H. Sulistyo, E. Huda, T. Utami, W. B. Sediawan, S. S. Rahayu, M. M. Azis
Glycerol, as a by-product of biodiesel production, has recently increased due to the rapid growth of the biodiesel industry. Glycerol utilization is needed to increase the added value of glycerol. Glycerol can be converted to solketal, which can be used as a green fuel additive to enhance an octane or cetane number. Conversion of glycerol to solketal was conducted via acetalization reaction with acetone using amberlyst-15 as the catalyst. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of some operation conditions on glycerol conversion. Furthermore, it also aimed to develop a kinetic model of solketal synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor, equipped with cooling water, thermometer, stirrer, and a water bath. The variables that have been investigated in the present work were reaction temperature, reactants molar ratio, catalyst loading, and stirrer speed for 3 hours of reaction time. Temperatures, reactants molar ratio, and stirrer speed appeared to have a significant impact on glycerol conversion, where the higher values led to higher conversion. On the other hand, in the presence of catalyst, the increase of catalyst loading has a less significant impact on glycerol conversion. The results showed that the highest glycerol conversion was 68.75%, which was obtained at 333 K, the reactant’s molar ratio was 4, the amount of catalyst was 1 wt%, and stirrer speed of 500 rpm. Based on the pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model, the resulting kinetic model suitable for this glycerol capitalization. The value of parameters k and Ea were 1.6135 10 8 min -1 and 62.226 kJ mol -1 ,respectively. The simulation model generally fits the experimental data reasonably well in the temperature range of 313-333 K.
{"title":"Solketal Production by Glycerol Acetalization Using Amberlyst-15 Catalyst","authors":"H. Sulistyo, E. Huda, T. Utami, W. B. Sediawan, S. S. Rahayu, M. M. Azis","doi":"10.22146/ajche.52455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.52455","url":null,"abstract":"Glycerol, as a by-product of biodiesel production, has recently increased due to the rapid growth of the biodiesel industry. Glycerol utilization is needed to increase the added value of glycerol. Glycerol can be converted to solketal, which can be used as a green fuel additive to enhance an octane or cetane number. Conversion of glycerol to solketal was conducted via acetalization reaction with acetone using amberlyst-15 as the catalyst. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of some operation conditions on glycerol conversion. Furthermore, it also aimed to develop a kinetic model of solketal synthesis with amberlyst-15 resins. The experiment was conducted in a batch reactor, equipped with cooling water, thermometer, stirrer, and a water bath. The variables that have been investigated in the present work were reaction temperature, reactants molar ratio, catalyst loading, and stirrer speed for 3 hours of reaction time. Temperatures, reactants molar ratio, and stirrer speed appeared to have a significant impact on glycerol conversion, where the higher values led to higher conversion. On the other hand, in the presence of catalyst, the increase of catalyst loading has a less significant impact on glycerol conversion. The results showed that the highest glycerol conversion was 68.75%, which was obtained at 333 K, the reactant’s molar ratio was 4, the amount of catalyst was 1 wt%, and stirrer speed of 500 rpm. Based on the pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model, the resulting kinetic model suitable for this glycerol capitalization. The value of parameters k and Ea were 1.6135 10 8 min -1 and 62.226 kJ mol -1 ,respectively. The simulation model generally fits the experimental data reasonably well in the temperature range of 313-333 K.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44238873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cellulose sponge was fabricated by regenerating cellulose from a xanthate solution. The solution, which contained sodium phosphate particles as a template to create sponge porosity, was dried at 55, 65, 75 and 85 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Mass transfer during the initial and last stages of drying was controlled in terms of temperature and concentration differences, respectively. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the mass transfer coefficient were -51,841.947 kJ mol -1 and 7.26×10 9 m -2 h -1 , respectively. Regenerated cellulose contained a crystalline type of cellulose II, and the crystallinity was independent of drying conditions. At a low drying temperature (T≤55 °C) and short drying period (t≤2h), the cellulose was unregenerated. At higher temperatures and longer drying periods, no relationship between temperature and physical strength was observed. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was added to the xanthate solution at a ratio of 1:100 of CNF to linter cellulose for xanthation; however, this did not affect the physical strength of the cellulose sponge for both mechanically and chemically fabricated CNF.
