, agricultural extension and aggregation pheromone trapping in some areas. The cost of control operations in Sharkia and Ismailia Governorates were around 10 million Egyptian pounds (around 3 million USD) during the period from 1992 to 2000, which included the use of 160 tons of pesticides (more than 25 tons per year) as well as fuel, sprayers, and labor. The estimated total cost per year in Egypt was around 354 million Egyptian pounds (20 million USD) which include labor cost of periodic monitoring (2700 persons to investigate 6000 palm trees/person/month, with a cost 4.55 million USD per year), protective spraying during March and November (13.4 million USD), and quarantine operations, removal of highly infested palms and eradication with a total cost around 2-3 million USD, and funding was not always available which lead to increased damage. The estimated total loss since 1992 untill now is around 4 billion Egyptian pounds (400 million USD), taking into consideration the cost of replantation, removal of highly infested palms and control operations, in addition to the negative impact on 100 date factories due to reduction in the total amount of dates processed.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78504189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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