Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the pharmacists and patients’ satisfaction in coronavirus disease-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 314 participants participated in the study by cross-sectional study design and convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Results revealed that significant number of respondents was not fully satisfied with behavior of the pharmacists. Around half of the respondents were agreed that pharmacists dispensed the same medication as prescribed by the prescribers. Around 38.9% of respondents noticed that pharmacists were not taking keen interest in resolving their health issues. Statistically, significant association (P < 0.05) was observed among patients’ overall satisfaction with pharmacists’ behavior and services, and precise dispensing of medications, medications counseling, interest in resolving patients’ health problems, and general attention given by the pharmacists toward patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that pharmacists should pay more attention to deal with their patients, especially during such pandemics when there is a more need of empathy and good behavior to increase patients’ satisfaction and decrease health-related problems.
{"title":"Behavior of Pharmacists and Satisfaction of Patients in Coronavirus Disease-19 Pandemic","authors":"M. S. Iqbal","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3972","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the behavior of the pharmacists and patients’ satisfaction in coronavirus disease-19 pandemic in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A total of 314 participants participated in the study by cross-sectional study design and convenient sampling technique. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. Results: Results revealed that significant number of respondents was not fully satisfied with behavior of the pharmacists. Around half of the respondents were agreed that pharmacists dispensed the same medication as prescribed by the prescribers. Around 38.9% of respondents noticed that pharmacists were not taking keen interest in resolving their health issues. Statistically, significant association (P < 0.05) was observed among patients’ overall satisfaction with pharmacists’ behavior and services, and precise dispensing of medications, medications counseling, interest in resolving patients’ health problems, and general attention given by the pharmacists toward patients. Conclusion: The study concluded that pharmacists should pay more attention to deal with their patients, especially during such pandemics when there is a more need of empathy and good behavior to increase patients’ satisfaction and decrease health-related problems.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44710042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Sublingual films are well known for its rapid onset of action with enhanced patient agreement. The section of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels by-passes the first-pass metabolism and the bioavailability of the loaded is improved considerably. Difficulty in swallowing, inaccessibility for water to swallow the conventional oral solid dosage forms and unexpected motion sickness are some of the situations that demand the development of sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride. Objectives: To design and develop fast dissolving sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride, with the prime objective to release the drug quickly from the film to facilitate oral absorption. Methods: The sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride was prepared by solvent casting method and evaluated for weight variation and thickness of the film, folding survival test, visual appearance, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution. Results: A gradual increase in weight of the film was observed with increase in the concentration of the polymer. The observed disintegration time of the films was in the range of 13.40–13.64 Seconds. Folding endurance was found to be within the range of 71–77 which indicates that film has good flexibility. The formulation (B3) released about 86.42±0.23% of the Granisetorn hydrochloride within 105 seconds. Conclusion: The newly developed fast dissolving sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride had exhibited faster release of the drug in the in vitro conditions with reliable strength and endurance.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Sublingual Film Loaded with Granisetron Hydrochloride","authors":"S. Sukumaran","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3963","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3963","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Sublingual films are well known for its rapid onset of action with enhanced patient agreement. The section of drug absorbed through the sublingual blood vessels by-passes the first-pass metabolism and the bioavailability of the loaded is improved considerably. Difficulty in swallowing, inaccessibility for water to swallow the conventional oral solid dosage forms and unexpected motion sickness are some of the situations that demand the development of sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride. Objectives: To design and develop fast dissolving sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride, with the prime objective to release the drug quickly from the film to facilitate oral absorption. Methods: The sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride was prepared by solvent casting method and evaluated for weight variation and thickness of the film, folding survival test, visual appearance, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution. Results: A gradual increase in weight of the film was observed with increase in the concentration of the polymer. The observed disintegration time of the films was in the range of 13.40–13.64 Seconds. Folding endurance was found to be within the range of 71–77 which indicates that film has good flexibility. The formulation (B3) released about 86.42±0.23% of the Granisetorn hydrochloride within 105 seconds. Conclusion: The newly developed fast dissolving sublingual films of Granisetron Hydrochloride had exhibited faster release of the drug in the in vitro conditions with reliable strength and endurance.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41409354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Renal colic is a painful condition in which patients suffer severe flank pain which occurs as a result of obstruction of urinary tract through calculus. The treatment requires both spasmolytic and analgesic action in addition to anti-inflammatory action. Materials and Methods: Two drugs were used drotaverine hydrochloride (HCl) and piroxicam in one tablet as fixed dose combination. The ultraviolet spectrophotometer method was developed for assay of both drugs. Results: The results of method of validation for drotaverine HCl showed that all the parameters of performance were well in limit. Relative standard deviation (RSD) is 0.949% which was well under the limit of 2%. Conclusion: The results of method validation for piroxicam showed that all the parameters of performance were well in acceptance limit, for example, in precision criteria the repeatability test was ok. RSD was 0.582% which was well below the limit of 2%.
