Objective: Lamotrigine (LMG) is the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class-II drug with hurdle in drug release and dissolution efficiency due to poor water solubility. The present investigation was aimed to improve the solubility and dissolution of LMG by crystal engineering by formation of cocrystals but which accidently turn toward eutectics formation. Methods: LMG was subjected to neat grinding with different Cocrystal Formers (CCF) to develop multicomponent crystalline system. The prepared multicomponent system was analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and Powder X-ray Diffraction reveals the formation of multicomponent system. Improved dissolution was interpreted by comparative drug release study of tablet formulation of unprocessed drug and eutectics. Results: There was unplanned formation of eutectics of LMGAscorbic acid (LMG-AA) that was observed with improved drug solubility. LMG-AA eutectics showed enhanced solubility (651.61 ± 1.02 μg/ml) in comparison with pure drug (161.46 ± 0.86 μg/ml) and all remaining multicomponent systems formed with other CCF’s. The LMG-AA eutectics showed comparatively better drug release than pure LMG tablet. LMG eutectics also showed significant improvement in flow properties and compressibility as compared to pure drug. Conclusion: Multicomponent LMG-AA eutectics although formed in unplanned way they effectively enhances the solubility of LMG serving the main purpose of the research work. It can be utilized efficiently for drug delivery due to its improved dissolution and better drug release.
{"title":"Accidental Formation of Eutectics during Crystal Engineering of Lamotrigine with Solubility Advantage and Drug Release Efficiency","authors":"Deepak Kulkarni","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3960","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3960","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Lamotrigine (LMG) is the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class-II drug with hurdle in drug release and dissolution efficiency due to poor water solubility. The present investigation was aimed to improve the solubility and dissolution of LMG by crystal engineering by formation of cocrystals but which accidently turn toward eutectics formation. Methods: LMG was subjected to neat grinding with different Cocrystal Formers (CCF) to develop multicomponent crystalline system. The prepared multicomponent system was analyzed by Differential Scanning Calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and Powder X-ray Diffraction reveals the formation of multicomponent system. Improved dissolution was interpreted by comparative drug release study of tablet formulation of unprocessed drug and eutectics. Results: There was unplanned formation of eutectics of LMGAscorbic acid (LMG-AA) that was observed with improved drug solubility. LMG-AA eutectics showed enhanced solubility (651.61 ± 1.02 μg/ml) in comparison with pure drug (161.46 ± 0.86 μg/ml) and all remaining multicomponent systems formed with other CCF’s. The LMG-AA eutectics showed comparatively better drug release than pure LMG tablet. LMG eutectics also showed significant improvement in flow properties and compressibility as compared to pure drug. Conclusion: Multicomponent LMG-AA eutectics although formed in unplanned way they effectively enhances the solubility of LMG serving the main purpose of the research work. It can be utilized efficiently for drug delivery due to its improved dissolution and better drug release.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41484422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) which produced very small and uniform emulsion droplets, resulting in enhanced solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble rosuvastatin (RST) calcium. Materials and Methods: The effects of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant on the drug solubility were assessed, and pseudoternary phase diagrams were plotted. Among the liquid SNEDDS formulations tested, the liquid SNEDDS composed of cinnamon oil (oil), Cremophor EL (surfactant), and transcutol P (cosurfactant) at a ratio of 2:1 (Smix) and 1:5 (oil:Smix) ratio, produced the smallest emulsion droplet size. The RST-loaded liquid SNEDDS formulation was assessed for the emulsion droplet size, solubility, and dissolution of the emulsified SNEDDS and compared to the pure drug. Different SNEDDS formulations of RST calcium were prepared by aqueous phase titration method. Selected formulations were characterized in terms of self-emulsification time, cloud point temperature, drug content, and particle size. Finally, selected SNEDDS (F1–F8) was subjected to in vitro dissolution/drug release studies. Results and Discussion: Droplet size of formulation F5 was found to be lowest as compared to other formulations. In vitro drug release studies showed 98.3% release of drug from optimized formulation, which was found to be much faster than marketed RST calcium. Conclusion: Thus, this novel SNEDDS developed represents a potentially powerful oral delivery system for RST calcium to enhance solubility and thereby bioavailability.
