APCBEE Procedia最新文献

This study revealed that anthropometric measurements of Javanese farmers are mostly higher than that of Madurese farmers. The minimum, mean, and the maximum stature values are 146.3, 159.0, 174.6 cm for Javanese male farmers and 143.0, 156.3, 173.8 cm for Madurese male farmers, respectively. The minimum, mean, and the maximum stature of Javanese and Madures female farmers are 137.7, 152.5, 167.3 cm and 137.4, 150.1, 167.7 cm, respectively. The mean of Relative Sitting Height (RSH) of Javanese and Madurese, male is 0.49, 0.49, respectively, whereas the mean of RSH of Javanese and Madurese female is 0.52, 0.51, respectively. The mean values of body surface area (BSA) of Javanese, Madurese, male are 1.57, 1.54, and for female are 1.47, 1.44 m², respectively. Whereas, the body mass index (BMI) is 22.4, 22.88 for male and 22.38, 22.75 kg/m² for female Javanese and Madurese farmers, respectively. By using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with varimax rotation, the first rank preference of farmers is safety for hand tools, and then followed by good fit in hand, easy to use, reliable and to no inflamed skin in the last. For agricultural hand tools, farmers prefer utilitarian performance than hedonic performance.

This study examines the strategies followed by herders to pass their stock through the lean winter period in post-Soviet Kyrgyzstan determined by markets sizes and accessibility. During de-collectivization after independence, animals from collective farms were distributed to families. Support services and facilities such as animal transportation, irrigation infrastructure and fodder imports collapsed. Herders had to adjust to this new situation. The study reviews the current strategies adopted by herders in three villages that differ in access to markets and land use. Results show that big urban markets are impacting the rural areas in its vicinity to diversify cropping and feeding strategies to produce fresh milk, vegetables and fruits to meet the urban demands. To ensure regular supply of milk to urban areas the milking cows are not sent to remote pasture areas in summer and kept at higher plane of nutrition during lean winter periods.

This research is aimed to perform seismic evaluation of an esteemed brick masonry inverted bell-shaped chedi at Phrathat Doi Suthep temple, Chiangmai, Thailand, by using the finite element analysis. The validated finite element model has been made through the full-scale ambient vibration tests (presented in the accompanied paper). First, twenty past earthquake records were selected and matching of the records to the seismic response spectrum was made for equating the local seismic conditions. Then, the matched seismic waves were used for the input of time history analyses. The results have shown that, the top of the pagoda was very sensitive to the seismic waves. It was deformed significantly, accelerations were amplified and the material was damaged by over-tensioning.

It has been proven that proper landscape planning and designs with the sustainability concept and approach help to create a conducive and responsive environment of housing development. This paper presents a brief of conceptual view on the important aspects of landscape design on housing development in urban areas. The review is based on the theoretical framework of the relationship between landscape design in planning and designing the housing development in urban areas as well as how it acts as an added value to the sustainable residential landscape design. A review on previous researches and journals are doing in providing a theory on the importance aspect of landscape design in housing areas. It is hoped that this paper may possibly provide significant information on landscape design towards influencing the prices and values of the house. This paper also can become an indicator towards enhancing the sustainability of living environment.

Pan evaporation is an effective way to analyze the multidimensional impact of climate change on irrigation water requirement since pan evaporation measures the integrated effect of radiation, wind, temperature and humidity on the evaporation from an open-water surface. The characteristic trends of pan evaporation and related climatological factors, as developed in this paper, indicate that most of the regions of Bangladesh have undergone a significant amount of decrease in evaporation through the years. The reduction in sunshine duration as a consequent of climate change can be attributed to be the principal reason for the decrease in evaporation. The spatial distribution of seasonal variation of pan evaporation along with solar radiation and humidity was analyzed, and solar radiation seemed to have the major influence on evaporation. The study also reveals that summer and spring are the seasons of highest evaporation in most of the regions. The characteristic trend and spatial distribution of seasonal pan evaporation correlated with related climatological factors developed in this study could aid in water resources development and planning for irrigation purposes.

