Objective: Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) combine the biomimetic advantages of lipids and the structural benefits of polymers. The aim of the present study is the development of core shell LPHNPs encapsulating a model lipophilic drug nateglinide and perceived its controlled delivery. Materials and Methods: LPHNPs were prepared by single emulsion solvent evaporation method using polycaprolactone as polymer and glyceryl monostearate, palmitic acid, and lauric acid as lipid. The formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading (DL), surface morphology, in vitro drug release, and release kinetics studies. Results: Dynamic light scattering analysis demonstrated the smaller particle size of LPHNPs (380.2 ± 3.5–544.7 ± 2.8 nm) as compared to polycaprolactone polymeric NPs (PNPs) (647.1 ± 1.9–675.8 ± 3.7 nm). Transmission electron microscopy images of LPNPs and PNPs demonstrate that they are spherical in shape. The entrapment efficiencies (84.9 ± 0.1–87.76 ± 0.23%) and DL capacity (4.63 ± 0.01–8.18 ± 0.09%) of LPHNPs were higher than PNPs (72.5 ± 0.1% and 2.05 ± 0.005%). The higher colloidal stability of LPHNPs was confirmed by their zeta potential value at -12.5 ± 2.1––33.4 ± 0.2 mv as compared to zeta potential of PNPs (–8.71 ± 0.3–9.60 ± 0.1 mv). The LPHNPs displayed a biphasic drug release pattern with an initial burst release, followed by controlled release. The LPHNPs demonstrated the slower drug release (60–70% at 24 h) than that from PNPs (90% at 24 h). Conclusion: The results suggest the controlled release behavior of nateglinide from the developed lipid-polymer core shell hybrid NPs. The developed nanocarriers hold the great promise for controlled delivery of both the lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs to improve their pharmacokinetics.
{"title":"Lipid-polycaprolactone Core-shell Hybrid Nanoparticles for Controlled Delivery of Nateglinide","authors":"M. K. Das","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i2.4059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i2.4059","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Lipid-polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) combine the biomimetic advantages of lipids and the structural benefits of polymers. The aim of the present study is the development of core shell LPHNPs encapsulating a model lipophilic drug nateglinide and perceived its controlled delivery. Materials and Methods: LPHNPs were prepared by single emulsion solvent evaporation method using polycaprolactone as polymer and glyceryl monostearate, palmitic acid, and lauric acid as lipid. The formulations were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, drug entrapment efficiency, drug loading (DL), surface morphology, in vitro drug release, and release kinetics studies. Results: Dynamic light scattering analysis demonstrated the smaller particle size of LPHNPs (380.2 ± 3.5–544.7 ± 2.8 nm) as compared to polycaprolactone polymeric NPs (PNPs) (647.1 ± 1.9–675.8 ± 3.7 nm). Transmission electron microscopy images of LPNPs and PNPs demonstrate that they are spherical in shape. The entrapment efficiencies (84.9 ± 0.1–87.76 ± 0.23%) and DL capacity (4.63 ± 0.01–8.18 ± 0.09%) of LPHNPs were higher than PNPs (72.5 ± 0.1% and 2.05 ± 0.005%). The higher colloidal stability of LPHNPs was confirmed by their zeta potential value at -12.5 ± 2.1––33.4 ± 0.2 mv as compared to zeta potential of PNPs (–8.71 ± 0.3–9.60 ± 0.1 mv). The LPHNPs displayed a biphasic drug release pattern with an initial burst release, followed by controlled release. The LPHNPs demonstrated the slower drug release (60–70% at 24 h) than that from PNPs (90% at 24 h). Conclusion: The results suggest the controlled release behavior of nateglinide from the developed lipid-polymer core shell hybrid NPs. The developed nanocarriers hold the great promise for controlled delivery of both the lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs to improve their pharmacokinetics.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83846738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tropolones are strewed phytochemicals having scaffold contains seven-membered ring system belongs to a family of Cupressaceae plants. Tropolone derivatives targeting multiple signaling transcription factors, cell cycle regulatory components, proteins, growth factors, kinases, and cytokines also involved in inflammatory mechanisms as well as involved in antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticancer activities. To identify the therapeutically potent pharmacophores from the natural components is the long-term focus in pharmaceutical industry. Our preliminary findings on Hinokitiol (HIOL) showed binding potential in mitogen-activated protein kinase and ABL proto-oncogene 1 by in silico docking method perhaps in apoptosis of several cancers. This review aimed at gathering most of the available information to document the potential efficacy of tropolones and its molecular mechanisms. Although natural products usually have fewer activities compared with synthesized compounds, it will shed a light on studies aiming to discover new drugs from tropolone derivatives for targeting multiple signaling mechanisms for various diseases.