{"title":"Formulation and Evaluation of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems of Rosuvastatin Calcium","authors":"Madhuri Desavathu","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3939","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3939","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The objective of this study was to develop a novel self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) which produced very small and uniform emulsion droplets, resulting in enhanced solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble rosuvastatin (RST) calcium. Materials and Methods: The effects of oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant on the drug solubility were assessed, and pseudoternary phase diagrams were plotted. Among the liquid SNEDDS formulations tested, the liquid SNEDDS composed of cinnamon oil (oil), Cremophor EL (surfactant), and transcutol P (cosurfactant) at a ratio of 2:1 (Smix) and 1:5 (oil:Smix) ratio, produced the smallest emulsion droplet size. The RST-loaded liquid SNEDDS formulation was assessed for the emulsion droplet size, solubility, and dissolution of the emulsified SNEDDS and compared to the pure drug. Different SNEDDS formulations of RST calcium were prepared by aqueous phase titration method. Selected formulations were characterized in terms of self-emulsification time, cloud point temperature, drug content, and particle size. Finally, selected SNEDDS (F1–F8) was subjected to in vitro dissolution/drug release studies. Results and Discussion: Droplet size of formulation F5 was found to be lowest as compared to other formulations. In vitro drug release studies showed 98.3% release of drug from optimized formulation, which was found to be much faster than marketed RST calcium. Conclusion: Thus, this novel SNEDDS developed represents a potentially powerful oral delivery system for RST calcium to enhance solubility and thereby bioavailability.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"68329116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread all around the world. The progression from initial signs to a diagnosis of acute respiratory failure is usually related to spontaneous cytokine production. There is a growing need to classify appropriate medicines for treatment care. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine (CQ) is potential. However, CQ can lead to serious side effects. Various studies recommend hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have similar antiviral effect as of CQ and maybe a better therapeutic solution. Therefore, we aim to explore the mechanism by which HCQ can inhibit replication of coronavirus. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out using online databases from 2003 to 2020. Results: The obtained results showed that HCQ can inhibit viral replication and entry inside the cell through raising lysosomal pH and binding to specific receptors on the cells, thereby, preventing viral entry. Conclusion: HCQ has a better safety profile than CQ and also modulates cytokine syndrome. However, further studies are needed to explore this mechanism.
{"title":"Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Coronavirus Disease-19: The Real Savior or a False-positive Testament","authors":"M. Iqbal","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3936","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3936","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: A novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread all around the world. The progression from initial signs to a diagnosis of acute respiratory failure is usually related to spontaneous cytokine production. There is a growing need to classify appropriate medicines for treatment care. The inhibitory effect of chloroquine (CQ) is potential. However, CQ can lead to serious side effects. Various studies recommend hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have similar antiviral effect as of CQ and maybe a better therapeutic solution. Therefore, we aim to explore the mechanism by which HCQ can inhibit replication of coronavirus. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out using online databases from 2003 to 2020. Results: The obtained results showed that HCQ can inhibit viral replication and entry inside the cell through raising lysosomal pH and binding to specific receptors on the cells, thereby, preventing viral entry. Conclusion: HCQ has a better safety profile than CQ and also modulates cytokine syndrome. However, further studies are needed to explore this mechanism.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47903589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of technology in delivering health-care services in Saudi Arabia is a significant step to take. Several application systems were implemented now in Saudi Arabia and provide medical services. This paper explores the current practice of using technology in health-care delivery in Saudi Arabia and brought to light the impact of technologies in health-care delivery on patients and their reported barriers. This is a narrative review which was conducted of published articles as well as gray literature on the application of technology in delivering medical care. Studies that met the following criteria were included: Addressed a relevant aspect of technology in health-care delivery; written in English; published between 1994 and June 2020; qualitative and quantitative study designs, systematic reviews, and primary and secondary research. The findings reveal evidence that utilizing technologies in delivering health services in Saudi Arabia are growing; however, it remains low. It has been found that inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness of the importance of these technologies, shortage of professionals, lack of an information management plan, lacking a national plan for medical data exchange, and lacking a national regulator were among the main barriers. To achieve greater acceptance and use of technologies to deliver health-care services in our region, health workers should ensure that the services provided reflect as closely as possible local services and that social and religious culture is taken into account in the community. The findings of this study are also valuable for governments, organizations, and health policymakers to develop plans and policies to enhance the use of technology in delivering health-care services in Saudi Arabia.
