Pub Date : 2021-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622X.71.17464
Ayman M Al-Qaaneh, Fuad H. Al-Ghamdi
COVID-19, as a newly emerged pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), attacked almost 17 million patients with more than 668 thousand fatalities (8%) as of today July 30, 2020 (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map. html), Created a significant strain on the pharmaceutical industries as well as pharmaceutical supply chains in terms of drug availability and delivery to the requested countries. This stain referred to many reasons, including but not a limited to; the Vast number of patients in a short period that increased demands, locked-down strategies adopted by some countries as a precautionary measure which limited the drug Import/Export process, shifting some pharmaceutical manufacturers their production lines to produce certain drugs in high demands, e.g., Intensive care and different antiviral drugs.
{"title":"Extemporaneous preparation as the last resort for drug shortage during covid-19 pandemic-lessons learned","authors":"Ayman M Al-Qaaneh, Fuad H. Al-Ghamdi","doi":"10.35841/2249-622X.71.17464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622X.71.17464","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19, as a newly emerged pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), attacked almost 17 million patients with more than 668 thousand fatalities (8%) as of today July 30, 2020 (https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map. html), Created a significant strain on the pharmaceutical industries as well as pharmaceutical supply chains in terms of drug availability and delivery to the requested countries. This stain referred to many reasons, including but not a limited to; the Vast number of patients in a short period that increased demands, locked-down strategies adopted by some countries as a precautionary measure which limited the drug Import/Export process, shifting some pharmaceutical manufacturers their production lines to produce certain drugs in high demands, e.g., Intensive care and different antiviral drugs.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"45 1","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86243822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622X.69.5059
M. Obaji, I. Enweani, A. Oli
Background: Traditionally, diarrhoea in our locality has often been managed using herbs. Multi-drugresistant organisms refer tomicrobes that areresistant to the effects of antimicrobial drugs to which they were previously susceptible at therapeutic range. Objectives: This study investigates the combined effects of Alchornea cordifolia and Pterocarpus santalinoides leaves extracts against selected multi-drug resistant diarrhoegenic bacteria. Methods: Fresh plant seeds were collected from the plants, shade-dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Antibacterial activities of these plants were investigated using agarwell diffusion assay. The MIC and FIC of the extracts against test isolates were determined using agar well diffusion method and checkerboard assay respectively. The bactericidal effects of the extracts against the isolates were evaluated using Time-Kill Assay. Results: MIC values of methanolic extracts against drug resistant strains of Salmonella typhi , Shigella dysenteriae , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureusranges from 6.25 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL. The combination of Alchornea cordifolia and Pterocarpus santalinoides extracts showed synergy at 8:2 and 4:6 combinations against S. aureus, Salmonella typhi and E. coli; at 7:3 combinations against E. coli ; at 6:4 and 3:7 combinations against S. aureus, Salmonella typhi , S. dysenteriae ; at 5:5 combinations against all the test isolates; at 2:8 combinations against S. aureus , S. dysenteriae and E. coli but additive against Salmonella organisms; at 1:9 combinations against S. aureus and Salmonella organism. Conclusion: The methanol extracts of the plants at combinations 5:5 is synergistic against all the tested multi-drug resistant diarrhoegenic bacteria. Combination of Salmonellaand A. cordifolia showed potentials of synergism against the test isolates. The detection of synergy suggests presence of antibiotic resistance modifying compounds in those extracts.