{"title":"Manifold Molecular Signaling Targets of Tropolones in Multifarious Diseases","authors":"Mohamed Zerein Fathima","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I2.4058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I2.4058","url":null,"abstract":"Tropolones are strewed phytochemicals having scaffold contains seven-membered ring system belongs to a family of Cupressaceae plants. Tropolone derivatives targeting multiple signaling transcription factors, cell cycle regulatory components, proteins, growth factors, kinases, and cytokines also involved in inflammatory mechanisms as well as involved in antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and anticancer activities. To identify the therapeutically potent pharmacophores from the natural components is the long-term focus in pharmaceutical industry. Our preliminary findings on Hinokitiol (HIOL) showed binding potential in mitogen-activated protein kinase and ABL proto-oncogene 1 by in silico docking method perhaps in apoptosis of several cancers. This review aimed at gathering most of the available information to document the potential efficacy of tropolones and its molecular mechanisms. Although natural products usually have fewer activities compared with synthesized compounds, it will shed a light on studies aiming to discover new drugs from tropolone derivatives for targeting multiple signaling mechanisms for various diseases.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46244621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Poor aqueous solubility and low dissolution rates are the initial drawback for the majority of upcoming and existing biologically active compounds. Materials and Methods: Fluvoxamine (API), other excipients such as PVA, SLS, Tween 80, and methanol. Fluvoxamine is a poorly water-soluble drug and its bioavailability is very low. The present study was to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of Fluvoxamine by formulating nanosuspensions by Emulsification solvent evaporation method. Results and Discussions: The formulation nanosuspenison was subject to zeta potential, particle size analysis, drug content, and in vitro drug release studies. The entrapment efficiency of all the formulations was within 95.78–98.16%, from the drug release studies, The NF6 formulation was optimized and it shows maximum drug release (99.02%) at a shorter period of time than remaining formulations. The average particle size of the optimized formulation was found to be 110 nm. Conclusion: The research showed that enhanced dissolution rate by reduced in particle size, which, in turn, increases the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of fluvoxamine by formulating nanosuspensions. Formulations were found to physically stable with PVA as the stabilizing agent.
{"title":"Design and in vitro Evaluation of Fluvoxamine Nanosuspension using PVA as Stabilizing Agent","authors":"M. Srinivas","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i2.4061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i2.4061","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Poor aqueous solubility and low dissolution rates are the initial drawback for the majority of upcoming and existing biologically active compounds. Materials and Methods: Fluvoxamine (API), other excipients such as PVA, SLS, Tween 80, and methanol. Fluvoxamine is a poorly water-soluble drug and its bioavailability is very low. The present study was to increase the solubility and dissolution rate of Fluvoxamine by formulating nanosuspensions by Emulsification solvent evaporation method. Results and Discussions: The formulation nanosuspenison was subject to zeta potential, particle size analysis, drug content, and in vitro drug release studies. The entrapment efficiency of all the formulations was within 95.78–98.16%, from the drug release studies, The NF6 formulation was optimized and it shows maximum drug release (99.02%) at a shorter period of time than remaining formulations. The average particle size of the optimized formulation was found to be 110 nm. Conclusion: The research showed that enhanced dissolution rate by reduced in particle size, which, in turn, increases the dissolution rate and oral bioavailability of fluvoxamine by formulating nanosuspensions. Formulations were found to physically stable with PVA as the stabilizing agent.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82309913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most prevalent healthcare-associated infections that increase mortality and morbidity rates. Aim: The present study was a retrospective study that aimed to determine the post-operative SSI rate in a public hospital in Al-Kharj. Materials and Methods: The data were collected by the microbiology laboratory in the hospital and included the number of infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the number of SSIs in the hospital. Results: Most of the infections in the present study were caused by Gram-negative organisms (83.00%). The most common bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.87%) followed by Escherichia coli (16.34%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.13%). The SSI rate in the hospital was 2.32% (=21/906*100%). Most of the SSIs were caused by Gram-negative bacteria (80.95%). Most of the SSIs were caused by Staphylococcus aureus (19.04%), P. aeruginosa (14.29%), Proteus mirabilis (14.29%), Acinetobacter (14.29%), and Citrobacter (14.29%). Conclusion: The SSIs rate in Al-Kharj city is low but adopting protocols for surveillance and implementing guidelines are still needed to minimize the SSIs rate.