{"title":"Current Practice of Using Technology in Health-care Delivery in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Solutions","authors":"N. Ahmed","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3935","url":null,"abstract":"The use of technology in delivering health-care services in Saudi Arabia is a significant step to take. Several application systems were implemented now in Saudi Arabia and provide medical services. This paper explores the current practice of using technology in health-care delivery in Saudi Arabia and brought to light the impact of technologies in health-care delivery on patients and their reported barriers. This is a narrative review which was conducted of published articles as well as gray literature on the application of technology in delivering medical care. Studies that met the following criteria were included: Addressed a relevant aspect of technology in health-care delivery; written in English; published between 1994 and June 2020; qualitative and quantitative study designs, systematic reviews, and primary and secondary research. The findings reveal evidence that utilizing technologies in delivering health services in Saudi Arabia are growing; however, it remains low. It has been found that inadequate infrastructure, lack of awareness of the importance of these technologies, shortage of professionals, lack of an information management plan, lacking a national plan for medical data exchange, and lacking a national regulator were among the main barriers. To achieve greater acceptance and use of technologies to deliver health-care services in our region, health workers should ensure that the services provided reflect as closely as possible local services and that social and religious culture is taken into account in the community. The findings of this study are also valuable for governments, organizations, and health policymakers to develop plans and policies to enhance the use of technology in delivering health-care services in Saudi Arabia.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45886207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Objective: The present study was aimed to screen the cytotoxic effect of thorn extracts of seven different plants. Methodology: The methanol extract of thorn of seven different plants were investigated for cytotoxic activity on Sf21 cell line using MTT (3-(4, 5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2 and 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. After exposure of the cell line at different concentrations to the plant extract (1.56–500 μg/mL), it was found that percentage of cell viability decreased in dose dependent manner. Results: The extract of Acacia ferruginea showed potential cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 92.15 μg/mL against Sf21 cell line. Among the studied plants Limonia aciddisima (L), Gymnosporia senegalensis (L), Acacia nilotica and Acacia catechu (L) extracts were exhibited lesser cytotoxic activity, whereas Acacia senegal, Aegel marmelos and Acacia ferruginea were exhibited maximum cytotoxic activity on the Sf21 cell line and these 3 plant extracts has shown potent IC50 value of 188.5 μg/mL, 307.6 μg/mL, 92.15 μg/mL respectively on Sf21 cell lines when compared to control Benzonitrile drug. It is clear from the study that Acacia ferruginea is more cytotoxic to Sf21 cell lines compared to other plant extracts. The GC–MS study of Acacia feruginea showed that it has 37 bioactive components, of which some of the bioactive compounds are methyl mannose (57.14), phenol (8.07), cyclopropane carboxylic acid, benzene-di-carboxylic acid (0.31), hydroxy gamma butyrolactone (0.38), gamma sitosterol (3.52), Hexacosanol (3.83), and stigmasterol (4.65). Conclusion: The bioactive components found in Acacia ferruginia are cytotoxic and insecticidal to other pest. It shows that thorn not only defends themselves against the herbivores, but the specialized bioactive presence also plays a major defensive role. Hence, some of the bioactive can be isolated, characterized, and be used as a potential herbicides.
{"title":"Evaluation of the Cytotoxic Effects of Thorn Extracts from Medicinal Plants on the sf21 Cell Line","authors":"H. Malathi","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3938","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3938","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The present study was aimed to screen the cytotoxic effect of thorn extracts of seven different plants. Methodology: The methanol extract of thorn of seven different plants were investigated for cytotoxic activity on Sf21 cell line using MTT (3-(4, 5-dimetylthiazol-2-yl)-2 and 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. After exposure of the cell line at different concentrations to the plant extract (1.56–500 μg/mL), it was found that percentage of cell viability decreased in dose dependent manner. Results: The extract of Acacia ferruginea showed potential cytotoxic activity with IC50 value of 92.15 μg/mL against Sf21 cell line. Among the studied plants Limonia aciddisima (L), Gymnosporia senegalensis (L), Acacia nilotica and Acacia catechu (L) extracts were exhibited lesser cytotoxic activity, whereas Acacia senegal, Aegel marmelos and Acacia ferruginea were exhibited maximum cytotoxic activity on the Sf21 cell line and these 3 plant extracts has shown potent IC50 value of 188.5 μg/mL, 307.6 μg/mL, 92.15 μg/mL respectively on Sf21 cell lines when compared to control Benzonitrile drug. It is clear from the study that Acacia ferruginea is more cytotoxic to Sf21 cell lines compared to other plant extracts. The GC–MS study of Acacia feruginea showed that it has 37 bioactive components, of which some of the bioactive compounds are methyl mannose (57.14), phenol (8.07), cyclopropane carboxylic acid, benzene-di-carboxylic acid (0.31), hydroxy gamma butyrolactone (0.38), gamma sitosterol (3.52), Hexacosanol (3.83), and stigmasterol (4.65). Conclusion: The bioactive components found in Acacia ferruginia are cytotoxic and insecticidal to other pest. It shows that thorn not only defends themselves against the herbivores, but the specialized bioactive presence also plays a major defensive role. Hence, some of the bioactive can be isolated, characterized, and be used as a potential herbicides.