{"title":"A unique combination of Alchornea cordifolia and Pterocarpus santalinoides in the management of multi-drug resistant diarrhoegenic bacterial infection.","authors":"M. Obaji, I. Enweani, A. Oli","doi":"10.35841/2249-622X.69.5059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622X.69.5059","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Traditionally, diarrhoea in our locality has often been managed using herbs. Multi-drugresistant organisms refer tomicrobes that areresistant to the effects of antimicrobial drugs to which they were previously susceptible at therapeutic range. Objectives: This study investigates the combined effects of Alchornea cordifolia and Pterocarpus santalinoides leaves extracts against selected multi-drug resistant diarrhoegenic bacteria. Methods: Fresh plant seeds were collected from the plants, shade-dried, pulverized and extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet apparatus. Antibacterial activities of these plants were investigated using agarwell diffusion assay. The MIC and FIC of the extracts against test isolates were determined using agar well diffusion method and checkerboard assay respectively. The bactericidal effects of the extracts against the isolates were evaluated using Time-Kill Assay. Results: MIC values of methanolic extracts against drug resistant strains of Salmonella typhi , Shigella dysenteriae , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureusranges from 6.25 µg/mL to 12.5 µg/mL. The combination of Alchornea cordifolia and Pterocarpus santalinoides extracts showed synergy at 8:2 and 4:6 combinations against S. aureus, Salmonella typhi and E. coli; at 7:3 combinations against E. coli ; at 6:4 and 3:7 combinations against S. aureus, Salmonella typhi , S. dysenteriae ; at 5:5 combinations against all the test isolates; at 2:8 combinations against S. aureus , S. dysenteriae and E. coli but additive against Salmonella organisms; at 1:9 combinations against S. aureus and Salmonella organism. Conclusion: The methanol extracts of the plants at combinations 5:5 is synergistic against all the tested multi-drug resistant diarrhoegenic bacteria. Combination of Salmonellaand A. cordifolia showed potentials of synergism against the test isolates. The detection of synergy suggests presence of antibiotic resistance modifying compounds in those extracts.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"13 1","pages":"10-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72928520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The healing effect of the aqueous extract and ointment at 4 and 8 g/kg doses of Ageratum conyzoides Linn. on tracing and excision-induced wounds in the Wistar rat was the subject of our study. We used the classical tests described by some authors to carry out pharmacological work and organoleptic and toxicological analyses of the extract and formulation of this plant. The results, derived from this methodology, show that this ointment is homogeneous, weakly aromatic and acidic (pH : 5,6), rich in dissolved and mineral substances, no lethality was observed up to the dose of 3200 mg/kg in acute. Also, the aqueous extract of this plant has an abundance of Flavonoids. In addition, the healing effect of Ageratum conyzoides L. ointment was evaluated on deep wounds in Wistar rats. The planimetry results and measurements made over twentysix (26) days proved that the ointment at 4 and 8 g/rat weight; Madecassol® at 400 mg/kg (reference product) significantly reduced the mean area of the deep wounds in Wistar rats compared to the negative controls. In addition, the aqueous extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. at the dose of 5,5 ml/kg administered in vitro on cell model wounds created by scraping the cell web, significantly reduces the wound in 24 hours. In addition, at the dose of 11 ml/kg this scarring is complete, there is no visible wound trace. This reflects the presence of a cell thrust at the level of the scratch compared to the control lot, whose wound remained almost gaping. Thus, are confirmed the data of literature and traditional medicine on spa summarized efficacy.
As we know that COVID-19 is a transferable disease initiated by a newly discovered virus called corona virus. This cause fever and common cold to more severe diseases called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A nCoV is an strain that is first time identified in humans. Some studies described that MERS-CoV was initially spread through dromedary camels to humans and SARS-CoV was firstly spread from civet cats to humans. Covid -19 outbreak was first acknowledged in Wuhan City as an breathing illness. After china the virus rapidly spread globally counting to the United States. Thousands of individuals have become sick and community health officials are keeping a close watch on how the virus is spreading. It was primarily stated to the WHO on December 31, 2019. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the COVID- 19 epidemic a worldwide health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO stated COVID-19 a global pandemic.
