Arab Journal for Plant Protection最新文献

{"title":"First Record of Circular Leaf Miner Leucoptera scitella Zell. Infestation on Different Hosts in Syria","authors":"Nesrine Diab, Ibrahim Al-Jouri, A. Monoufi, Majed Ghosn","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-40.3.215221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-40.3.215221","url":null,"abstract":"Diab, N., E. Al-Jouri, A. El-Monoufi and M. Ghosn. 2022. First Record of Circular Leaf Miner Leucoptera scitella Zell. Infestation on Different Hosts in Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(3): 215-221. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP40.3.215221 The study was carried out in Al- Quneitra and Rif Damascus governorates during 2018 and 2019, where the circular leaf-miner Leucoptera scitella Zell (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) was recorded for the first time in Syria on several pome fruit trees (apples, pears and quince) and stone fruits (peaches and cherries) of the family Rosaceae. The observed symptoms and different insect stages were described and classified using specialized classification keys. The most important biometric measurements were recorded for the different insect stages. The average body length for young larval instars (L1 and L2) was 2.05±0.216 mm, and for large larval instars (L3 and L4) 3.72±0.283 mm. The average length of the pupa was 3.88±0.367 mm, whereas the average length of the adult female was 2.87±0.206 mm, and adult male was 2.05±0.150 mm. The results also showed that the early appearance of the insect on apple and pear hosts was in May with infestation rate of 14.2 and 6.57%, respectively, and on peach and quince hosts in July with infestation rate of 4.29 and 3.14%, respectively. On cherries, early appearance of the insect was in August with infestation rate of 12.57% in 2019. The highest infestation rate for the insect was 97.29% on apples in November, with significantly higher infestation rate than the other hosts (pears, peaches, cherries and quince), with infestation rate of 86.57, 31.86, 23.43 and 22.71%, respectively, and the differences were significant, except for the difference between cherry and quince hosts, which was not significant at P=0.05. Furthermore, infestation rate was highest in November in all hosts, followed by the month of October, and lowest in May in all investigated hosts. Keywords: First record, circular leaf-miner, Leucoptera scitella, preferred hosts, Syria","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91282319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Flying Activity and Seasonal Abundance of Carob Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller and its Population Dynamics on Different Hosts in Lattakia, Syria","authors":"Atieh Arab, Ibrahim Al-Jouri, Iman Okasha, Dina Fayoud, Rawaa Yousef, Narjess Alali","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-40.3.201208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-40.3.201208","url":null,"abstract":"Arab, A., E. Al-Jouri, I. Okasha, D. Fayoud, R. Yousef and N. El-Ali. 2022. Flying Activity and Seasonal Abundance of Carob Moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller and its Population Dynamics on Different Hosts in Lattakia, Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(3): 201-208. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.3.201208 The carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller, is an important frugivorous pest worldwide. A study was carried out on pomegranate, citrus orchards and carob sites in Lattakia governorate during 2013-2014 to monitor the flying activity and seasonal abundance of the carob moth using synthetic pheromone traps (Russell IPM). The population dynamics of carob moth on pomegranate and navel orange fruits and carob pods were estimated. The results showed that the flying activity was between late March and early December. The highest monthly abundance of the insect was in June, in both years. The results also showed a medium significant correlation between temperature and insect flight activity and weekly catch rate, whereas the correlation with relative humidity was not significant. The highest infestation rate with carob moth was 40% on pomegranate, 37% on carob and 7% on navel orange in September 2013, whereas it was 36% on pomegranates, 30% on carob and 4% on navel oranges in September 2014. Keywords: Carob moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae, seasonal abundance, pomegranate, orange, carob","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84634472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) Against Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann","authors":"Nabil abo Kaf, Mazen Al-Body, Majeda Mofleh, Ghadah Zeini","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-40.1.048056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-40.1.048056","url":null,"abstract":"The Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann is the most cosmopolitan and invasive among all species in the family Tephritidae. Concerns related to insecticides misuse create an opportunity for the development and