{"title":"Post-operative Surgical Site Infection Rates in a Public Hospital in Al-Kharj","authors":"N. Ahmed","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4150","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the most prevalent healthcare-associated infections that increase mortality and morbidity rates. Aim: The present study was a retrospective study that aimed to determine the post-operative SSI rate in a public hospital in Al-Kharj. Materials and Methods: The data were collected by the microbiology laboratory in the hospital and included the number of infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and the number of SSIs in the hospital. Results: Most of the infections in the present study were caused by Gram-negative organisms (83.00%). The most common bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.87%) followed by Escherichia coli (16.34%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (13.13%). The SSI rate in the hospital was 2.32% (=21/906*100%). Most of the SSIs were caused by Gram-negative bacteria (80.95%). Most of the SSIs were caused by Staphylococcus aureus (19.04%), P. aeruginosa (14.29%), Proteus mirabilis (14.29%), Acinetobacter (14.29%), and Citrobacter (14.29%). Conclusion: The SSIs rate in Al-Kharj city is low but adopting protocols for surveillance and implementing guidelines are still needed to minimize the SSIs rate.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48857741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Vilsmeier-Haack (VH) reactions are mostly too slow even at higher temperatures. However, quick and easy transformation was observed in micellar media even at moderate temperatures. Materials and Methods: Different types of surfactants (anionic – sodium dodecyl sulfate, cationic – cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and non-ionic – T X-100) are used as micelle forming compounds. Results and Discussion: Micellar-mediated reactions exhibited dramatic rate accelerations and improvements in the yield of end products. The VH reactions pursued pseudo-first- and second-order kinetics. Conclusion: This study with anisole is the first such report demonstrating a feasible, controllable, non-toxic, and easy methodology for the synthesis of formylated and acetylated derivatives and a study of their kinetic behavior.
{"title":"A Kinetic and Synthetic Approach of Surfactants Accelerated by Vilsmeier- Haack Acetylation and Formylation with Anisole","authors":"S. Iqubal","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4152","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4152","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Vilsmeier-Haack (VH) reactions are mostly too slow even at higher temperatures. However, quick and easy transformation was observed in micellar media even at moderate temperatures. Materials and Methods: Different types of surfactants (anionic – sodium dodecyl sulfate, cationic – cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, and non-ionic – T X-100) are used as micelle forming compounds. Results and Discussion: Micellar-mediated reactions exhibited dramatic rate accelerations and improvements in the yield of end products. The VH reactions pursued pseudo-first- and second-order kinetics. Conclusion: This study with anisole is the first such report demonstrating a feasible, controllable, non-toxic, and easy methodology for the synthesis of formylated and acetylated derivatives and a study of their kinetic behavior.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45761784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: Medical research skills at the undergraduate level is increasingly discussed as having a potential role in developing certain skills in students including decision making, problem-solving, and critical thinking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the perception, barriers, and attitude of medical sciences students toward scientific research in Makkah region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The data collected between August and September 2019 using an electronic questionnaire that was distributed to medical sciences students at Makkah region including (4th, 5th, 6th years, and interns). Results: Total number of participants who answered the questionnaire was 411 health-care students. Most of the students were females (70.6%), only 29.4% of them were male students. Most of them (72.8%) agreed that scientific research is essential for undergraduate students and about 73.2% of them said that they will participate in any available research opportunity. About 70.3% of the respondents reported that they do not know whom to contact if they want to conduct research and about 61.6% of the respondents reported there were few opportunities to do research in their college. Conclusion: Although students have good attitude and good perception toward research, there are some barriers that should be overcome to encourage student participation in research activities in Makkah region’s universities of Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"Evaluation of Medical Sciences Students’ Perception, Barriers, and Attitude toward Scientific Research: A Cross-sectional Study in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia","authors":"N. Ahmed","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4149","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Medical research skills at the undergraduate level is increasingly discussed as having a potential role in developing certain skills in students including decision making, problem-solving, and critical thinking. