Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3166
Michael Ndubisi Nwobodo, J. C. Ezeugo
We have employed both analytical methods and statistical methods to find possible constraints that may be imposed by the observed accelerated expansion of the space-time on radio-loud quasars. We have done this by carrying out linear regression analysis on large-sized (linear size, ) quasars and on their smaller (more compact) (linear size, ) counterparts in our sample. On the linear size/redshift plane for the larger quasars, we find that these sources expand as space-time expands. Though they show similar trend on the plot, their more compact counterparts however, indicate difference in their gradient. The result of the more compact sources shows steeper slope , while that of the more extended sources indicates a flatter slope . This discrepancy must have originated from the ambient environments in which they are sited since the two sub-classes of objects have been shown to be situated in different ambient media. So, their observable physical processes should not be expected to be precisely the same. Therefore, since the compact sources are generally sub-galactic in dimensions (i.e. linear sizes are below ), they are affected more by their denser ambient media. Also, gravity is more noticeable within a typical galaxy (and diameter of a typical galaxy is about ) than within the intergalactic medium; so, space expansion should unsurprisingly yield little or null effect on the evolution of these compact sources. This is shown in our obtained relation, . It indicates that the observed universal space-time expansion causes little or no effects on the sizes of these more compact quasars, and hence, their evolution is largely dynamical; while the converse may be the case for the more extended quasars. Conclusively, we state that large-sized radio-loud quasars are intergalactic which implies they are neither held by gravity nor dense media, but more possibly affected by creation of more spaces due to dark energy accelerating expansion of the universe. In contrast with it, Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) quasars which are generally sub-galactic possibly get affected by denser ambient gases and gravity within CSS quasars, have little or no effect on source growth by dark energy.
{"title":"Radio-loud Quasars and Expansion of Universal Space-time","authors":"Michael Ndubisi Nwobodo, J. C. Ezeugo","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3166","url":null,"abstract":"We have employed both analytical methods and statistical methods to find possible constraints that may be imposed by the observed accelerated expansion of the space-time on radio-loud quasars. We have done this by carrying out linear regression analysis on large-sized (linear size, ) quasars and on their smaller (more compact) (linear size, ) counterparts in our sample. On the linear size/redshift plane for the larger quasars, we find that these sources expand as space-time expands. Though they show similar trend on the plot, their more compact counterparts however, indicate difference in their gradient. The result of the more compact sources shows steeper slope , while that of the more extended sources indicates a flatter slope . This discrepancy must have originated from the ambient environments in which they are sited since the two sub-classes of objects have been shown to be situated in different ambient media. So, their observable physical processes should not be expected to be precisely the same. Therefore, since the compact sources are generally sub-galactic in dimensions (i.e. linear sizes are below ), they are affected more by their denser ambient media. Also, gravity is more noticeable within a typical galaxy (and diameter of a typical galaxy is about ) than within the intergalactic medium; so, space expansion should unsurprisingly yield little or null effect on the evolution of these compact sources. This is shown in our obtained relation, . It indicates that the observed universal space-time expansion causes little or no effects on the sizes of these more compact quasars, and hence, their evolution is largely dynamical; while the converse may be the case for the more extended quasars. Conclusively, we state that large-sized radio-loud quasars are intergalactic which implies they are neither held by gravity nor dense media, but more possibly affected by creation of more spaces due to dark energy accelerating expansion of the universe. In contrast with it, Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) quasars which are generally sub-galactic possibly get affected by denser ambient gases and gravity within CSS quasars, have little or no effect on source growth by dark energy.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-10DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3166
Michael Ndubisi Nwobodo, J. C. Ezeugo
We have employed both analytical methods and statistical methods to find possible constraints that may be imposed by the observed accelerated expansion of the space-time on radio-loud quasars. We have done this by carrying out linear regression analysis on large-sized (linear size, ) quasars and on their smaller (more compact) (linear size, ) counterparts in our sample. On the linear size/redshift plane for the larger quasars, we find that these sources expand as space-time expands. Though they show similar trend on the plot, their more compact counterparts however, indicate difference in their gradient. The result of the more compact sources shows steeper slope , while that of the more extended sources indicates a flatter slope . This discrepancy must have originated from the ambient environments in which they are sited since the two sub-classes of objects have been shown to be situated in different ambient media. So, their observable physical processes should not be expected to be precisely the same. Therefore, since the compact sources are generally sub-galactic in dimensions (i.e. linear sizes are below ), they are affected more by their denser ambient media. Also, gravity is more noticeable within a typical galaxy (and diameter of a typical galaxy is about ) than within the intergalactic medium; so, space expansion should unsurprisingly yield little or null effect on the evolution of these compact sources. This is shown in our obtained relation, . It indicates that the observed universal space-time expansion causes little or no effects on the sizes of these more compact quasars, and hence, their evolution is largely dynamical; while the converse may be the case for the more extended quasars. Conclusively, we state that large-sized radio-loud quasars are intergalactic which implies they are neither held by gravity nor dense media, but more possibly affected by creation of more spaces due to dark energy accelerating expansion of the universe. In contrast with it, Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) quasars which are generally sub-galactic possibly get affected by denser ambient gases and gravity within CSS quasars, have little or no effect on source growth by dark energy.