{"title":"Rapid Analytical Method Development and Validation of Combined Tablet of Drotaverine Hydrochloride and Piroxicam","authors":"M. Iqbal","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3966","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3966","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Renal colic is a painful condition in which patients suffer severe flank pain which occurs as a result of obstruction of urinary tract through calculus. The treatment requires both spasmolytic and analgesic action in addition to anti-inflammatory action. Materials and Methods: Two drugs were used drotaverine hydrochloride (HCl) and piroxicam in one tablet as fixed dose combination. The ultraviolet spectrophotometer method was developed for assay of both drugs. Results: The results of method of validation for drotaverine HCl showed that all the parameters of performance were well in limit. Relative standard deviation (RSD) is 0.949% which was well under the limit of 2%. Conclusion: The results of method validation for piroxicam showed that all the parameters of performance were well in acceptance limit, for example, in precision criteria the repeatability test was ok. RSD was 0.582% which was well below the limit of 2%.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46046368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: In an attempt to improve the physicochemical properties of piperine (PIP), its inclusion complexes were prepared with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in presence and/or absence of hydroxy acids by lyophilization technique. Materials and Methods: Primarily, the stoichiometry of the complex formation and thermodynamic parameters was accessed by phase solubility study described by Higuchi and Conners method. The molecular modeling studies were performed to elucidate the stability, possible interactions, and geometry of PIP inside the βCD cavity. The prepared lyophilized inclusion complexes were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect spectroscopy (2D 1H NMR), Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopic (FTIR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), Log P, and dissolution studies. Results: The phase solubility data revealed the formation of 1:1 stoichiometry with AL type of solubility curve at 25°C. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the inclusion process was spontaneous. The molecular modeling studies were depicted the insertion of piperidine ring inside βCD cavity. As complementary evidence, 1H NMR and 2D 1H NMR studies predicted that whether in presence or absence of hydroxy acids, CD is able to accommodate the piperidine ring. FTIR analysis revealed scattering peaks assigned for PIP were smoothened in all lyophilized inclusion complexes. SEM images indicated modifications in morphology of PIP particles in its lyophilized complexes. Dissolution studies revealed significant improvement in dissolution efficiencies of PIP in all prepared inclusion complexes. Conclusion: The effectiveness of ternary hydroxy acids was found to be appreciating toward improvement in aqueous solubility and dissolution properties of PIP.