use of biocontrol agents such as the entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Virulence assays performed using several native isolates of EPNs against 3rd instar larvae (L3) of C. capitata showed no significant differences between H. bacteriophora SR1 MK474617.1 and. H. bacteriophora MG2 MK474643.1. The highest mean mortality value reached by H. bacteriophora GA1 MK474645.1 was 69.19%. An experiment carried out under semi-field conditions to evaluate the effect of H. bacteriophora GA1(MK474645.1) isolate on the 3rd instar larvae of medfly showed that inoculation with different concentrations of infective juvenile (IJ) (600, 300, 150 IJ/cm2 ) caused the highest larval mortality rate (66.89%) at 600 IJ/cm2 , with a LC50 value of 88 IJ/cm2 in soil. Statistical analysis of the effect of H. bacteriophora on mortality exhibited significant differences (p≤0.05) when applied at concentrations of 600 IJs and 150 IJs. These findings suggest that application of EPNs could be an effective option to suppress C. capitata populations and it can be included as an effective component in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes against Medfly. Keywords: Biological control, Ceratitis capitata, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Citrus Lattakia, Syria.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88402049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Survey of Mycodiplosis rübsaamen Larvae Feeding on the Rust Fungi and Their Plant Hosts","authors":"M. Ahmad, Nawal Ali, Rehab El-Nakkar","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-40.1.025036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-40.1.025036","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to survey rust fungi which the insect Mycodiplosis Rübsaamen (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) larvae feed on, at different locations along the Syrian coast during 2008-2020. The study showed the presence of gall midge Mycodiplosis spp on 77 plant species feeding on 57 fungal species belonging to 8 genera. Results showed that larvae appeared in March and continued until June on Phragmidium violaceum infecting Rubus sanguineus and on Puccinia menthae infecting Mentha spicata. Whereas, larvae that feed on fungi which infect host plant late in October, appeared at the beginning of infection and continued until November, such as Cerotelium fici on Ficus carica. The results showed a difference in the frequency of the presence of Mycodiplosis larvae on the plant families and varieties of rust fungi. The occurrence of Mycodiplosis larva on 12 plant families was 100% due to presence of larva on all rust-infected plant families, whereas occurrence rate on some plant families varied and reached 92.31% on Fabaceae plants, and no presence was observed on Plumbaginaceae plants. Second stage larvae consumed 82.37% of the uredio-pustules of Puccinia conclusa. Keywords: Biological control, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Mycodiplosis, Uredinales, Syria","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79797315","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Activated Carbon with Potassium Permanganate for Improving the Efficiency of Ethylene Removal Released from Climacteric Fruits","authors":"Inaam Al- Saty, Antoine Youssef","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-40.1.057061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-40.1.057061","url":null,"abstract":"The phytohormone ethylene is one of the main causes of postharvest spoilage of fruits and vegetables. The effective management of ethylene concentration is of great importance to reduce postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables. The reduction in ethylene caused by using KMnO4 was found to delay the ripening of many climacteric fruits such as apple, bananas, melons and tomatoes. Interestingly, the general aim of this work is to evaluate the effectiveness of KMnO4 in reducing ethylene concentration during storage of climacteric fruit. For this purpose, ethylene-enriched mixture was passed inside a cylinder with a bed of activated carbon treated with KMnO4 and t gas samples entering and exiting the cylinder were analyzed for ethylene concentration by injecting in gas chromatography (GC-FID) after 15, 30, and 45 minutes and results obtained were compared with a similar set up but with only activated carbon as ethylene adsorber. The results showed that maximal ethylene removal was in the cylinder with activated carbon treated with KMnO4 which removed 91.71% of ethylene 45 min after treatment compared with 61.93% ethylene removal by only using the activated carbon. The results also revealed that the activated carbon with KMnO4 10 days after storage reduced ethylene concentration by 43.94% compared with 28.77% for the activated carbon. Keywords: Ethylene, activated carbon, KMnO4, climacteric fruit, adsorption, GC-FID.