{"title":"Radio-loud Quasars and Expansion of Universal Space-time","authors":"Michael Ndubisi Nwobodo, J. C. Ezeugo","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3166","url":null,"abstract":"We have employed both analytical methods and statistical methods to find possible constraints that may be imposed by the observed accelerated expansion of the space-time on radio-loud quasars. We have done this by carrying out linear regression analysis on large-sized (linear size, ) quasars and on their smaller (more compact) (linear size, ) counterparts in our sample. On the linear size/redshift plane for the larger quasars, we find that these sources expand as space-time expands. Though they show similar trend on the plot, their more compact counterparts however, indicate difference in their gradient. The result of the more compact sources shows steeper slope , while that of the more extended sources indicates a flatter slope . This discrepancy must have originated from the ambient environments in which they are sited since the two sub-classes of objects have been shown to be situated in different ambient media. So, their observable physical processes should not be expected to be precisely the same. Therefore, since the compact sources are generally sub-galactic in dimensions (i.e. linear sizes are below ), they are affected more by their denser ambient media. Also, gravity is more noticeable within a typical galaxy (and diameter of a typical galaxy is about ) than within the intergalactic medium; so, space expansion should unsurprisingly yield little or null effect on the evolution of these compact sources. This is shown in our obtained relation, . It indicates that the observed universal space-time expansion causes little or no effects on the sizes of these more compact quasars, and hence, their evolution is largely dynamical; while the converse may be the case for the more extended quasars. Conclusively, we state that large-sized radio-loud quasars are intergalactic which implies they are neither held by gravity nor dense media, but more possibly affected by creation of more spaces due to dark energy accelerating expansion of the universe. In contrast with it, Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) quasars which are generally sub-galactic possibly get affected by denser ambient gases and gravity within CSS quasars, have little or no effect on source growth by dark energy.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141919724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3165
I. M. Yuliara, N. Ratini
This study aims to determine and compare the accuracy of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) estimates using Sentinel-2B and Landsat 8 satellite imagery in the Suwung estuary, Denpasar city, Bali. The TSS measurements in the laboratory were carried out on 20 samples for Sentinel-2B (LabS) and 20 samples for Landsat 8 (LabL) which were taken at the same coordinates. Regression and correlation methods are used to validate TSS estimates against laboratory TSS. Accuracy tests to determine the level of estimation error use root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean relative error (MRE). Comparison of estimation accuracy is determined by differences in error rate calculation results. The results of regression analysis and accuracy tests for paired samples show a very strong correlation, both in pair 1 (LabS with Sentinel-2B) namely r=0.9484 and in pair 2 (LabL with Landsat 8) it is r=0.8910, and the error rate for pair 1 is smaller than pair 2. The implications of these results show that the accuracy of the TSS estimation of the Laili algorithm using Sentinel-2B is better than Landsat 8.