{"title":"Fabrication of Cellulose Sponge: Effects of Drying Process and Cellulose Nanofiber Deposition on the Physical Strength","authors":"A. Halim, Yinchao Xu, T. Enomae","doi":"10.22146/ajche.51313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.51313","url":null,"abstract":"Cellulose sponge was fabricated by regenerating cellulose from a xanthate solution. The solution, which contained sodium phosphate particles as a template to create sponge porosity, was dried at 55, 65, 75 and 85 °C for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h. Mass transfer during the initial and last stages of drying was controlled in terms of temperature and concentration differences, respectively. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the mass transfer coefficient were -51,841.947 kJ mol -1 and 7.26×10 9 m -2 h -1 , respectively. Regenerated cellulose contained a crystalline type of cellulose II, and the crystallinity was independent of drying conditions. At a low drying temperature (T≤55 °C) and short drying period (t≤2h), the cellulose was unregenerated. At higher temperatures and longer drying periods, no relationship between temperature and physical strength was observed. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) was added to the xanthate solution at a ratio of 1:100 of CNF to linter cellulose for xanthation; however, this did not affect the physical strength of the cellulose sponge for both mechanically and chemically fabricated CNF.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46850159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Rajin, Asiah binti Zulkifli, S. Abang, S. Anissuzzaman, A. Kamaruddin
Racemic metoprolol is a selective ß1-blocker, which is used in cardiovascular disease treatment. It has been found that (S)-metoprolol has a higher affinity to bind the ß-adrenergic receptor compared to (R)-metoprolol. Moreover, the regulatory authorities’ high market demand and guidelines have increased the preference for single enantiomer drugs. In this work, the lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic metoprolol was performed to obtain the desired enantiomer. The type of lipase, acyl donor, and solvent were screened out. This was achieved by Candida antarctica B lipase-catalyzed transesterification of racemic metoprolol in hexane and vinyl acetate as the solvent and an acyl donor, which gave maximum conversion of (S)-metoprolol (XS) of 52%, enantiomeric excess of substrate, (ees) of 92% and product (eeP) of 90% with enantiomeric ratio (E) of 62. This method can be considered as green chemistry, which can be applied to produce other enantiopure beta-blockers.
{"title":"Effect of Reaction Parameters on the Lipase-Catalyzed Kinetic Resolution of (RS )-Metoprolol","authors":"M. Rajin, Asiah binti Zulkifli, S. Abang, S. Anissuzzaman, A. Kamaruddin","doi":"10.22146/ajche.51857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.51857","url":null,"abstract":"Racemic metoprolol is a selective ß1-blocker, which is used in cardiovascular disease treatment. It has been found that (S)-metoprolol has a higher affinity to bind the ß-adrenergic receptor compared to (R)-metoprolol. Moreover, the regulatory authorities’ high market demand and guidelines have increased the preference for single enantiomer drugs. In this work, the lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of racemic metoprolol was performed to obtain the desired enantiomer. The type of lipase, acyl donor, and solvent were screened out. This was achieved by Candida antarctica B lipase-catalyzed transesterification of racemic metoprolol in hexane and vinyl acetate as the solvent and an acyl donor, which gave maximum conversion of (S)-metoprolol (XS) of 52%, enantiomeric excess of substrate, (ees) of 92% and product (eeP) of 90% with enantiomeric ratio (E) of 62. This method can be considered as green chemistry, which can be applied to produce other enantiopure beta-blockers.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47089248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The release of pesticides into the environment has increased , and there is a lack of monitoring of these contaminants. Since the conventional methods of monitoring these contaminants are compl icated , costly and time - consuming, mechanisms based on ace t ylcholinesterase inhibition have emerged as simple and rapid tools for such applications. However, the acetylcholinesterase ’s effectiveness as a sensing element in such biosensor systems depend s on the conditions selected to measure acetylcholinesterase activity and the concentration of substrate or inhibitor, which in turn affect the reaction rates. Therefore, i n the present work, the factors affecting the acetylcholinesterase activity were investigated and inhibition experiments were carried out to evaluate the kinetic parameters. The inhibition rate constant for acetylcholinesterase K i was found to be 1.9 ppm. The kinetic parameter K m was found to be 3.8mM and V max was found to be 1.3µM/min from the Eadie-Hofstee plot. The kinetic study using Lineweaver-Burk method showed mixed type of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with carbofuran.