Iran with nearly 165 million hectare of land area and amount of rainfall equal to 300 mm in 67% of its territorial land, is considered as a semi-dry region in the world. Rice production in Iran needs to be increased to feed a growing population, whereas water for irrigation is getting scarce. One way to decrease water consumption in paddy field is the change of irrigation regime and replacement of continuous submergence to alternate submergence. In order to investigate the effect of different regimes of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield of hybrid rice, an experiment was conducted at the Rice Research Institute of Iran during crop season 2008. The experiment was arranged in split plot based on completely randomized block design with 3 replications in which water regimes were main factor included continuous submergence and alternately submergence (irrigation intervals of 5, 8 and 11days) and nitrogen fertilizer levels were sub factor included 0, 90, 120 and 150 kg/ha. Grain yield,water use efficiency,relative water content,total nitrogen,grain nitrogen and nitrogen harvest index were statistically the same under continuous submergence and irrigation interval of 5 and 8 days and were lowest in 11- day interval.total nitrogen,grain nitrogen and nitrogen harvest index decreased with the increment of nitrogen.we concluded that 8- day interval could reduce water consumption in paddy fields in the North of Iran.

The beam analysis, based on the assumptions of the Bernoulli-Euler theory, in free vibration has been largely investigated. Many researches focused on the transverse vibrations study, under the application of different boundary constraints where different theories were applied. The considered stiffness and mass matrices are those obtained by assembling the elementary ones resulting from the FEM use The Jacobi method allowed the solution of the eigenvalue problem. These well known concepts were applied to the study of beams with constant geometrical and mechanical characteristics having one to two overhangs with variable lengths. Murphy studied, by an algebraic solving approach, a simply supported beam with two overhangs of arbitrary length, which allows an experimental determination of the E elastic modulus.

The advantage of our paper offers a possibility of extending this approach to many interesting problems formed by beams vibrating transversally with various ends restraints.

Humic acid is a principal component of humic substances, which are the major organic constituents of soil. In order to the foliar application of humic acid on plant height in canola spring cultivar (RGS-003 cul.), this experiment was conducted in 2012 at Islamic Azad University Shahr-e-Qods Branch in Tehran by a completely randomized design with four replications. The factors studied included foliar application of humic acid (Control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2%) that sprayed in three stages (stem elongation, flowering stage and silique formation stage). The results showed that foliar application of humic acid significantly affected plant height and highest this parameter was achieved under 2% foliar application of humic acid and the lowest plant height was obtained under control conditions. Also, means comparison showed that plant height under 0.5% foliar application of humic acid and 1% foliar application of humic acid were in a similar statistical group. The results showed that foliar application of humic acid decreased nitrogen application in soil, that can be the most important for the non-pollution of soil by nitrogenous fertilizers.

Spatial interaction of land use is one factor which drives land use change. A recent study indicates that in the fringe of Jakarta Metropolitan, the significance of land use externalities creates sprawl. This inefficient development activity leads to premature conversion of some environmentally sensitive sites in the southern fringe. A proper land use policy to protect those sites should be formulated based on precise information about the extent of land use externalities. The development of semivariogram analysis enables the formulation of this distance, which is the aim of this study. Applying the analysis for two years data, this study indicates that, in this area the furthest distance for interaction between developments is between 21-29 km, while the interaction between agricultural uses are still in effect between 29-30 km. Those results will be useful to predict the future land use change in the area.

Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) is one of the recently developed techniques for structural retrofitting that includes various kinds of fibers such as Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP), GFRP and AFRP which are included in continuous polymer matrix. Using FRPs can increase the ratio of strength and stiffness to weight, enhance the durability at various situations and convenience in installation.

A finite element method is introduced to model unreinforced masonry (URM) walls by using software, ANSYS. The masonry walls are strengthened with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer sheets (CFRPs) and two different strengthening methods have been used with various thicknesses. The strengthened walls are affected by vertical loads and in-plane shear which can be found that the critical loads, the critical displacement, the ultimate loads, the ultimate displacements and the ductile coefficients of the masonry walls strengthened with CFRPs are improved remarkably.