This study evaluated the effect of maternal glycerol monolaurate (GML) supplementation during late gestation and lactation on sow reproductive performance, transfer of immunity and redox status, milk fat and fatty acid profile, and fecal microbiota. Eighty multiparous sows (Landrace × Large white) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups (with or without 1000 mg/kg GML) with 40 replicates per treatment. The feeding experiment lasted from d 85 of gestation (G85) to d 23 of lactation (L23). The samples were collected on d 1 (L1) and 21 (L21) of lactation. Our results showed that maternal GML supplementation significantly increased litter weight (P = 0.002), average daily gain of piglets (P = 0.048), and sow average daily feed intake (P = 0.032). Compared with CON group, the concentrations of lauric acid (C12:0; P = 0.022), C16:0 (P = 0.001), and total saturated fatty acids (P = 0.006) in colostrum as well as C12:0 in L21 milk (P = 0.001) were higher in GML group. Besides, the concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG in colostrum as well as sow and piglet plasma, the total antioxidant capacity and superoxide dismutase activity in sow colostrum were also significantly higher in the GML group (P < 0.05). Microbiome results showed that GML addition increased fecal microbial alpha diversity as well as the relative abundances of short chain fatty acids producing bacteria Ruminococcaceae and Parabacteroides; and decreased the harmful Proteobacteria of sows (P < 0.05). The Spearman analysis showed that the microbial biomarkers Prevotellaceae, Ruminococcaceae, and Parabacteroides were positively correlated with IgA and IgG of sow plasma and milk (P < 0.05). Besides, maternal GML addition up-regulated the relative protein expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, cyclin D1, G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway in the duodenum and jejunum of piglets. Collectively, current findings suggested that maternal GML supplementation enhanced piglet growth during lactation, which might be associated with improving milk fat and lauric acid contents, microbiota derived immunoglobulins transfer, and gut health through potential involvement of GPR84 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
[This retracts the article DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2017.12.002.].
Diarrhea is the leading cause of mortality in postnatal goat kids, seriously impacting breeding efficiency. This study aimed to explore the effects of Bacillus pumilus 315 (B. pumilus) on goat kids' diarrhea and its regulatory mechanism. Thirty-six 1-day-old goat kids were assigned into four treatments, the control (CON) group and low-, medium- and high-dose groups supplemented with B. pumilus at 1 × 108 (BP1), 5 × 108 (BP5), and 1 × 109 CFU/d (BP10). Each group consisted of 9 replicates with 1 goat kid per replicate. The results showed that the incidence of diarrhea and fecal scores decreased significantly (P < 0.05). A dose of 5 × 108 CFU/d B. pumilus reduced pro-inflammatory factors (including tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], interleukin-6 [IL-6], P < 0.05), increased the expression levels of anti-inflammatory factors (including transforming growth factor-β [TGF-β], peroxisome proliferate-activated receptor-gamma [PPAR-γ], interleukin-10 [IL-10], P < 0.05), immune indicators (including immunoglobulin G [IgG], immunoglobulin A [IgA], immunoglobulin M [IgM], secretory immunoglobulin A [sIgA], P < 0.05) and antioxidant indicators (including total antoxidative capacity [T-AOC], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GSH-Px], catalase [CAT], P < 0.05) in both jejunum and colon, and ultimately improved the barrier function of the jejunum and colon mucosa. The enhanced gut immunity and barrier function were associated with increased abundance of Enterococcus and Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) and decreased abundance of Campylobacter and Escherichia-Shigella (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary addition of B. pumilus may improve gut health by modulating the composition and function of the flora, ultimately alleviating diarrhea in goat kids.