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the perception, barriers, and attitude of medical sciences students toward scientific research in Makkah region of Saudi Arabia. Methods: The data collected between August and September 2019 using an electronic questionnaire that was distributed to medical sciences students at Makkah region including (4th, 5th, 6th years, and interns). Results: Total number of participants who answered the questionnaire was 411 health-care students. Most of the students were females (70.6%), only 29.4% of them were male students. Most of them (72.8%) agreed that scientific research is essential for undergraduate students and about 73.2% of them said that they will participate in any available research opportunity. About 70.3% of the respondents reported that they do not know whom to contact if they want to conduct research and about 61.6% of the respondents reported there were few opportunities to do research in their college. Conclusion: Although students have good attitude and good perception toward research, there are some barriers that should be overcome to encourage student participation in research activities in Makkah region’s universities of Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43822055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed organizations where both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsion are present simultaneously, which are stabilized by lipophilic and hydrophilic surfactants, respectively. To achieve stable multiple emulsions, the proportion of these surfactants is critical. Between the two types of multiple emulsions, water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) and oil-in-water-in-oil, the former has a wider range of applications and is thus investigated in more depth. Multiple emulsion development, preparation procedures, and in vitro evaluation methodologies have all been updated. Numerous elements impacting the stability of multiple emulsions, as well as stabilization strategies, are explored in detail, with a focus on W/O/W type multiple emulsions. Multiple emulsions are a possible carrier because they have desirable drug release mechanisms and rates, as well as a favorable in vivo fate. It has a wide range of uses, including regulated, targeted distribution, flavor masking, bioavailability augmentation, enzyme immobilization, and so on. In the microencapsulation process, several emulsions have also been regarded an intermediate phase. They are the systems of increasing interest for the oral delivery of hydrophilic drugs, which are unbalanced in the gastrointestinal tract such as proteins and peptides. It will provide a novel carrier system for the administration of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medicinal agents as procedures for preparation, stabilization, and rheological characterization of multiple emulsions advance. Formulation, stabilization procedures, and prospective uses of various emulsion systems are all considered in this assessment.
{"title":"Technology, Recent Advancement, and Application of Multiple Emulsions: An Overview","authors":"N. Singh","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4143","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple emulsions are complex polydispersed organizations where both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsion are present simultaneously, which are stabilized by lipophilic and hydrophilic surfactants, respectively. To achieve stable multiple emulsions, the proportion of these surfactants is critical. Between the two types of multiple emulsions, water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) and oil-in-water-in-oil, the former has a wider range of applications and is thus investigated in more depth. Multiple emulsion development, preparation procedures, and in vitro evaluation methodologies have all been updated. Numerous elements impacting the stability of multiple emulsions, as well as stabilization strategies, are explored in detail, with a focus on W/O/W type multiple emulsions. Multiple emulsions are a possible carrier because they have desirable drug release mechanisms and rates, as well as a favorable in vivo fate. It has a wide range of uses, including regulated, targeted distribution, flavor masking, bioavailability augmentation, enzyme immobilization, and so on. In the microencapsulation process, several emulsions have also been regarded an intermediate phase. They are the systems of increasing interest for the oral delivery of hydrophilic drugs, which are unbalanced in the gastrointestinal tract such as proteins and peptides. It will provide a novel carrier system for the administration of pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and medicinal agents as procedures for preparation, stabilization, and rheological characterization of multiple emulsions advance. Formulation, stabilization procedures, and prospective uses of various emulsion systems are all considered in this assessment.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46117314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The aim of the study is to synthesize two new hexaureachromium complexes: [Cr(CO(NH2 ) 2 ) 6 ](HCO3 ) 3 (1), [Cr(CO(NH2 ) 2 ) 6 ] 2 (CO3 ) 3 (2) followed by the analysis of binding ability of hexaureachromium(III) cation towards carbonated anions ( 2 HCO and CO 3 3 − − ) and their antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus S. aurses (for anti-bacterial), and Aspergillus niger (for anti-fungal). Materials and Methods: The synthesized compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by spectroscopic studies (fourier-transform infrared and ultraviolet [UV]- visible). The binding properties of [Cr(CO(NH2 ) 2 ) 6 ] 3+ ([HuCr]3+) with carbonated anions ( 2 HCO and CO 3 3 − − ) in aqueous medium have been determined with standard UV–visible