{"title":"Could covid-19 virus be airborne?","authors":"F. López-Muñoz","doi":"10.35841/2249-622x.70.e","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622x.70.e","url":null,"abstract":"As we know that COVID-19 is a transferable disease initiated by a newly discovered virus called corona virus. This cause fever and common cold to more severe diseases called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). A nCoV is an strain that is first time identified in humans. Some studies described that MERS-CoV was initially spread through dromedary camels to humans and SARS-CoV was firstly spread from civet cats to humans. Covid -19 outbreak was first acknowledged in Wuhan City as an breathing illness. After china the virus rapidly spread globally counting to the United States. Thousands of individuals have become sick and community health officials are keeping a close watch on how the virus is spreading. It was primarily stated to the WHO on December 31, 2019. On January 30, 2020, the WHO declared the COVID- 19 epidemic a worldwide health emergency. On March 11, 2020, the WHO stated COVID-19 a global pandemic.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73427607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622X.69.6498
Sailaja Battu, G. Venkateshwarlu, B. P. Nenavathu
The five drugs viz., GEM, PHE, TRD, IMT, VRP were estimated using a simple, specific, accurate and precise UV–visible spectrophotometric method. These methods involve the addition of a known nexcess of Chloramine-T to the drugs in acid medium followed by estimation of residual Chloramine-T by reacting with a fixed amount of Indigo caramine dye and measuring the absorbance of the dye at 608 nm. The calibration curves obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 3.0,5.5,6.5 μg mL-1 of GEM; 2.5,3.69,5.01 μg mL-1 of PHE ; 2.0,3.5,7.5 μg mL-1 of TRD; 3.0,4.5,7.0 μg mL- 1 of IMT; and 4.2,5.5,7.0 μg mL-1 of VRP were chosen. The methods that are developed were found to be suitable for the estimation of these drugs in bulk and their formulations. Several parameters such as linearity, accuracy, and precision, Limit of detection and Limit of quantification were considered for the analysis of results of the drugs and their corresponding validation were carried out statistically.
{"title":"Simple spectrophotometric method for estimation of drugs using chloraminet and indigo caramine dye couple","authors":"Sailaja Battu, G. Venkateshwarlu, B. P. Nenavathu","doi":"10.35841/2249-622X.69.6498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622X.69.6498","url":null,"abstract":"The five drugs viz., GEM, PHE, TRD, IMT, VRP were estimated using a simple, specific, accurate and precise UV–visible spectrophotometric method. These methods involve the addition of a known nexcess of Chloramine-T to the drugs in acid medium followed by estimation of residual Chloramine-T by reacting with a fixed amount of Indigo caramine dye and measuring the absorbance of the dye at 608 nm. The calibration curves obeyed Beer’s law over the concentration range of 3.0,5.5,6.5 μg mL-1 of GEM; 2.5,3.69,5.01 μg mL-1 of PHE ; 2.0,3.5,7.5 μg mL-1 of TRD; 3.0,4.5,7.0 μg mL- 1 of IMT; and 4.2,5.5,7.0 μg mL-1 of VRP were chosen. The methods that are developed were found to be suitable for the estimation of these drugs in bulk and their formulations. Several parameters such as linearity, accuracy, and precision, Limit of detection and Limit of quantification were considered for the analysis of results of the drugs and their corresponding validation were carried out statistically.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":"19-24"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84040598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622X.70.13470
P. Ilie, S. Stefanescu, Lee Smith
Ilie et al. have described a correlation between the mean levels of vitamin D with the number of cases of COVID-19 and the mortality per million caused by this disease in several European countries. Other studies have subsequently reported similar findings. The present short commentary aims to discuss the potential mechanisms behind the potential vitamin D protective role for COVID-19.
{"title":"Potential mechanisms for vitamin D protective effect for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.","authors":"P. Ilie, S. Stefanescu, Lee Smith","doi":"10.35841/2249-622X.70.13470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622X.70.13470","url":null,"abstract":"Ilie et al. have described a correlation between the mean levels of vitamin D with the number of cases of COVID-19 and the mortality per million caused by this disease in several European countries. Other studies have subsequently reported similar findings. The present short commentary aims to discuss the potential mechanisms behind the potential vitamin D protective role for COVID-19.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88927867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622X.72.21860
P. McCullough
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) illness involves viral mediated organ damage, cytokine storm, and thrombosis. Once ill, the only method of reducing the risk of hospitalization and death is medical treatment in the ambulatory phase using the same principles for hospitalized patients. Early therapy that has a reasonable chance of success and an acceptable safety profile includes: 1) combination antiviral therapy, 2) corticosteroids, 3) antiplatelet agents/antithrombotics, 4) supportive care including supplemental oxygen, monitoring, and telemedicine. The current rates of hospitalization and death are unacceptably high under the present paradigm of contagion control and watchful waiting for a vaccine.