Increasing forage proportion (FP) in the diets of dairy cows would reduce competition for human edible foods and reduce feed costs, particularly in low-input systems. However, increasing FP reduces productivity and may increases methane (CH4) emission parameters. This work aimed to investigate the impact of FP and breed on feed efficiency and CH4 emission parameters. Data from 32 individual experiments conducted at the Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute between 1992 and 2010 were utilised in this study resulting in data from 796 Holstein-Friesian (HF), 50 Norwegian Red (NR), 46 Jersey × HF (J × HF) and 16 NR × HF cows. Diets consisted of varying proportions of forage and concentrate dependent on the experimental protocols of each experiment. A linear mixed model was used to investigate the effect of low (LFP; 10% to 30%), medium (MFP; 30% to 59%), high (HFP; 60% to 87%) and pure (FOR; 100%) FP (dry matter [DM] basis) and breed on feed efficiency, and CH4 emission parameters and multivariate redundancy analysis identified associations between animal and dietary drivers on the same variables. Total dry matter intake (DMI) was higher for cows offered LFP (17.3 kg/d) and MFP (17.9 kg/d) compared to HFP (15.3 kg/d) and FOR (13.8 kg/d) (P < 0.001). Milk yield (P < 0.001), milk yield/DMI (P < 0.001), energy corrected milk (ECM)/DMI (P < 0.001) and milk energy/DMI (P < 0.001) were higher for LFP and MFP compared to HFP and FOR. Methane/DMI was higher for HFP (24.3 g/kg) compared to MFP (22.4 g/kg) (P < 0.001). Methane/milk yield (P < 0.001) or CH4/ECM (P < 0.001) was higher for HFP (22.5 or 21.6 g/kg) and FOR (27.0 or 25.8 g/kg) compared to MFP (19.1 or 17.9 g/kg). There were no differences between LFP and MFP or between HFP and FOR for milk yield, milk yield/DMI, ECM/DMI, milk energy/DMI, CH4/milk yield and CH4/ECM (P > 0.05). Differences existed between breeds for residual feed intake (P = 0.040), milk yield/DMI (P = 0.041) and CH4/DMI (P = 0.048) with multivariate redundancy analysis demonstrating negative correlations with efficiency and positive correlations with CH4/DMI and CH4/milk yield. Feeding concentrates at 70% to 90% of DMI (LFP group) would not result in any further benefits for productivity, feed efficiency or CH4 yield and intensity when compared to feeding 41% to 70% concentrates of DMI (MFP group). There may be opportunity to improve profitability for lower intensity farms with less concentrate input.
Maternal inulin intake has been shown to alleviate oxidative stress in piglets, but the role of bile acids (BAs) in this process remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the roles of gut microbiota and BAs metabolism in the amelioration of intestinal oxidative stress in piglets through a maternal inulin diet. A total of 40 sows were allocated into two dietary treatments from day 85 of gestation until the end of lactation: CON (control diet) and INU (diet with 2% wheat bran replaced by inulin). An oxidative model was further established on the intestinal porcine epithelial cell-jejunum 2 cell line (IPEC-J2) to examine the effect of bacterial BAs on intestinal oxidative stress. Results showed that the maternal inulin diet promoted the average daily gain of piglets during suckling and reduced diarrhea rate during weaning (P = 0.026 and P = 0.005, respectively). Piglets from the INU group had lower serum levels of reactive oxygen species (P = 0.021), malondialdehyde (P = 0.045), along with higher serum levels of glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.027), catalase (P = 0.043), and total superoxide dismutase (P = 0.097). Compared to the CON group, maternal inulin intake increased fecal ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) by 10.84%, hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) by 250.64% (P = 0.026), and lithocholic acid (LCA) by 16.41% (P = 0.048) in piglets. Moreover, the fecal abundance of Ruminococcus and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group increased by 167.08% and 75.47% in INU piglets (P = 0.046 and P = 0.037, respectively). Furthermore, the in vitro study using IPEC-J2 cells demonstrated that UDCA, LCA, and HDCA attenuated intestinal oxidative stress by mediating kelch-1ike ECH-associated protein 1/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 signaling. In conclusion, our results suggested that maternal dietary inulin intake during late gestation and lactation alleviates intestinal oxidative stress of piglets by regulating gut microbiota and BA metabolism.