{"title":"Kinetic Evaluation of the Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase for use as a biosensor","authors":"R. Bhuvanagayathri, D. K. Daniel, G. Nirmala","doi":"10.22146/ajche.56709","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.56709","url":null,"abstract":"The release of pesticides into the environment has increased , and there is a lack of monitoring of these contaminants. Since the conventional methods of monitoring these contaminants are compl icated , costly and time - consuming, mechanisms based on ace t ylcholinesterase inhibition have emerged as simple and rapid tools for such applications. However, the acetylcholinesterase ’s effectiveness as a sensing element in such biosensor systems depend s on the conditions selected to measure acetylcholinesterase activity and the concentration of substrate or inhibitor, which in turn affect the reaction rates. Therefore, i n the present work, the factors affecting the acetylcholinesterase activity were investigated and inhibition experiments were carried out to evaluate the kinetic parameters. The inhibition rate constant for acetylcholinesterase K i was found to be 1.9 ppm. The kinetic parameter K m was found to be 3.8mM and V max was found to be 1.3µM/min from the Eadie-Hofstee plot. The kinetic study using Lineweaver-Burk method showed mixed type of inhibition of acetylcholinesterase with carbofuran.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"20 1","pages":"99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48454947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ika Kurniaty, R. A. Nugrahani, F. Sari, Wenny Diah Rusanti, H. Wibowo
Indonesia is endowed with an immense biodiversity that can be used as protein sources. One of these is Moringa oleifera tree that is locally known as Kelor. The seeds of this plant can be used as a protein source, an effective coagulant for water purification, a natural absorbent, and an antimicrobial treatment. Kelor seeds are known to contain fibers, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. The objectives of this study were to identify the optimal solution concentration, determine the yield percentage, and determine the optimal protein content from hydrolytic processes of Moringa seed extraction using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). The hydrolysis took place for 30 minutes at 60 o C. The proteins extracted from Moringa seeds were identified with biuret and Braford tests. The NaOH extractions resulted in the highest yield of 12.1% and protein content of 0.43% with 2% NaOH. Whereas those of HCl produced the highest yield of 11.1% and protein content of 9.63% with 1% HCl.
{"title":"Hydrolytic Process of Proteins in Moringa oleifera Seeds in Varied Concentrations of Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrochloric Acid","authors":"Ika Kurniaty, R. A. Nugrahani, F. Sari, Wenny Diah Rusanti, H. Wibowo","doi":"10.22146/ajche.50383","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50383","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia is endowed with an immense biodiversity that can be used as protein sources. One of these is Moringa oleifera tree that is locally known as Kelor. The seeds of this plant can be used as a protein source, an effective coagulant for water purification, a natural absorbent, and an antimicrobial treatment. Kelor seeds are known to contain fibers, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins. The objectives of this study were to identify the optimal solution concentration, determine the yield percentage, and determine the optimal protein content from hydrolytic processes of Moringa seed extraction using Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) and Hydrochloric Acid (HCl). The hydrolysis took place for 30 minutes at 60 o C. The proteins extracted from Moringa seeds were identified with biuret and Braford tests. The NaOH extractions resulted in the highest yield of 12.1% and protein content of 0.43% with 2% NaOH. Whereas those of HCl produced the highest yield of 11.1% and protein content of 9.63% with 1% HCl.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"147-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48029048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Material quality can be affected by humidity resulting in short durability. Many observations have been conducted to endure the durability of material, such as coating methods. However, recent methods are unaffordable. Therefore, this paper observes efficient and effective method to prepare superhydrophobic silica coatings derived from geothermal waste. The method was conducted by spraying. The objective of this paper is to observe optimum condition by using variables of silica concentration, TMCS (trimethylsilyl chloride) concentration, solvents and materials confirmed by contact angle of material based on statistical analysis. The study consisted of silica treatment for purification and preparation of superhydrophobic silica coatings. The study was carried out in factorial design of 81 experiments with one-time replication through Design Expert software (version 8.0.6). Based on previous research, the experiment was obtained optimum condition at 5.5 %w/v, 13 %v/v, isooctane, zinc coated for silica concentration, TMCS concentration, solvent and material, respectively, releasing contact angle by instrumentation of 180°. By ANOVA analysis, it was also complied the optimum condition of the superhydrophobic coating solution preparation achieved the same condition with experimental data releasing contact angle of 179.69°.