{"title":"Early ambulatory multidrug therapy for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection.","authors":"P. McCullough","doi":"10.35841/2249-622X.72.21860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622X.72.21860","url":null,"abstract":"SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) illness involves viral mediated organ damage, cytokine storm, and thrombosis. Once ill, the only method of reducing the risk of hospitalization and death is medical treatment in the ambulatory phase using the same principles for hospitalized patients. Early therapy that has a reasonable chance of success and an acceptable safety profile includes: 1) combination antiviral therapy, 2) corticosteroids, 3) antiplatelet agents/antithrombotics, 4) supportive care including supplemental oxygen, monitoring, and telemedicine. The current rates of hospitalization and death are unacceptably high under the present paradigm of contagion control and watchful waiting for a vaccine.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83944040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622x.70.8911
Sai Prasad, Kolpana Diwekar, A Anite
When knowledge based on pure scientific understanding and quality risk management is applied to product and process learning with regulation on process control along with a systematic approach for development of predefined objectives in analytical field then it is called as quality by design or QBD it follow ICH guidelines for quality in pharmaceutical product concept of QBD also extends to analytical methods, it is mandatory process in QBD to define a goal. A protocol for the method which will continue monitoring the process throughout in a systematic way and working on alternate methods as well to get optimal performance, the methods given are carefully analyzed in structured pattern for risks and is put for a challenge of the validity of method which later on can be taken for the criteria, benefit of these studies. The performances can be improved as well as clearly understood along with the risk management and desired performance methods which can also be validated later on, the review briefly gives an inside view of application of analytical QBD in industries and its current status with examples and principles of analytical methods in HPTLC ,titration for moisture content, determination of toxic impurities in mixtures, quantative colour measurement and various spectroscopic method for identification of chemical moiety. QBD developed spectroscopic and chromatographic method is usually done as per ICH Q8 R2, the critical parameters are compared to principle observation and analysis, the HPTLC method employs solvent usage and detection of absorbance and wavelength comparison.
{"title":"Review on comprehensive understanding of building an analytical quality by design for drug manufacturing process.","authors":"Sai Prasad, Kolpana Diwekar, A Anite","doi":"10.35841/2249-622x.70.8911","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622x.70.8911","url":null,"abstract":"When knowledge based on pure scientific understanding and quality risk management is applied to product and process learning with regulation on process control along with a systematic approach for development of predefined objectives in analytical field then it is called as quality by design or QBD it follow ICH guidelines for quality in pharmaceutical product concept of QBD also extends to analytical methods, it is mandatory process in QBD to define a goal. A protocol for the method which will continue monitoring the process throughout in a systematic way and working on alternate methods as well to get optimal performance, the methods given are carefully analyzed in structured pattern for risks and is put for a challenge of the validity of method which later on can be taken for the criteria, benefit of these studies. The performances can be improved as well as clearly understood along with the risk management and desired performance methods which can also be validated later on, the review briefly gives an inside view of application of analytical QBD in industries and its current status with examples and principles of analytical methods in HPTLC ,titration for moisture content, determination of toxic impurities in mixtures, quantative colour measurement and various spectroscopic method for identification of chemical moiety. QBD developed spectroscopic and chromatographic method is usually done as per ICH Q8 R2, the critical parameters are compared to principle observation and analysis, the HPTLC method employs solvent usage and detection of absorbance and wavelength comparison.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"75 1","pages":"23-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78581484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622X.71.19036
S. Castañeda, J. Ancochea, B. Atienza-Mateo, M. González-Gay
COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease firstly reported in December 2019) is a complex and heterogeneous disease whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic cases or with mild symptoms to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, with/without heart and kidney involvement, especially in people with comorbidities. Treatment we use today is quite empirical, depending on the severity of the disease, associated risk factors and access to medication. In severe cases, a combination of potent anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies associated to low-dose dexamethasone and remdesivir and/or favipiravir is recommended. Here, we review the clinical evidence and indications of main biologic therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.