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43731025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Drug delivery systems have opened various doors to fulfill the requirements of chemotherapy. It improves therapeutic effects of already efficient molecules by delivering it to the targeted site. Research area achieved a high peak in the aspect of lipid-based nano-drug delivery system. Conventional oral therapy has various problems especially lower oral bioavailability of a drug. To overcome such problems, researcher found a way in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Newest form of medication carrier system, that is, SLN concept firstly introduced in December 1991. It is a system of medication carrier over the traditional colloidal carriers. It mainly includes nanoparticles ranges of spherical stable lipid cells, scattered in fluid surfactant. It includes of nanometer ranges of spherical stable lipid cells, which are often scattered in fluid surfactant arrangement or in water. The main issues raised in previous type of carrier systems are poor water soluble and under development; absolutely having low bioavailability. In this type we have to prepare medicine with physiologically well tolerated lipids is the main advantage of this system to achieve good therapeutic outcomes. Lipid-based nanoparticles are SLNs which has size in between 10 and 1000 nm. This review will focuses on SLNs and their applications in various aspects. Applications comprise targeted therapy in brain tumors. Along with this treatment of metastatic breast cancer can also achieve using SLNs.
{"title":"Solid Lipid Nanoparticles: A Trending Slant for Drug Delivery System","authors":"Sachin R. Hangargekar","doi":"10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3937","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/AJP.V15I1.3937","url":null,"abstract":"Drug delivery systems have opened various doors to fulfill the requirements of chemotherapy. It improves therapeutic effects of already efficient molecules by delivering it to the targeted site. Research area achieved a high peak in the aspect of lipid-based nano-drug delivery system. Conventional oral therapy has various problems especially lower oral bioavailability of a drug. To overcome such problems, researcher found a way in the form of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). Newest form of medication carrier system, that is, SLN concept firstly introduced in December 1991. It is a system of medication carrier over the traditional colloidal carriers. It mainly includes nanoparticles ranges of spherical stable lipid cells, scattered in fluid surfactant. It includes of nanometer ranges of spherical stable lipid cells, which are often scattered in fluid surfactant arrangement or in water. The main issues raised in previous type of carrier systems are poor water soluble and under development; absolutely having low bioavailability. In this type we have to prepare medicine with physiologically well tolerated lipids is the main advantage of this system to achieve good therapeutic outcomes. Lipid-based nanoparticles are SLNs which has size in between 10 and 1000 nm. This review will focuses on SLNs and their applications in various aspects. Applications comprise targeted therapy in brain tumors. Along with this treatment of metastatic breast cancer can also achieve using SLNs.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2021-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43995969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: A chitosan-coated liposomes of standardized Centella asiatica extract (CAE) was developed with the aim of improving the solubility of its phytoconstituents for the oral route with the intention to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and Methods: The CAE was obtained by the soxhletion process. The formulation was optimized using design-expert software, solvent evaporation, and ionotropic gelation method was adopted to prepare CAE liposome (CAEL) and chitosan-coated CAE liposomes (CCAEL), respectively. The prepared CCAEL was characterized for its vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index, drug content analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), in vitro drug release, in vitro antioxidant study, ex vivo permeation study, and stability study. Results and Discussion: The proper amalgamation of drug and chitosan-phospholipid mixture was confirmed by FTIR and DSC. The surface morphology of the prepared formulation was examined by TEM and AFM. The in vitro rate of drug release pattern was analyzed where CAE showed less rate of release of 35.34 ± 0.30% in about 10 h due to poor solubility, while approximately 58.6 ± 0.42% release was observed from optimized CCAEL. In vitro antioxidant study demonstrated that free radical scavenging activity of CAE was retained even after intricate it with the phospholipid, that is, % inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl at 50 μg/ml was found 73.84% whereas 74.4% CAE. In vitro intestinal study proved that the permeation rate increases due to the encapsulation of chitosan-phospholipid complex. Stability study showed that chitosan coated liposomes were stable due to compact chitosan coating layer. Conclusion: The outcome of the current study is quite encouraging, shows better solubility and permeability. Further detailed preclinical studies are required to be conducted to ensure better product development.