{"title":"Piperine-Hydroxy acid-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes; Physicochemical, Computational, and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Studies: PART I","authors":"Priyanka S. Jadhav","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3973","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In an attempt to improve the physicochemical properties of piperine (PIP), its inclusion complexes were prepared with β-cyclodextrin (βCD) and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD) in presence and/or absence of hydroxy acids by lyophilization technique. Materials and Methods: Primarily, the stoichiometry of the complex formation and thermodynamic parameters was accessed by phase solubility study described by Higuchi and Conners method. The molecular modeling studies were performed to elucidate the stability, possible interactions, and geometry of PIP inside the βCD cavity. The prepared lyophilized inclusion complexes were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Two-dimensional Nuclear Overhauser Effect spectroscopy (2D 1H NMR), Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopic (FTIR), scanning electron microscopic (SEM), Log P, and dissolution studies. Results: The phase solubility data revealed the formation of 1:1 stoichiometry with AL type of solubility curve at 25°C. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the inclusion process was spontaneous. The molecular modeling studies were depicted the insertion of piperidine ring inside βCD cavity. As complementary evidence, 1H NMR and 2D 1H NMR studies predicted that whether in presence or absence of hydroxy acids, CD is able to accommodate the piperidine ring. FTIR analysis revealed scattering peaks assigned for PIP were smoothened in all lyophilized inclusion complexes. SEM images indicated modifications in morphology of PIP particles in its lyophilized complexes. Dissolution studies revealed significant improvement in dissolution efficiencies of PIP in all prepared inclusion complexes. Conclusion: The effectiveness of ternary hydroxy acids was found to be appreciating toward improvement in aqueous solubility and dissolution properties of PIP.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68328841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study aims to explore the knowledge and attitudes of the public toward the clinical use of artificial intelligence. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included an online questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software and represented as frequencies and percentages. Results: More than 55% of the respondents said that they had heard of artificial intelligence in medicine but only 3.17% said that they know about artificial intelligence in medicine completely. More than 89% of the respondents said that they prefer the suggestions from human doctor to take when diagnosis diverges. Moreover, only 25.34% of them believe in the therapeutic advice made by an artificial intelligence doctor independently. Conclusion: The present study showed that a high percentage of the public was not trust the use of artificial intelligence because they fear that artificial intelligence could cause fatal errors. Further studies are needed to ensure the efficacy of artificial intelligence doctor before the implementation and after that help patients in understanding the benefits and the risk of artificial intelligence use.
{"title":"The Knowledge and Attitudes of the Public toward the Clinical Use of Artificial Intelligence","authors":"Nehad J. Ahmed","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3974","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study aims to explore the knowledge and attitudes of the public toward the clinical use of artificial intelligence. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that included an online questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software and represented as frequencies and percentages. Results: More than 55% of the respondents said that they had heard of artificial intelligence in medicine but only 3.17% said that they know about artificial intelligence in medicine completely. More than 89% of the respondents said that they prefer the suggestions from human doctor to take when diagnosis diverges. Moreover, only 25.34% of them believe in the therapeutic advice made by an artificial intelligence doctor independently. Conclusion: The present study showed that a high percentage of the public was not trust the use of artificial intelligence because they fear that artificial intelligence could cause fatal errors. Further studies are needed to ensure the efficacy of artificial intelligence doctor before the implementation and after that help patients in understanding the benefits and the risk of artificial intelligence use.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68328899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The present study aimed to develop sustained released 5-fluorouracil loaded chitosan-pectin blended dual cross-linked gel beads system. Materials and Methods: Dual cross-linked beads were evaluated for drug content, particle size, swelling degree, scanning elecron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, etc., for its suitability for colon targeting. Results: The developed systems were appreciably performed during in vitro drug releases in simulated gastric (simulated gastric fluid) at pH 1.2, intestinal (simulated intestinal fluid) at pH 6.8, and colonic fluids at pH 7.4 (simulated colonic fluid [SCF]) with and without rat cecal content medium for up to 24 h. Batch formulations were shown lesser releases in acidic dissolution medium, whereas augmented releases in alkaline medium at the end of 24 h studies. It was found with significant drug releases (P > 0.05) in SCF containing 2 and 4% w/v rat cecal as compared to control studies. During curve fittings using several models, the R2 value of Higuchi matrix model confirmed for drug release was followed with anomalous non-Fickian transport mechanisms. Those dual cross-linked gel beads confirmed for its improved mechanical core strength, controlled, and sustained release potentials during the experimental. Gamma scintigraphic imaging during in vivo studies confirms for targeting potential of optimized formulations for colon-specific region. It was evident that the ionic gelation based dual cross-linked chitosan-pectin beads with divalents Ca2+ and SO4 -2 ions exhibited better delayed drug release pattern than single cross-linked beads for colon targeting. Conclusion: The prepared dual ionic cross-linked optimized formulations may be potential system for targeting drug to colon for colorectal cancer.
