Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.3.02
A. Jeżyk
This essay aims to familiarize the reader with the unknown work of Mila Elin, a forgotten poet of the Polish interwar avant-garde and the only woman in avant-garde circles in Poland at the time. The analysis examines the reasons for Elin's erasure from the history of Polish literature, which, apart from the disastrous impact of World War II on Polish material culture, might have been caused by the criticism of her contemporaries, scholars’ biased views of her work, and, perhaps most importantly, her own diffidence. The article reads Mila Elin as an independent poet, separate from her most influential supporter, Tadeusz Peiper, by investigating the theme of marginal female subjectivities (an alcoholic, a nun, and a peasant), problematizing womanhood and desire, and drawing an unexpected connection to surrealist tradition.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.08
Anna Zielińska-Elliott
Starting from Roland Barthes's assertion that “the text is a tissue of quotations drawn from the innumerable centers of culture,” the article considers the possibility of the influence of Stanisław Lem upon Japanese writer Haruki Murakami, focusing on a comparison of Solaris (1961) and A Wild Sheep Chase [Hitsuji o meguru bōken, 1982]. Through a close reading of crucial scenes in both books, the essay points out similarities that may indicate that Murakami was familiar with Lem's work and might have been consciously or unconsciously inspired by it. The article develops the idea of intertextuality in Murakami by identifying additional plot elements and themes from other of his works that could have been inspired by Lem, who is probably the most widely read Polish author in Japan.
本文从罗兰·巴特（Roland Barthes）的断言“文本是从无数文化中心提取的引文的组织”开始，考虑了斯坦尼斯瓦夫·勒姆（Stanisław Lem）对日本作家村上春树（Haruki Murakami）的影响的可能性，重点比较了《索拉里斯》（Solaris）（1961）和《野羊追逐》（a Wild Sheep Chase）【Hitsuji o meguru bōken，1982】。通过仔细阅读这两本书中的关键场景，文章指出了相似之处，这可能表明村上春树熟悉莱姆的作品，并可能有意识或无意识地受到了它的启发。文章通过从其他作品中识别出可能受到莱姆启发的额外情节元素和主题，发展了村上春花的互文性思想，他可能是日本阅读量最大的波兰作家。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.10
Benjamin Paloff
Throughout his career, Stanisław Lem revisits the problem of “persistency of identity,” asking whether two instantiations of the same thing can ever be determined to be entirely the same or independent from each other. In this article, I consider several instances in which Lem sets up fictional or analytic thought experiments to probe the persistence of identity and our strategies for testing it, with particular attention to his novel Solaris and his early radio play “Do You Exist, Mr. Johns?” Reading these texts and Lem's commentaries, we find that Lem uses such thought experiments to demonstrate the inadequacy of the experiments themselves. Time and again, we find that for Lem the inscrutability to oneself is a key feature of subjectivity, but it is also the feature of subjectivity that is least legible to an outside observer and least likely to support external confirmation.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.01
Johanna Huss
With the notable exception of his paleolithic feminism,1 Stanisław Lem (1921– 2006) was a twentyfirstcentury writer writing in the twentieth century. As early as the 1960s, he anticipated much of the twentyfirst century’s information technology and biotechnology—tablets, personal computers, smart phones, eBooks, virtual reality, artificial intelligence, robotics, holograms, advanced prosthetics, humanmachine interfaces. Yet he also surmised that technology would have a profound effect on human life and culture—not all of it foreseeable, and not all of it good—that it could take on a logic of its own, one that portended catastrophic consequences for the future of civilization and humankind. As a survivor of the Holocaust against all odds, Lem was a writer searching