{"title":"Chitosan-coated Liposomes of Centella asiatica Extract: An In vitro Formulation Design for Oral Delivery","authors":"A. Dubey","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3837","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3837","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: A chitosan-coated liposomes of standardized Centella asiatica extract (CAE) was developed with the aim of improving the solubility of its phytoconstituents for the oral route with the intention to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Materials and Methods: The CAE was obtained by the soxhletion process. The formulation was optimized using design-expert software, solvent evaporation, and ionotropic gelation method was adopted to prepare CAE liposome (CAEL) and chitosan-coated CAE liposomes (CCAEL), respectively. The prepared CCAEL was characterized for its vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, polydispersity index, drug content analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), in vitro drug release, in vitro antioxidant study, ex vivo permeation study, and stability study. Results and Discussion: The proper amalgamation of drug and chitosan-phospholipid mixture was confirmed by FTIR and DSC. The surface morphology of the prepared formulation was examined by TEM and AFM. The in vitro rate of drug release pattern was analyzed where CAE showed less rate of release of 35.34 ± 0.30% in about 10 h due to poor solubility, while approximately 58.6 ± 0.42% release was observed from optimized CCAEL. In vitro antioxidant study demonstrated that free radical scavenging activity of CAE was retained even after intricate it with the phospholipid, that is, % inhibition of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl at 50 μg/ml was found 73.84% whereas 74.4% CAE. In vitro intestinal study proved that the permeation rate increases due to the encapsulation of chitosan-phospholipid complex. Stability study showed that chitosan coated liposomes were stable due to compact chitosan coating layer. Conclusion: The outcome of the current study is quite encouraging, shows better solubility and permeability. Further detailed preclinical studies are required to be conducted to ensure better product development.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45796387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes and the level of awareness of women in Saudi Arabia regarding breast self-examination and breast cancer. Females must conduct breast self-examination regularly to observe any changes in their breast. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective research that was conducted using a survey that was adapted from previously published studies conducted in Jordan and Northeast Nigeria. The questionnaire was validated by content validation and by face validation, and after that, the survey was prepared online using online electronic forms. Results: Approximately 95% of the respondents said that they are aware of breast cancer, mainly by social media (53.62%). The main risk factor of breast cancer, as reported by females, was family history (50.98%) followed by radiation exposure (35.04%). Change in the shape or size of the breast is the most common symptoms of breast cancer (66.93%). Moreover, 62.2 % of females stated that they heard about the self-examination but did not practice it. Conclusion: Although the females reported that their knowledge about breast cancer and self-examination was good, the majority did not practice breast self-examination. It is recommended to increase females’ awareness of breast cancer and self-examination by workshops, community services activities, and lectures.
{"title":"Awareness Level and Attitudes regarding Breast Self-Examination and Breast Cancer among Women in Saudi Arabia","authors":"N. Ahmed","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3828","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3828","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the attitudes and the level of awareness of women in Saudi Arabia regarding breast self-examination and breast cancer. Females must conduct breast self-examination regularly to observe any changes in their breast. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective research that was conducted using a survey that was adapted from previously published studies conducted in Jordan and Northeast Nigeria. The questionnaire was validated by content validation and by face validation, and after that, the survey was prepared online using online electronic forms. Results: Approximately 95% of the respondents said that they are aware of breast cancer, mainly by social media (53.62%). The main risk factor of breast cancer, as reported by females, was family history (50.98%) followed by radiation exposure (35.04%). Change in the shape or size of the breast is the most common symptoms of breast cancer (66.93%). Moreover, 62.2 % of females stated that they heard about the self-examination but did not practice it. Conclusion: Although the females reported that their knowledge about breast cancer and self-examination was good, the majority did not practice breast self-examination. It is recommended to increase females’ awareness of breast cancer and self-examination by workshops, community services activities, and lectures.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42365797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In our noble pharmaceutical field, polysaccharides were become an indispensable part during dosage form development for the last few decades. The matrix polysaccharides that were utilizing for dosage form were mostly hydrophilic in nature that gets swell and form a viscous gel-like mass upon contact with dissolution fluids or gastrointestinal fluids. The polymeric properties were successfully exploited in the development of novel polyelectrolyte complexes based multiparticulate delivery systems based on ionic gelation techniques. These complex systems have awaken as an emerging need to deliver the drug(s) into the target site of action for possible controlling and sustaining the drug release properties and thereby affecting the pharmacological responses other than those traditional dosage forms. Site-specific deliveries to the colon were confirmed for providing enzymatic digestion of those polysaccharides. Furthermore, in the present review, an attempt was made to describe the significance of the physicochemical properties of those polysaccharides for defining its possible mechanism of actions.