{"title":"Colon Targeting of 5-fluorouracil Loaded Dual Cross-linked Multiparticulate System: In vitro and in vivo Characterizations","authors":"S. Lanjhiyana","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3964","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3964","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The present study aimed to develop sustained released 5-fluorouracil loaded chitosan-pectin blended dual cross-linked gel beads system. Materials and Methods: Dual cross-linked beads were evaluated for drug content, particle size, swelling degree, scanning elecron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, etc., for its suitability for colon targeting. Results: The developed systems were appreciably performed during in vitro drug releases in simulated gastric (simulated gastric fluid) at pH 1.2, intestinal (simulated intestinal fluid) at pH 6.8, and colonic fluids at pH 7.4 (simulated colonic fluid [SCF]) with and without rat cecal content medium for up to 24 h. Batch formulations were shown lesser releases in acidic dissolution medium, whereas augmented releases in alkaline medium at the end of 24 h studies. It was found with significant drug releases (P > 0.05) in SCF containing 2 and 4% w/v rat cecal as compared to control studies. During curve fittings using several models, the R2 value of Higuchi matrix model confirmed for drug release was followed with anomalous non-Fickian transport mechanisms. Those dual cross-linked gel beads confirmed for its improved mechanical core strength, controlled, and sustained release potentials during the experimental. Gamma scintigraphic imaging during in vivo studies confirms for targeting potential of optimized formulations for colon-specific region. It was evident that the ionic gelation based dual cross-linked chitosan-pectin beads with divalents Ca2+ and SO4 -2 ions exhibited better delayed drug release pattern than single cross-linked beads for colon targeting. Conclusion: The prepared dual ionic cross-linked optimized formulations may be potential system for targeting drug to colon for colorectal cancer.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46729769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study aims to illustrate the prescribing trends of antihistamines in the outpatient setting in Al-Kharj. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study that included the evaluation of antihistamines in the outpatient setting in a public hospital in Al-Kharj. The data were collected from the pharmacy-based computer system. Results: The total number of prescriptions that included antihistamines was 799. Most of the prescribed antihistamines were first-generation sedating antihistamines (chlorphenamine and diphenhydramine) (66.33%). About 63.20% of the prescribed antihistamines included chlorpheniramine followed by cetirizine (19.27%) and loratadine (14.39%). Conclusion: Antihistamines were prescribed commonly in the outpatient setting mainly first-generation sedating antihistamines. It is recommended to increase the awareness of healthcare providers about the efficacy and the side effects of antihistamines and to encourage them to use these agents wisely.