{"title":"Point of view about biologic therapy in covid-19","authors":"S. Castañeda, J. Ancochea, B. Atienza-Mateo, M. González-Gay","doi":"10.35841/2249-622X.71.19036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622X.71.19036","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 (COronaVIrus Disease firstly reported in December 2019) is a complex and heterogeneous disease whose clinical spectrum ranges from asymptomatic cases or with mild symptoms to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, with/without heart and kidney involvement, especially in people with comorbidities. Treatment we use today is quite empirical, depending on the severity of the disease, associated risk factors and access to medication. In severe cases, a combination of potent anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies associated to low-dose dexamethasone and remdesivir and/or favipiravir is recommended. Here, we review the clinical evidence and indications of main biologic therapy in the treatment of COVID-19 patients.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91162350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.35841/2249-622x.70.12507
M. Ugwu, L. U. Ndunagu, Chika P Ejikwugwu, C. Esimone
Background: Nosocomial outbreak of drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae including those mediated by Providencia species has become a serious public health challenge across the globe – owing to the difficulty in selecting antibiotics for proper treatment especially in the face of resistance. The morbidity and mortality rate of bacteremia due to Providencia species could be high, especially among the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions. This study was aimed at determining the occurrence of multidrug resistance phenotypes in clinical isolates of Providencia rettgeri using both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Methods: Clinical isolates were identified to be isolates of P. rettgeri using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques; and these were characterized with respect to antibiotic resistant patterns. Overall, 143 clinical isolates of non-duplicate P. rettgeri isolates were bacteriologically recovered from the clinical specimens which included blood/wound swab samples (n=108) and swabs from surgical instruments and suction devices (n=35). Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) criteria. The isolates were tested phenotypically for ESBL production by the double disk synergy test (DDST) method and the β-lactamase genes were identified using polymerase chain reaction. The strains were sequenced with ABI3500XL analyzer with a 50 cm array, using POP7. Sequences data generated were analyzed with Geneious version 9. 0. 5. Results: The result of AST showed that Providencia rettgeri isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin and tetracycline. Based on the DDST method, some of the Providencia rettgeri isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be ESBL positive (11%) and MBL positive (6%). The results of the molecular analysis showed that the P. rettgeri isolates harbored SHV genes (n=6; 12. 5%) which mediates ESBL production. However, none of the isolates harboured the CTX-M or TEM gene. Conclusion: Our study shows that the P. rettgeri isolates analyzed were multidrug resistant, and they also harbour some important phenotypes and/or genotypes that mediate the production of ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase). This is the first report of ESBL detection in clinical isolates of P. rettgeri in Imo state, southeast Nigeria.
{"title":"First phenotypic and molecular characterization of clinical isolates of drug resistant Providencia rettgeri in Imo state, South-Eastern Nigeria.","authors":"M. Ugwu, L. U. Ndunagu, Chika P Ejikwugwu, C. Esimone","doi":"10.35841/2249-622x.70.12507","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.35841/2249-622x.70.12507","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Nosocomial outbreak of drug resistant Enterobacteriaceae including those mediated by Providencia species has become a serious public health challenge across the globe – owing to the difficulty in selecting antibiotics for proper treatment especially in the face of resistance. The morbidity and mortality rate of bacteremia due to Providencia species could be high, especially among the elderly and those with pre-existing medical conditions. This study was aimed at determining the occurrence of multidrug resistance phenotypes in clinical isolates of Providencia rettgeri using both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Methods: Clinical isolates were identified to be isolates of P. rettgeri using standard microbiological and biochemical techniques; and these were characterized with respect to antibiotic resistant patterns. Overall, 143 clinical isolates of non-duplicate P. rettgeri isolates were bacteriologically recovered from the clinical specimens which included blood/wound swab samples (n=108) and swabs from surgical instruments and suction devices (n=35). Antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) was done using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion techniques as per the Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) criteria. The isolates were tested phenotypically for ESBL production by the double disk synergy test (DDST) method and the β-lactamase genes were identified using polymerase chain reaction. The strains were sequenced with ABI3500XL analyzer with a 50 cm array, using POP7. Sequences data generated were analyzed with Geneious version 9. 0. 5. Results: The result of AST showed that Providencia rettgeri isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ampicillin and tetracycline. Based on the DDST method, some of the Providencia rettgeri isolates were phenotypically confirmed to be ESBL positive (11%) and MBL positive (6%). The results of the molecular analysis showed that the P. rettgeri isolates harbored SHV genes (n=6; 12. 5%) which mediates ESBL production. However, none of the isolates harboured the CTX-M or TEM gene. Conclusion: Our study shows that the P. rettgeri isolates analyzed were multidrug resistant, and they also harbour some important phenotypes and/or genotypes that mediate the production of ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase). This is the first report of ESBL detection in clinical isolates of P. rettgeri in Imo state, southeast Nigeria.","PeriodicalId":8517,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90458048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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