This study investigated the effect of peroxidized lipids on piglets' growth performance, intestinal morphology, inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress in the liver, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and colon, and ileal microbiota. Twenty piglets (Duroc × [Landrace × Yorkshire]; age = 21 d old, BW = 6.5 ± 1 kg) were randomly assigned to two groups with 10 replicates per group and one piglet per replicate. The control group was fed 6% fresh soybean oil and the peroxidized soybean oil (PSO) group fed 6% PSO. The experimental feeding period lasted 24 d. The study found no impact on ADFI, ADG and gain to feed ratio (P > 0.05). However, the PSO group increased the diarrhea index and the serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P < 0.05), along with decreased concentrations of alanine aminotransferase and blood urea nitrogen (P < 0.05). For oxidative enzymes, PSO increased the concentration of F2-isoprostane in urine (P = 0.032), malondialdehyde (MDA) in the duodenum (P = 0.001) and jejunum (P = 0.004), decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the liver (P = 0.001) but increased TBARS in duodenum (P = 0.001), and carbonylated proteins in the duodenum (P = 0.003). For antioxidant enzymes, PSO decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the liver (P = 0.001), colon (P = 0.002), and jejunum (P = 0.015), along with glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver (P = 0.008) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) in ileum (P = 0.001). For inflammatory reactions, PSO increased interleukin (IL)-1β concentrations in the duodenum and colon, and IL-10 in the jejunum, while decreasing IL-4 concentration in the duodenum (P < 0.05). For intestinal morphology and ileal microbiota, PSO increased ileal crypt depth, while decreasing the crypt-to-villus ratio (P < 0.05). Peroxidized soybean oil increased the relative abundance of Prevotella, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_6, Pasteurella and Klebsiella (P < 0.05). In conclusion, this study revealed that PSO worsened diarrhea, increasing the ileal crypt depth and the relative abundance of harmful microbiota, and induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the intestines and liver, primarily in the jejunum and ileum.
The objectives of the experiment were to compare the effects of rumen-protected taurine (RPT) and rumen-protected methionine (RPM) on the nitrogen (N) metabolism, plasma biochemical parameters, and metabolomics in beef steers and to clarify whether taurine plays similar roles as methionine (Met) in the regulation of N metabolism in beef steers. Six Simmental steers aged 12 months (liveweight 325 ± 7 kg) were used as experimental animals. The experimental treatments included a basal diet, the basal diet + 70.0 g/d RPT and the basal diet + 74.2 g/d RPM. The treatments were assigned in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design. Each experimental period included 15 d for adaptation and 5 d for sampling. The results showed that supplementing the diet with RPT or RPM did not affect the apparent nutrient digestibility (P > 0.05). Supplementing the diet with RPT or RPM increased the N retention (P < 0.05) and the N utilization efficiency (NUE) (P < 0.05) and decreased the urinary excretion of 3-methylhistidine (P < 0.05) and the estimated skeletal protein degradation rate (P < 0.05). Supplementing the diet with RPT increased the plasma concentrations of taurine (P < 0.001), cysteine (P = 0.010), valine (P = 0.013) and total non-essential amino acids (NEAA) (P = 0.047) and tended to increase the plasma concentrations of essential amino acids (EAA) + NEAA (P = 0.087), but it did not affect the plasma concentrations of total EAA (P > 0.05). Supplementing the diet with RPM increased the plasma concentrations of methionine (P = 0.033), lysine (P = 0.047), cysteine (P = 0.007), leucine (P = 0.046), isoleucine (P = 0.046), valine (P = 0.034), total EAA (P = 0.028), total NEAA (P = 0.004) and EAA + NEAA (P = 0.004). The plasma metabolomics profiling revealed that supplementing the diet with RPT upregulated the plasma concentrations of taurine (P < 0.001), L-cysteine (P = 0.004) and some amino acid (AA) analogues (P < 0.05) and RPM upregulated the plasma concentrations of Met (P = 0.021), L-isoleucine (P = 0.036), L-tryptophan (P = 0.006) and some AA analogues (P < 0.05). In conclusion, taurine has similar impacts to Met in improving the N retention and the NUE in beef steers. Taurine deficiency negatively affects the NUE of beef steers. Supplementation of the diet with taurine is beneficial to the N utilization in beef steers.
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