{"title":"Statistical Approaching for Superhydrophobic Coating Preparation using Silica Derived from Geothermal Solid Waste","authors":"S. Silviana, A. Darmawan, A. Subagio, F. Dalanta","doi":"10.22146/ajche.51178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.51178","url":null,"abstract":"Material quality can be affected by humidity resulting in short durability. Many observations have been conducted to endure the durability of material, such as coating methods. However, recent methods are unaffordable. Therefore, this paper observes efficient and effective method to prepare superhydrophobic silica coatings derived from geothermal waste. The method was conducted by spraying. The objective of this paper is to observe optimum condition by using variables of silica concentration, TMCS (trimethylsilyl chloride) concentration, solvents and materials confirmed by contact angle of material based on statistical analysis. The study consisted of silica treatment for purification and preparation of superhydrophobic silica coatings. The study was carried out in factorial design of 81 experiments with one-time replication through Design Expert software (version 8.0.6). Based on previous research, the experiment was obtained optimum condition at 5.5 %w/v, 13 %v/v, isooctane, zinc coated for silica concentration, TMCS concentration, solvent and material, respectively, releasing contact angle by instrumentation of 180°. By ANOVA analysis, it was also complied the optimum condition of the superhydrophobic coating solution preparation achieved the same condition with experimental data releasing contact angle of 179.69°.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"91-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41562859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. is a species of the Myrtaceae family and has been widely used by people of Bangka Belitung as a traditional medicine to reduce cholesterol, gastric pains, and improve cardiac performance. Extraction methods are the crucial efficacy of herbal medicine. The conventional method, like maceration, takes a long time. In this study, the leaves of Tristaniopsis merguensis were extracted using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) to reduce extraction time. The extraction using MARS (Microwave Accelerated Reaction System) 6 by CEM Corporation with time variation times of 5, 10, 15, 30 min with temperature of 60, 80, 100oC at 1200 W. The yield using acetone extraction of Tristaniopsis merguensis leaves increases with time and temperature. The extraction dependent on solvent extraction, polar solvent like ethanol, and methanol were higher than semi-polar solvents like acetone and ethyl acetate. The polyphenol content of acetone extract using MAE (10 min, 80oC) was found to be 234.67 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram (GAE/g); it was higher than acetone extract using maceration. The phytochemical results show there are no difference in the active compound using MAE and maceration, i.e. alkaloids, tannin, and flavonoids. Yield extraction, time, and phytochemical results of MAE are more favorable than a maceration.
{"title":"Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Polyphenol Content from Leaves of Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.","authors":"R. G. Mahardika, O. Roanisca","doi":"10.22146/ajche.50448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50448","url":null,"abstract":"Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff. is a species of the Myrtaceae family and has been widely used by people of Bangka Belitung as a traditional medicine to reduce cholesterol, gastric pains, and improve cardiac performance. Extraction methods are the crucial efficacy of herbal medicine. The conventional method, like maceration, takes a long time. In this study, the leaves of Tristaniopsis merguensis were extracted using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) to reduce extraction time. The extraction using MARS (Microwave Accelerated Reaction System) 6 by CEM Corporation with time variation times of 5, 10, 15, 30 min with temperature of 60, 80, 100oC at 1200 W. The yield using acetone extraction of Tristaniopsis merguensis leaves increases with time and temperature. The extraction dependent on solvent extraction, polar solvent like ethanol, and methanol were higher than semi-polar solvents like acetone and ethyl acetate. The polyphenol content of acetone extract using MAE (10 min, 80oC) was found to be 234.67 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent per gram (GAE/g); it was higher than acetone extract using maceration. The phytochemical results show there are no difference in the active compound using MAE and maceration, i.e. alkaloids, tannin, and flavonoids. Yield extraction, time, and phytochemical results of MAE are more favorable than a maceration.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48174185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recycling of surfactant template for several subsequent MCM-41 synthesis is necessary to reduce substantial synthesis solution disposal. In MCM-41 synthesis, ethanol concentration and template ion exchange agent are two significant factors that affect the silicate polymerization, solvating effect on micelles formation, and MCM-41 mesostructure formation. In view of that, this study investigates recycling of surfactant template ions in extract solution in Mobil Crystalline Material 41 (MCM-41) synthesis. Effect of the ethanol concentrations in the solution gel and the types of ion exchange agents on the yield of MCM-41 material and its surface morphology were studied. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as template for MCM-41 synthesis using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica reagent with ethanol-water mixture as solvent at different ethanol concentrations. Template ions of synthesis gel was exchanged with an ion exchange agent (i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or ammonium nitrate) before it is extracted using synthesis solution. After extraction, the extracting solution was added with TEOS, used for second synthesis cycle and the process continued in an extraction. The template ions in the extract solution were further recycled up to eight synthesis cycles. Yield of calcined materials significantly influenced by ethanol solvent concentrations and however did not vary with various ion exchange agents. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms showed that the calcined materials exhibit MCM-41 characteristics with surface areas ranging from 600 – 1000 m 2 /g. It is possible to recycle and reuse the surfactant template for several subsequent times of preparing MCM-41 if the ethanol concentration in the solution gel controlled continuously.