{"title":"Prescribing Trends of Antihistamines in the Outpatient Setting in Al-Kharj","authors":"N. Ahmed","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3959","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3959","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study aims to illustrate the prescribing trends of antihistamines in the outpatient setting in Al-Kharj. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study that included the evaluation of antihistamines in the outpatient setting in a public hospital in Al-Kharj. The data were collected from the pharmacy-based computer system. Results: The total number of prescriptions that included antihistamines was 799. Most of the prescribed antihistamines were first-generation sedating antihistamines (chlorphenamine and diphenhydramine) (66.33%). About 63.20% of the prescribed antihistamines included chlorpheniramine followed by cetirizine (19.27%) and loratadine (14.39%). Conclusion: Antihistamines were prescribed commonly in the outpatient setting mainly first-generation sedating antihistamines. It is recommended to increase the awareness of healthcare providers about the efficacy and the side effects of antihistamines and to encourage them to use these agents wisely.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42985394","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a new and simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of riluzole (RZ) and levodopa (LD) in the marketed tablet dosage form. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic separation was achieved on a RP hypercil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (75:25 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with the ultraviolet detection wavelength of 273 nm at ambient temperature. The developed method was validated as per the International Council on Harmonization guideline for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and specificity. Results: Results of validation studies were found satisfactory with % relative standard deviation values of <2% indicating good specificity, validity, and reliability of the method. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 20–80 μg/ml with correlation coefficient (r2) values of 0.990and 0.999 for RZ and LD, respectively. The mean percentage recoveries were between 99.46–99.80% and 100.15–101.24% for RZ and LD, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.036and 0.012 μg/ml, and 0.110and 0.036 μg/ml for RZ and LD, respectively. The assay of RZ and LD in the marketed tablet formulation was found to be 99.67and 98.95%, respectively. Conclusion: The RP-HPLC method is reported to be simple, specific, accurate, and precise. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of RZ and LD in the bulk drugs as well as in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms.
{"title":"Development and Validation of Reverse-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Riluzole and Levodopa in Tablet Dosage Form","authors":"M. Rudrapal","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3975","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3975","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a new and simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of riluzole (RZ) and levodopa (LD) in the marketed tablet dosage form. Materials and Methods: The chromatographic separation was achieved on a RP hypercil C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) using a mobile phase consisting of methanol and water (75:25 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min with the ultraviolet detection wavelength of 273 nm at ambient temperature. The developed method was validated as per the International Council on Harmonization guideline for linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, ruggedness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and specificity. Results: Results of validation studies were found satisfactory with % relative standard deviation values of <2% indicating good specificity, validity, and reliability of the method. The method showed good linearity over the concentration range of 20–80 μg/ml with correlation coefficient (r2) values of 0.990and 0.999 for RZ and LD, respectively. The mean percentage recoveries were between 99.46–99.80% and 100.15–101.24% for RZ and LD, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.036and 0.012 μg/ml, and 0.110and 0.036 μg/ml for RZ and LD, respectively. The assay of RZ and LD in the marketed tablet formulation was found to be 99.67and 98.95%, respectively. Conclusion: The RP-HPLC method is reported to be simple, specific, accurate, and precise. The proposed method can be successfully applied for the routine analysis of RZ and LD in the bulk drugs as well as in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42995757","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Pashanabheda is used as antiurolithiatic in Ayurveda. In the present study, Spirulina platensis was selected for isolation of its active constituent, C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), and screening for in vitro antiurolithiatic potentials. Objective: Screening of compound isolated from S. platensis for antiurolithiatic potentials. Materials and Methods: The algae sample was subjected to preliminary analysis. Then, the sample was processed for the extraction of phycocyanin from S. platensis by various extraction methods, purified and then characterization was performed by reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and by mass spectrometry. Finally, in vitro antiurolithiatic activity was screened by nucleation and aggregation assay. Results: The isolated C-PC exhibited inhibitory action in both nucleation and aggregation assays to significant level. In the aggregation assay gradually decrease in the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal nucleation as well as growth was observed by light microscopy. The findings of the nucleation assay indicate that phytoconstituents inhibited the crystallization of CaOx in solution. There were less and smaller particles with increasing concentration of the phycocyanin. The increasing concentrations of C-PC (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/ml) inhibited the CaOx crystal growth. C-PC demonstrated slightly better results compared to cystone standard solution to inhibit the formation of CaOx dihydrate crystals in the nucleation assay. Conclusion: The isolated C-PC has shown antiurolithiatic effect by significantly reducing the size and growth of calculi in the kidneys in the in vitro assays