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86649117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Study on Watermelon Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Macrophomina phaseolina and its Control","authors":"N. K. Al-Khazraji, S. Ismaeel, Iraq Tekreet","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-39.2.085095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.2.085095","url":null,"abstract":"Results obtained from this study showed the compatibility between the pathogens Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis and Macrophomina phaseolina and melon plants cv. Galia F1 causing a severe disease","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81735275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of Erysiphe necator, the Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew on Grapevine, and Determination of their Mating Types in Southern Syria Using Some Molecular Markers","authors":"Nujoud Alimad, W. Naffaa, S. Lawand","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-039.2.152158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.2.152158","url":null,"abstract":"Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe necator, is one of the most economically damaging diseases of grapevine throughout the world. This study aimed to identify the mating types of this pathogen in Syria using molecular markers. Three DNA extraction methods: Promega Kit, phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol (PCI) and SDS were compared. The amount and quality of DNAs obtained by the SDS method were suitable for PCR amplification and other molecular assays. PCR amplification using specific primers (Uncin 144 and Uncin 511) was performed and the expected amplicon of 300-400 bp was obtained from 29 isolates of E. necator collected from different geographical locations and from different grapevine cultivars. Results obtained showed that E. necator may cause atypical symptoms similar to those of downy mildew, in some grapevine cultivars according to the environmental conditions and training system used. Isolates of E. necator were classified into four groups according to geographical locations and grapevine cultivar, based on the observed variation in banding pattern with E07 primer and the constructed phenogram by using UPGMA. RAPD analysis of 39 E. necator isolates using the primer E07 showed the presence of two mating types, and the frequency of each varied depending on the geographical location, with a predominance of the - mating type which did not produce a 1000 bp band using the PCR primer E07. Keywords: Powdery mildew, Erysiphe necator, RAPD, mating type, DNA extraction.","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85871809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of Some Molecular Resistance Markers of the Wheat Cultivars for Control of Head Blight Disease Caused by Fusarium graminearum in Salah Aldin Province, Iraq","authors":"Abeer Al-Qaissi, A. Hassan, W. Saleh, F. Yehya, Iraq Tekreet","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-39.2.096108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.2.096108","url":null,"abstract":"Twelve fungal isolates of the genus Fusarium were isolated from bread wheat grains infected with Fusarium head blight; 4 isolates of F. culmorum, 3 isolates of F. graminearium, 2 isolates of F. equiseti and F. moniliforme, and one isolate of F. avenaceum. The results obtained showed that all of these isolates caused head blight disease in wheat (Tamoz 2 cultivar). The isolates F. graminearium 2, F. graminearium 3 and F. culmorum 3 showed the highest Fusarium infection index (FII), which was 51.45, 50.37, and 50.03, respectively, whereas the lowest values were 24.61 and 32.04 for the isolates of F. culmorum and F.avenaceum, respectively. The identification of the most pathogenic isolates of F. graminearium 2 was confirmed by molecular diagnosis based on the matching of the nucleotide sequence of the 5.8S rRNA gene of this fungus with the nucleotide sequences of the fungal strains contained in the World Genbank database (listed on the NCBI website) and this isolate was recorded in Global Genbank under the accession number MT998864.1. The results obtained also showed that 12 of the studied wheat cultivars (Sham 6, Abu Ghraib, Babil, Milan, Sally, Hadbaa, Rabia, Bohoth 206, Sham 4, Iba 99, Dor 29 and Al Ezz) had the lowest infection levels compared to other cultivars. The FII values obtained suggested a significant superiority of the cultivars Sham 6, Abu Ghraib, Milan and Babel (which did not differ significantly among each other) with lowest values of 16.84, 16.86, 17.44 and 17.84, respectively. The effect of infection with FHB was reflected in the percentage of Fusarium damaged kernels (FDK), with lowest values of 38.43, 39.23, 41.58, 41.82 and 42.03% for the cultivars Sham 6, Abu Ghraib, Milan, Babel and Hadba, respectively. The electrophoresis of PCR products of Xgwm389, 6B NOR and Xgwm 126 markers associated with the resistance genes Fhb1, Fhb2 and Fhb3, respectively, carried out on twenty eight wheat cultivars showed that four cultivars (Sham 6, Abu Ghraib, Babel and Milan) produced bands of 140 bp in size for the marker of Fhb1 gene (Xgwm389), which is considered one of the indicators for resistance to FHB disease of wheat. The test also showed the presence of a single band of 220 bp in