for new forms, hybrid forms, impure forms adequate to a postcatastrophic world and its possible futures. The forms he ushered in are most conspicuous when one examines his works as a whole. His centennial has provided an impetus for a large body of his previously untranslated works to be published in translation, allowing for a fuller picture to emerge. Throughout, the long Lem centennial articles appeared in prominent journals notably from Jonathan Lethem (“My Year of reading Lemmishly” in the London Review of Books) and from Caleb Crain (“A Holocaust Survivor’s Hardboiled Science Fiction” in The New Yorker), bringing renewed attention to Lem and his works, while Roisin Kiberd chronicled the many events of the anniversary in The New York Times.2
Stanisław Lem（1921–2006）是一位在20世纪写作的21世纪作家，他的旧石器时代女权主义是一个明显的例外。早在20世纪60年代，他就预见到了21世纪的大部分信息技术和生物技术——平板电脑、个人电脑、智能手机、电子书、虚拟现实、人工智能、机器人、全息图、先进假肢、人机界面。然而，他也推测，技术将对人类生活和文化产生深远影响——并非所有这些都是可预见的，也并非所有的都是好的——它可以呈现出自己的逻辑，预示着对文明和人类未来的灾难性后果。作为大屠杀的幸存者，莱姆是一位寻找新形式、混合形式、不纯形式的作家，这些形式足以适应后灾难世界及其可能的未来。当人们从整体上审视他的作品时，他所开创的形式是最引人注目的。他的百年诞辰为他以前未翻译的大量作品的翻译出版提供了动力，让人们看到了更全面的画面。自始至终，莱姆的百年长文出现在著名期刊上，尤其是乔纳森·莱瑟姆（Jonathan Lethem）（《伦敦书评》上的“我阅读莱姆什利的一年”）和凯勒布·克莱恩（Caleb Crain）（《纽约客》上的《大屠杀幸存者的冷酷科幻》），让人们重新关注莱姆及其作品，Roisin Kiberd在《纽约时报》上记录了周年纪念的许多事件。2
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.05
Przemysław Czapliński, Thomas Anessi
In this article, I argue that in the years 1960‒1980—roughly from Solaris (1961), through His Master's Voice (1968), to Golem XIV (1981)—Stanisław Lem carried out an anthropological experiment in which his protagonists were confronted with unknowable phenomena. The fullest expression of this experiment is the novel Solaris, in which a new function of literature—the universalization of uncertainty—is unveiled. This feature links Lem's novel with the works of other Polish writers, such as Witold Gombrowicz, Tadeusz Różewicz, Andrzej Czycz, Teodor Parnicki, and Edward Stachura. Some of their works from the 1960s and 1970s can be considered representative of the post-avant-garde in Polish prose; these works question key social beliefs (especially regarding the efficacy of cognition, the adequacy of language, and the stability of the human subject), but instead of proposing a new order, their authors indicate the need for accepting that human existence is not grounded in a higher order.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.07
Alfred Gall
Recent scholarship has drawn attention to the impact of war, occupation, and the Holocaust on Stanisław Lem's literary work. This article attempts to further explore this subject. Its aim is to show how Lem in Powrót z gwiazd [Return from the stars, 1961] depicts the return from space travel as analogous to coming home from war. This analogy is based on a complex interplay between the science fiction narrative on the one hand and references to the Homeric epic poem The Odyssey on the other. The article highlights some peculiarities of this intertextual fabric of Return from the Stars. From this point of view, the science fiction work forms, in Adorno's term, a “constellation” with the epic tale. In this constellation the science fiction narrative exposes in its transtextual interplay with the Greek tradition the deheroization of the hero as well as the ambiguities of a biopolitically organized society in the future. With the transtextual reassessment of the mythical narrative and the emerging literary representation of an odyssey without homecoming, Lem's novel exemplifies a fundamental dismantling of positivity. Seen from this angle, the science fiction novel can be situated in the context of postwar Polish literature which in its attempts to come to terms with the traumatic experiences of war and occupation challenges or even rejects a cultural heritage of traditions and values that have—in the wake of World War II—lost their immanent value.