{"title":"Polysaccharides Based Novel and Controlled Released Multiparticulate Systems for Colon-specific Delivery: Contemporary Scenario and Future Prospects","authors":"S. Lanjhiyana","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3815","url":null,"abstract":"In our noble pharmaceutical field, polysaccharides were become an indispensable part during dosage form development for the last few decades. The matrix polysaccharides that were utilizing for dosage form were mostly hydrophilic in nature that gets swell and form a viscous gel-like mass upon contact with dissolution fluids or gastrointestinal fluids. The polymeric properties were successfully exploited in the development of novel polyelectrolyte complexes based multiparticulate delivery systems based on ionic gelation techniques. These complex systems have awaken as an emerging need to deliver the drug(s) into the target site of action for possible controlling and sustaining the drug release properties and thereby affecting the pharmacological responses other than those traditional dosage forms. Site-specific deliveries to the colon were confirmed for providing enzymatic digestion of those polysaccharides. Furthermore, in the present review, an attempt was made to describe the significance of the physicochemical properties of those polysaccharides for defining its possible mechanism of actions.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44871200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Introduction: Enhancement of the dissolution rate and solubility of drugs by cocrystals (Cs) may be negatively affected by the manufacturing variables and storage conditions; therefore, the physical and chemical stability of the tablets should be assessed to ensure the maintenance of the Cs’ properties. Objective: The objective of the study was to formulate atorvastatin calcium-cocrystals (ATC-Cs) into tablets and investigate the effect of storage conditions on drug and quality of the developed tablets. Materials and Methods: Five tablet formulations (F1-F5) were developed by direct compression using ATC-Cs prepared by solvent drop grinding and solvent evaporation method using 1:3 drug-coformer molar ratio, using glucosamine and nicotinamide as coformers. The physicochemical properties of the ATC-Cs, their physical mixtures, and the raw ATC, before and after storage were studied by Fourier-transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, and dissolution rate. Results: ATC proved to be stable in the Cs and the formulated tablets at 25°C and 40°C ± 2°C/75 RH and the results, never the less after 6-months at 40°C, partial dissociation of the prepared Cs occurred due to the weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the drug and the coformers. The tablets exhibited an enhanced dissolution rate, similar to the innovator Lipitor® and showed satisfactory results complying with the pharmacopeial specifications. Conclusion: The developed ATC-Cs were successfully incorporated into tablets. The prepared tablets showed good quality attributes upon storage. Among all the tablet formulations, F4 was the best in terms of the pre-compression and post-compression parameters.
{"title":"Atorvastatin Cocrystals: Tablet Formulation and Stability","authors":"A. Nada","doi":"10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v14i4.3825","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Enhancement of the dissolution rate and solubility of drugs by cocrystals (Cs) may be negatively affected by the manufacturing variables and storage conditions; therefore, the physical and chemical stability of the tablets should be assessed to ensure the maintenance of the Cs’ properties. Objective: The objective of the study was to formulate atorvastatin calcium-cocrystals (ATC-Cs) into tablets and investigate the effect of storage conditions on drug and quality of the developed tablets. Materials and Methods: Five tablet formulations (F1-F5) were developed by direct compression using ATC-Cs prepared by solvent drop grinding and solvent evaporation method using 1:3 drug-coformer molar ratio, using glucosamine and nicotinamide as coformers. The physicochemical properties of the ATC-Cs, their physical mixtures, and the raw ATC, before and after storage were studied by Fourier-transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffraction, gas chromatography-mass spectrometer, scanning electron microscopy, and dissolution rate. Results: ATC proved to be stable in the Cs and the formulated tablets at 25°C and 40°C ± 2°C/75 RH and the results, never the less after 6-months at 40°C, partial dissociation of the prepared Cs occurred due to the weak intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the drug and the coformers. The tablets exhibited an enhanced dissolution rate, similar to the innovator Lipitor® and showed satisfactory results complying with the pharmacopeial specifications. Conclusion: The developed ATC-Cs were successfully incorporated into tablets. The prepared tablets showed good quality attributes upon storage. Among all the tablet formulations, F4 was the best in terms of the pre-compression and post-compression parameters.","PeriodicalId":8489,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4,"publicationDate":"2020-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47568472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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