为了减少大量的合成溶液的处理，在后续的几次MCM-41合成中有必要回收表面活性剂模板。在MCM-41的合成过程中，乙醇浓度和模板离子交换剂是影响硅酸盐聚合、溶剂化作用对胶束形成和MCM-41介观结构形成的两个重要因素。鉴于此，本研究对美孚晶体材料41 (Mobil Crystalline Material 41, MCM-41)的合成过程中萃取液中表面活性剂模板离子的回收利用进行了研究。研究了溶液凝胶中乙醇浓度和离子交换剂种类对MCM-41材料收率和表面形貌的影响。以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂，四乙基硅酸盐(TEOS)为二氧化硅试剂，乙醇-水混合物为溶剂，在不同乙醇浓度下合成MCM-41。合成凝胶模板离子与离子交换剂(1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯或硝酸铵)交换后，用合成液提取。提取后，在提取液中加入正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)，进行第二轮合成，继续提取。萃取液中的模板离子可进一步循环使用达8个合成周期。乙醇溶剂浓度对煅烧产物收率有显著影响，而不同的离子交换剂对煅烧产物收率无显著影响。氮吸附等温线表明，煅烧后的材料具有MCM-41特征，比表面积在600 ~ 1000 m2 /g之间。在连续控制溶液中乙醇浓度的条件下，表面活性剂模板可以在后续制备MCM-41的多次循环使用。
{"title":"Influence of Ethanol Concentration and Template Ion Exchange Agent on Template Recycling in Mobil Crystalline Material 41 (MCM-41) Synthesis","authors":"J. Lai, L. Ngu, F. Twaiq","doi":"10.22146/ajche.50691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50691","url":null,"abstract":"Recycling of surfactant template for several subsequent MCM-41 synthesis is necessary to reduce substantial synthesis solution disposal. In MCM-41 synthesis, ethanol concentration and template ion exchange agent are two significant factors that affect the silicate polymerization, solvating effect on micelles formation, and MCM-41 mesostructure formation. In view of that, this study investigates recycling of surfactant template ions in extract solution in Mobil Crystalline Material 41 (MCM-41) synthesis. Effect of the ethanol concentrations in the solution gel and the types of ion exchange agents on the yield of MCM-41 material and its surface morphology were studied. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide was used as template for MCM-41 synthesis using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as silica reagent with ethanol-water mixture as solvent at different ethanol concentrations. Template ions of synthesis gel was exchanged with an ion exchange agent (i.e., 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride or ammonium nitrate) before it is extracted using synthesis solution. After extraction, the extracting solution was added with TEOS, used for second synthesis cycle and the process continued in an extraction. The template ions in the extract solution were further recycled up to eight synthesis cycles. Yield of calcined materials significantly influenced by ethanol solvent concentrations and however did not vary with various ion exchange agents. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms showed that the calcined materials exhibit MCM-41 characteristics with surface areas ranging from 600 – 1000 m 2 /g. It is possible to recycle and reuse the surfactant template for several subsequent times of preparing MCM-41 if the ethanol concentration in the solution gel controlled continuously.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"130-146"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42135533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Machmudah, D. Setyorini, S. Winardi, W. Wahyudiono, H. Kanda
In this work, Ganoderma lucidum ( G. lucidum ) extract was produced in microparticles form by electrospraying. G. lucidum was extracted hydrothermally at temperature of 160 o C and pressure of 7 MPa. The extract solution was subsequently mixed with 6% of Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and formed into microparticles by electrospraying process. The electrospraying was carried out at applied voltage of 12, 14, and 16 kV, and the distance between syringe tip and electrospun collector of 8, 10, and 12 cm. The microparticles formed was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectrofotometer. The antioxidant efficiency of particles was also analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Based on the SEM analysis, the G. lucidum extract (GLE) – PVP spherical particles were formed by electrospraying. The finer fibres were clearly formed with the increasing applied voltage. The results showed that applied voltage and distance of tip to electrospun collector significantly influence the antioxidant efficiency and the diameter size of particles. The antioxidant efficiency increased with the rising applied voltage and gap of tip to electrospun collector, while the particle diameter decreased with the rising applied voltage and gap of tip to electrospun collector due to fast mass transfer and evaporation. The largest antioxidant efficiency of particles was 0.377/min obtained at 16 kV and 12 cm. It indicated that electrospraying is an effective process to produce pharmaceutical compounds in powder form.