the wheat cultivar Sally for the gene marker Fbh2 (6B NOR), which indicates resistance to FHB disease. Whereas, the electrophoresis product for the gene marker Fhb2 (Xgwm 126) produced a band of 2100 bp in size, reflecting the presence of resistance characteristic in this cultivar. The results of this study indicated the presence of a relationship between the decrease in the infection parameters with the presence resistance genetic markers in the cultivars Sham 6, Abu Ghraib, Babel, Milan, Sally and Hadbaa, whereas the cultivars Rabia, Bohoth 206, Sham 4, Iba 99, Dor 29 and Al Ezz showed a decrease in infection parameters to a lesser degree than the remaining cultivars, but without the presence of the genetic markers investigated. Keywords: Fusarium head bligh","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"71 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90259547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Invasive Insects Associated with Oak Forests in Lebanon","authors":"Zinette Moussa, E. Choueiri, Abdallah Hanna, Ammiq Bekaa. Skaff Estate","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-039.2.164172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.2.164172","url":null,"abstract":"Oak forests (Fagaceae) are native in Lebanonand occupy the largest areas of approximately 40,000 ha. The most common species are Quercus calliprinos, Q. infectoria, Q. cerris var. pseudo cerris andQ.brantii. Due to climate change and human activities, oak forests have become more vulnerable to native and exotic invasive pests. A total of 26insect species associated with oak trees were recently identified in Lebanon. The most dangerous insect pestisthe gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera), onQ. calliprinos andQ. Cerris. The oak leafminer Phyllonorycter libanotica (Lepidoptera)and the Eriophidae(Accari) arethe most species recorded on Q. infectoriaand Q.calliprinosfollowed by the giant mealybug Ceroputo pilosellae(Hemiptera) on Q. infectoriaand Q.calliprinosandthe oak mothThaumetopoea sp.(Lepidoptera) on Q. calliprinos and Q. Cerris. Eightnew species were recorded for the first time in Lebanon on oak and are listed in this paper. Fivespecies of Cinipidae (Hymenoptera): Andricus caputmedusae, A. cecconi, A. sternlichti, Plagiotrochus quercusilicisand Neuroterus quercusbaccarum, one speciesof Scolytidae,Xylosandrus compactus(Coleoptera),one species ofKermesidaeKermes echinatus (Hemiptera)and one species of Diaspididae,Koroneaspis aegilopos(Hemiptera).Keywords: Lebanon, oak, forest decline, invasive species, outbreak","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"77 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74519825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Activity Monitoring of Olive Fruit Fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) Males, and Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity, at Al Quneitra Governorate, Southern Syria","authors":"Nesreen Diab, Ibrahim Al-Jouri, Mohamad Dawoud, Ammar Jalloud","doi":"10.22268/ajpp-39.2.116125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-39.2.116125","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out in Al Quneitra governorate, Syria during 2017 and 2018 seasons with the aim of monitoring the activity of olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae) males, in three locations of similar altitude (945-989 m above sea level), in addition to evaluating the effect of temperature and relative humidity on males activity using pheromone traps. The results obtained showed that olive fruit fly male adults activity began in the last week of May 2017 season and in the 3rd week of May 2018 season. Male adult's population reached a peak in the 4 th week of September, with an average of 126.43±33.70 males/trap in 2017 season, whereas their peak in 2018 season wasreached in mid-September with an average of 205.2±15.51 males/trap. Number of activity periods for males differed according to the season of study, and number of activity periods was 3 in 2017 and 4 in 2018. The duration of the activity period ranged from 4 to 11 weeks. The results obtained also showed a weak correlation effect of temperature and relative humidity on males activity during the two seasons, and its value was +0.16, +0.048, respectively. The monthly abundance of males differed during one season. Statistical analysis showed that the highest monthly abundance in 2017 season was in October, with an average of 192.07±14.94 males/trap with a significant difference in relation to the rest of the months, whereas in 2018 season it reached the highest monthly abundance in September, with an average of 420.33±15.18 males/trap, which significantly outperformed the rest of the months. Seasonal abundance of 2018 was significantly higher than in 2017. Keywords: Olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae, males’ activity, pheromone traps, temperature, relative humidity, Al Quneitra","PeriodicalId":8105,"journal":{"name":"Arab Journal for Plant Protection","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82669214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}