最近的学术界关注战争、占领和大屠杀对斯坦尼斯瓦夫·勒姆文学作品的影响。本文试图进一步探讨这一问题。它的目的是展示Lem在《从星星归来》（Powrót z gwiazd，1961）中如何将太空旅行的归来描述为类似于从战争中回家。这种类比是基于科幻小说叙事和荷马史诗《奥德赛》之间的复杂相互作用。文章强调了《从星星归来》这种互文结构的一些特点。从这个角度来看，用阿多诺的话说，科幻作品与史诗故事形成了一个“星座”。在这个星座中，科幻小说叙事在其与希腊传统的跨文本互动中暴露了英雄的去英雄化，以及未来生物政治组织社会的模糊性。随着对神话叙事的跨文本重新评估，以及对没有回家的奥德赛的新兴文学表现，莱姆的小说体现了对积极性的根本解构。从这个角度来看，这部科幻小说可以放在战后波兰文学的背景下，战后波兰文学试图接受战争和占领挑战的创伤经历，甚至拒绝接受二战后失去内在价值的传统和价值观的文化遗产。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.03
J. Jarzębski, Benjamin Paloff
Communicating productively with an alien intelligence, whether by traveling through space to another civilization or attempting to understand their messages received here on Earth, is so consistent a commonplace of cosmic science fiction that we might easily regard it as a defining feature of the genre. This essay argues, by contrast, that Stanisław Lem's fiction about space travel aims consistently to demonstrate the impossibility of such communication. Setting aside the obstacles that might prevent contact between alien intelligences, whether by positing a technological solution or ignoring those difficulties altogether, Lem confronts the epistemological challenge of how beings with no shared points of reference in language, experience, or even spatial-temporal awareness could ever share information meaningfully. Lem's purpose, the essay concludes, is to show not how such communication is possible, but rather how its impossibility compels the human imagination to fill the void, a quintessentially human act.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.04
A. Gajewska, Johanna Huss
This article discusses Stanisław Lem's early prose works, which were written shortly after the end of World War II. In light of the institutional state censorship of the time, the traumatic experience of the 1941 Lviv [then Lwów] pogrom and Lem's attempts at survival outside the Lviv ghetto, this article offers a broad historical, biographical, and political context for the interpretation of these early works, revealing political allusions and autobiographical motifs. This research takes the archival turn, which places the archive at the center of the study of power, memory, and politics. Careful study of Lem's biography reveals the violent interference of the directives of the oppressive state as well as its politics of memory, and allows the voice of the victims and the defeated to become audible.
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.02
F. Jameson
One of Stanisław Lem's fundamental themes is that even if there were alien life in outer space, we would never be able to understand it or communicate with it, a theme instantiated in Solaris. This paper argues that two dialectics of the alien encounter—aggressivity vs. non-aggressivity and comprehension vs. non-comprehension—define a schema within which Fiasco, Eden, Solaris and The Invincibles can be interpreted.
Stanisław Lem的一个基本主题是，即使外太空中有外星生命，我们也永远无法理解它或与它交流，这是Solaris中实例化的主题。本文认为，外星人遭遇的两种辩证法——侵略性与非侵略性以及理解性与非理解性——定义了一个可以解读《Fiasco》、《Eden》、《Solaris》和《the Invincibles》的图式。
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Pub Date : 2023-07-01DOI: 10.5406/23300841.68.2.11
P. Majewski
This article draws attention to some seemingly insignificant details in Stanisław Lem's works that can be understood on a closer reading as traces of his youthful traumatic experience of World War II and the Holocaust. Lem rarely spoke directly about these experiences, but the few such statements he did make testify to the strong and deep trace that this experience left on him. This trace is most often manifested in the form of macabre scenes and motifs. The analysis of these scenes and an attempt at their interpretation is the main focus of this article.
{"title":"Stanisław Lem","authors":"P. Majewski","doi":"10.5406/23300841.68.2.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5406/23300841.68.2.11","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This article draws attention to some seemingly insignificant details in Stanisław Lem's works that can be understood on a closer reading as traces of his youthful traumatic experience of World War II and the Holocaust. Lem rarely spoke directly about these experiences, but the few such statements he did make testify to the strong and deep trace that this experience left on him. This trace is most often manifested in the form of macabre scenes and motifs. The analysis of these scenes and an attempt at their interpretation is the main focus of this article.","PeriodicalId":83231,"journal":{"name":"The Polish review","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46103982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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