{"title":"Microparticles Formation of Ganoderma lucidum Extract by Electrospraying Method","authors":"S. Machmudah, D. Setyorini, S. Winardi, W. Wahyudiono, H. Kanda","doi":"10.22146/ajche.52004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.52004","url":null,"abstract":"In this work, Ganoderma lucidum ( G. lucidum ) extract was produced in microparticles form by electrospraying. G. lucidum was extracted hydrothermally at temperature of 160 o C and pressure of 7 MPa. The extract solution was subsequently mixed with 6% of Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) and formed into microparticles by electrospraying process. The electrospraying was carried out at applied voltage of 12, 14, and 16 kV, and the distance between syringe tip and electrospun collector of 8, 10, and 12 cm. The microparticles formed was analyzed using scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and UV-Vis spectrofotometer. The antioxidant efficiency of particles was also analyzed by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Based on the SEM analysis, the G. lucidum extract (GLE) – PVP spherical particles were formed by electrospraying. The finer fibres were clearly formed with the increasing applied voltage. The results showed that applied voltage and distance of tip to electrospun collector significantly influence the antioxidant efficiency and the diameter size of particles. The antioxidant efficiency increased with the rising applied voltage and gap of tip to electrospun collector, while the particle diameter decreased with the rising applied voltage and gap of tip to electrospun collector due to fast mass transfer and evaporation. The largest antioxidant efficiency of particles was 0.377/min obtained at 16 kV and 12 cm. It indicated that electrospraying is an effective process to produce pharmaceutical compounds in powder form.","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"74-82"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43605265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dyeing industry is one of the fast-growing industries but at the same time has also brought us a big issue on environment pollution. Adsorption processes is the most effective method in dye removal compared to other methods of wastewater treatment. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in utilizing clay material such as kaolinite as an adsorbent to remove not only inorganic but also organic molecules. In this study, composite of kaolin-sodium alginate (SA) beads was synthesized by varying the weight of kaolin from 0.5 g to 2 g. XRD, FTIR, and surface area analyses were used to characterize the kaolin; while FTIR was used to characterize the composite where the functional groups of kaolin and SA are existing. The amount of 1 g kaolin in SA could improve the adsorption of methylene blue up to 78% of removal after 8 hours. The adsorption model fits pseudo second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm
{"title":"Composite of Kaolin/Sodium Alginate (SA) Beads for Methylene Blue Adsorption","authors":"I. Ge, M. W. Nugraha, N. Kamal, N. S. Sambudi","doi":"10.22146/ajche.51457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.51457","url":null,"abstract":"Dyeing industry is one of the fast-growing industries but at the same time has also brought us a big issue on environment pollution. Adsorption processes is the most effective method in dye removal compared to other methods of wastewater treatment. In recent years, there is an increasing interest in utilizing clay material such as kaolinite as an adsorbent to remove not only inorganic but also organic molecules. In this study, composite of kaolin-sodium alginate (SA) beads was synthesized by varying the weight of kaolin from 0.5 g to 2 g. XRD, FTIR, and surface area analyses were used to characterize the kaolin; while FTIR was used to characterize the composite where the functional groups of kaolin and SA are existing. The amount of 1 g kaolin in SA could improve the adsorption of methylene blue up to 78% of removal after 8 hours. The adsorption model fits pseudo second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm","PeriodicalId":8490,"journal":{"name":"ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering","volume":"19 1","pages":"100-109"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42945630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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