{"title":"In vitro antiurolithiatic activity of c-phycocyanin isolated from Spirulina platensis","authors":"N. J. P. Subhashini","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3969","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Pashanabheda is used as antiurolithiatic in Ayurveda. In the present study, Spirulina platensis was selected for isolation of its active constituent, C-Phycocyanin (C-PC), and screening for in vitro antiurolithiatic potentials. Objective: Screening of compound isolated from S. platensis for antiurolithiatic potentials. Materials and Methods: The algae sample was subjected to preliminary analysis. Then, the sample was processed for the extraction of phycocyanin from S. platensis by various extraction methods, purified and then characterization was performed by reverse phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and by mass spectrometry. Finally, in vitro antiurolithiatic activity was screened by nucleation and aggregation assay. Results: The isolated C-PC exhibited inhibitory action in both nucleation and aggregation assays to significant level. In the aggregation assay gradually decrease in the calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystal nucleation as well as growth was observed by light microscopy. The findings of the nucleation assay indicate that phytoconstituents inhibited the crystallization of CaOx in solution. There were less and smaller particles with increasing concentration of the phycocyanin. The increasing concentrations of C-PC (100, 200, 300, 400, and 500 μg/ml) inhibited the CaOx crystal growth. C-PC demonstrated slightly better results compared to cystone standard solution to inhibit the formation of CaOx dihydrate crystals in the nucleation assay. Conclusion: The isolated C-PC has shown antiurolithiatic effect by significantly reducing the size and growth of calculi in the kidneys in the in vitro assays","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47207016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause. Much of this interest centers on the use of antioxidant vitamins and the antioxidant properties of herbal materials, although some herbal materials may also improve conventional cardiovascular risk factors or have antithrombotic effects. This study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro evaluation of selected fruit extracts against cardiovascular metabolic syndrome with methanolic extracts of Schisandra (Magnolia vines), Muntingia calabura, and Alangium salviifolium fruits. Materials and Methods: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay, assay of nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity, and in vitro α-amylase inhibitory studies were carried out to evaluate the cardiovascular metabolic syndrome activity of methanolic extract of Schisandra (M. vines), M. calabura, and A. salviifolium fruits. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the fruit extracts. The ACE inhibitory activity of fruit extracts was represented as percentage ACE inhibition. The fruits extract demonstrated ACE inhibitory activity at a concentration of 800 μg/ml, showing an inhibition >50%. Statistically significant results were observed in in vitro α-amylase inhibitory assay and in NO scavenging assay. Conclusion: The role of redox mechanisms in the control of expression and activity of rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) enzymes and angiotensin receptors may provide important insight into the function of local tissue RAS in health and disease states. The selected fruit extracts have promising role against CVDs.
{"title":"In vitro Evaluation of Selected Fruit Extracts against Cardiovascular Diseases","authors":"P. Reddy","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3965","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the number one cause of death globally, more people die annually from CVDs than from any other cause. Much of this interest centers on the use of antioxidant vitamins and the antioxidant properties of herbal materials, although some herbal materials may also improve conventional cardiovascular risk factors or have antithrombotic effects. This study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro evaluation of selected fruit extracts against cardiovascular metabolic syndrome with methanolic extracts of Schisandra (Magnolia vines), Muntingia calabura, and Alangium salviifolium fruits. Materials and Methods: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition assay, assay of nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity, and in vitro α-amylase inhibitory studies were carried out to evaluate the cardiovascular metabolic syndrome activity of methanolic extract of Schisandra (M. vines), M. calabura, and A. salviifolium fruits. Results: The preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of various phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, triterpenoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, proteins, and carbohydrates in the fruit extracts. The ACE inhibitory activity of fruit extracts was represented as percentage ACE inhibition. The fruits extract demonstrated ACE inhibitory activity at a concentration of 800 μg/ml, showing an inhibition >50%. Statistically significant results were observed in in vitro α-amylase inhibitory assay and in NO scavenging assay. Conclusion: The role of redox mechanisms in the control of expression and activity of rennin-angiotensin system (RAS) enzymes and angiotensin receptors may provide important insight into the function of local tissue RAS in health and disease states. The selected fruit extracts have promising role against CVDs.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44786577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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