spectrophotometerthrough titration method. Further, the stoichiometric ratios for complexes 1 and 2 were found through Job’s plot. All compounds were also tested for antimicrobial activity against selected strains. Results and Discussion: The cation, [HuCr]3+, contains ligand urea bearing H-bond donors which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. The binding constant values obtained are found to be 10.5334 for and 15.7377 for . Further, the stoichiometric ratios for complexes 1 and 2 have been found to be 1:3 and 2:3, respectively. [HuCr]Cl3 , 1 and 2 show the maximum zone of inhibition at 200 μg/mL but the starting material [HuCr]Cl3 and compound 1 does not show any activity against A. niger at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentration. Conclusion: The ionic reactions between anion receptor [HuCr]3+ and carbonated anions in aqueous solution have been investigated and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared and UV–visible) techniques. The results obtained indicate that the binding ability of the cation [HuCr]3+ towards carbonated anions is in the order 2 CO3 − > HCO3 − . Thus, the selectivity of receptors for particular anion can be chosen. The results predict that the octahedral geometry of [HuCr]3+ is capable enough to target both the carbonated anions. [HuCr]Cl3 and compound 1 do not show any activity against A. niger at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentration while compound 2 is found to be potent against all the tested organisms (E. coli, S. aurses, and A. niger).
{"title":"Binding of Carbonated Anions to Cationic Hexaureachromium(III): Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of [Cr(CO(NH2 )2 )6 ](HCO3 )3 and [Cr(CO(NH2 )2 )6 ]2 (CO3 )3","authors":"V. Prakash","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4151","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of the study is to synthesize two new hexaureachromium complexes: [Cr(CO(NH2 ) 2 ) 6 ](HCO3 ) 3 (1), [Cr(CO(NH2 ) 2 ) 6 ] 2 (CO3 ) 3 (2) followed by the analysis of binding ability of hexaureachromium(III) cation towards carbonated anions ( 2 HCO and CO 3 3 − − ) and their antimicrobial activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus S. aurses (for anti-bacterial), and Aspergillus niger (for anti-fungal). Materials and Methods: The synthesized compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by spectroscopic studies (fourier-transform infrared and ultraviolet [UV]- visible). The binding properties of [Cr(CO(NH2 ) 2 ) 6 ] 3+ ([HuCr]3+) with carbonated anions ( 2 HCO and CO 3 3 − − ) in aqueous medium have been determined with standard UV–visible spectrophotometerthrough titration method. Further, the stoichiometric ratios for complexes 1 and 2 were found through Job’s plot. All compounds were also tested for antimicrobial activity against selected strains. Results and Discussion: The cation, [HuCr]3+, contains ligand urea bearing H-bond donors which are capable of forming hydrogen bonds. The binding constant values obtained are found to be 10.5334 for and 15.7377 for . Further, the stoichiometric ratios for complexes 1 and 2 have been found to be 1:3 and 2:3, respectively. [HuCr]Cl3 , 1 and 2 show the maximum zone of inhibition at 200 μg/mL but the starting material [HuCr]Cl3 and compound 1 does not show any activity against A. niger at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentration. Conclusion: The ionic reactions between anion receptor [HuCr]3+ and carbonated anions in aqueous solution have been investigated and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared and UV–visible) techniques. The results obtained indicate that the binding ability of the cation [HuCr]3+ towards carbonated anions is in the order 2 CO3 − > HCO3 − . Thus, the selectivity of receptors for particular anion can be chosen. The results predict that the octahedral geometry of [HuCr]3+ is capable enough to target both the carbonated anions. [HuCr]Cl3 and compound 1 do not show any activity against A. niger at 50 and 100 μg/mL concentration while compound 2 is found to be potent against all the tested organisms (E. coli, S. aurses, and A. niger).","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46289195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Novel drug delivery system, an area of present research is used to carry pharmaceutical ingredients to a targeted site of action in a body, without affecting the nature of the drug. Nanoparticles are too small in size; it has a drug size of 10–100 nm due to its drug size a large amount of drug is absorbed through blood. Polylactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a synthetic polymer; it has several lactic acids in the unit and several glycolic acids in the unit. PLGA is used with the drug for improved bioavailability and it works on the targeted site of action. It is used as a polymer with the drug which is having less half-life period. The PLGA has been approved by the department of FDA. The PLGA nanoparticles are prepared by the nano-emulsion method and nanoprecipitation method. The PLGA- loaded nanoparticles are administered through various routes of administration such as oral, parenteral, nasal, and transdermal. It is used to treat several diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer. The evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles has been done with Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetric, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. PLGA is a biodegradable polymer possessing superiority over other polymers in targeting the disease. This review aims in pooling the nanoparticles prepared using the biodegradable PLGA polymer and its efficiency in targeting the drug.
{"title":"Polylactide-co-glycolic Acid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery System","authors":"S. Kumar","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4144","url":null,"abstract":"Novel drug delivery system, an area of present research is used to carry pharmaceutical ingredients to a targeted site of action in a body, without affecting the nature of the drug. Nanoparticles are too small in size; it has a drug size of 10–100 nm due to its drug size a large amount of drug is absorbed through blood. Polylactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) is a synthetic polymer; it has several lactic acids in the unit and several glycolic acids in the unit. PLGA is used with the drug for improved bioavailability and it works on the targeted site of action. It is used as a polymer with the drug which is having less half-life period. The PLGA has been approved by the department of FDA. The PLGA nanoparticles are prepared by the nano-emulsion method and nanoprecipitation method. The PLGA- loaded nanoparticles are administered through various routes of administration such as oral, parenteral, nasal, and transdermal. It is used to treat several diseases such as Alzheimer’s, diabetes, and cancer. The evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles has been done with Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetric, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc. PLGA is a biodegradable polymer possessing superiority over other polymers in targeting the disease. This review aims in pooling the nanoparticles prepared using the biodegradable PLGA polymer and its efficiency in targeting the drug.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47273647","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetric and erosive synovitis with extra-articular involvement in some cases. RA prevalence in India is 0.75%. The study is to estimate the prevalence of RA in the South Indian population and to determine the demographic characteristics such as gender, age, geographical locality, and usage of antirheumatic drugs. Methodology: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 600 patients of both male and female at advance rheumatology center. The patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients who are suspected and diagnosed newly with RA, patients who are already with RA attending the rheumatoid center and are on therapy, and patients age equal to and above 16 years either gender are included in the study. Patients with other arthritic and immunologic problems such as osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, spondylosis, and osteoporosis were excluded from the study and patient’s age below 16 years are excluded from the study. Results: Among 600 patients presented to advance rheumatology center, 174 patients are identified with classical symptoms of RA, in those female and male patients are 132 and 42, respectively. The mean age of total patients is 45.51 ± 12.09. The estimated prevalence was found to be 0.29 or 29% (95% confidence interval is 0.25–0.33). Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (36.9%) are mostly prescribed. Conclusion: This study witnessed a rise in the prevalence of RA in South Indian population which gives alarming signals to the health authority and policymakers to increase the awareness on RA in India.
{"title":"Prevalence of Rheumatoid Arthritis and DMARDs Usage in Indian Population: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"T. Goud","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v15i3.4148","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by symmetric and erosive synovitis with extra-articular involvement in some cases. RA prevalence in India is 0.75%. The study is to estimate the prevalence of RA in the South Indian population and to determine the demographic characteristics such as gender, age, geographical locality, and usage of antirheumatic drugs. Methodology: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in 600 patients of both male and female at advance rheumatology center. The patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients who are suspected and diagnosed newly with RA, patients who are already with RA attending the rheumatoid center and are on therapy, and patients age equal to and above 16 years either gender are included in the study. Patients with other arthritic and immunologic problems such as osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, spondylosis, and osteoporosis were excluded from the study and patient’s age below 16 years are excluded from the study. Results: Among 600 patients presented to advance rheumatology center, 174 patients are identified with classical symptoms of RA, in those female and male patients are 132 and 42, respectively. The mean age of total patients is 45.51 ± 12.09. The estimated prevalence was found to be 0.29 or 29% (95% confidence interval is 0.25–0.33). Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (36.9%) are mostly prescribed. Conclusion: This study witnessed a rise in the prevalence of RA in South Indian population which gives alarming signals to the health authority and policymakers to increase the awareness on RA in India.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45406984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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