{"title":"Comparative Test of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) In Suwung Estuary Using Sentinel-2B and Landsat 8 Imagery","authors":"I. M. Yuliara, N. Ratini","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i3165","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to determine and compare the accuracy of Total Suspended Solids (TSS) estimates using Sentinel-2B and Landsat 8 satellite imagery in the Suwung estuary, Denpasar city, Bali. The TSS measurements in the laboratory were carried out on 20 samples for Sentinel-2B (LabS) and 20 samples for Landsat 8 (LabL) which were taken at the same coordinates. Regression and correlation methods are used to validate TSS estimates against laboratory TSS. Accuracy tests to determine the level of estimation error use root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean relative error (MRE). Comparison of estimation accuracy is determined by differences in error rate calculation results. The results of regression analysis and accuracy tests for paired samples show a very strong correlation, both in pair 1 (LabS with Sentinel-2B) namely r=0.9484 and in pair 2 (LabL with Landsat 8) it is r=0.8910, and the error rate for pair 1 is smaller than pair 2. The implications of these results show that the accuracy of the TSS estimation of the Laili algorithm using Sentinel-2B is better than Landsat 8.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141803044","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-19DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i2161
C. K. Ojoba, J. T. Zhimwang, E. P. Ogherohwo, E. Enaibe
This study investigates the impact of different rain classifications and elevation angles on copolar attenuation, a critical factor influencing radio wave propagation in communication systems operating in adverse weather conditions. Using data collected over the years 2021 and 2022 in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria. Copolar attenuation values at 400 and 600 elevation angles were analyzed across various rain classifications, including Drizzle, Widespread, Shower, Cloudburst, and Extreme Cloudburst. The results highlight that higher intensity rain events, such as Cloudburst and Extreme Cloudburst, lead to significantly greater copolar attenuation compared to lower intensity rain classifications. Furthermore, the sensitivity of copolar attenuation to elevation angle is observed, with higher angles generally associated with lower attenuation values. These findings underscore the importance of considering rain intensity and elevation angle in the design and operation of communication systems to mitigate the effects of rain-induced attenuation and ensure reliable signal transmission. By optimizing antenna placement and orientation and employing adaptive communication techniques, such as adaptive modulation and coding, communication networks can be better equipped to maintain connectivity in challenging weather conditions.
{"title":"Estimating the Effect of Copolar Attenuation Caused by Rain Events on Radio Wave Propagation","authors":"C. K. Ojoba, J. T. Zhimwang, E. P. Ogherohwo, E. Enaibe","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i2161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i2161","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the impact of different rain classifications and elevation angles on copolar attenuation, a critical factor influencing radio wave propagation in communication systems operating in adverse weather conditions. Using data collected over the years 2021 and 2022 in Warri, Delta State of Nigeria. Copolar attenuation values at 400 and 600 elevation angles were analyzed across various rain classifications, including Drizzle, Widespread, Shower, Cloudburst, and Extreme Cloudburst. The results highlight that higher intensity rain events, such as Cloudburst and Extreme Cloudburst, lead to significantly greater copolar attenuation compared to lower intensity rain classifications. Furthermore, the sensitivity of copolar attenuation to elevation angle is observed, with higher angles generally associated with lower attenuation values. These findings underscore the importance of considering rain intensity and elevation angle in the design and operation of communication systems to mitigate the effects of rain-induced attenuation and ensure reliable signal transmission. By optimizing antenna placement and orientation and employing adaptive communication techniques, such as adaptive modulation and coding, communication networks can be better equipped to maintain connectivity in challenging weather conditions.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140683021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-12DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1158
M. M. Gwani, Ahmed Mohammed Gimba, Musa Muhammad Kunya, Jonathan Nakale Amos, John Uzer Mkohol
Arduino based home automation system is envisage in this work using the principle of light fidelity. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is the fastest means of wireless communication which uses visible light to transmit data/signals between devices and is one such concept that is gaining momentum to become the possible alternative solution for overcoming the crowded radio spectrum for wireless communication system. In this paper a simple prototype of arduino Li-Fi based transmitter and receiver was designed and implemented. The Arduino transmitter processes and sends out visible light signal emitted from white LED bulb when a functional pushbutton is pressed and the arduino receiver receives and process the signal and acts to switch ON or OFF the connected household appliances. The system was made using readily available materials and the transmitter and receiver can communicate up to a maximum distance of 41cm.
{"title":"Light Fidelity-based Home Automation System with Arduino","authors":"M. M. Gwani, Ahmed Mohammed Gimba, Musa Muhammad Kunya, Jonathan Nakale Amos, John Uzer Mkohol","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1158","url":null,"abstract":"Arduino based home automation system is envisage in this work using the principle of light fidelity. Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) is the fastest means of wireless communication which uses visible light to transmit data/signals between devices and is one such concept that is gaining momentum to become the possible alternative solution for overcoming the crowded radio spectrum for wireless communication system. In this paper a simple prototype of arduino Li-Fi based transmitter and receiver was designed and implemented. The Arduino transmitter processes and sends out visible light signal emitted from white LED bulb when a functional pushbutton is pressed and the arduino receiver receives and process the signal and acts to switch ON or OFF the connected household appliances. The system was made using readily available materials and the transmitter and receiver can communicate up to a maximum distance of 41cm.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140250278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-11DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1157
Ahmed A. Sharrad, A. Farhood, Russil S. Muhammed
Indoor radon concentrations in 13 primary schools were conducted in Khidir City, Muthanna Province, Iraq, using LR-115 solid-state nuclear track detector type II. The study aims to estimate indoor radon levels in the internal environment of the classrooms for three months (from 1st September to 30th November 2023). Radon concentrations were varied from (0.1 Bq/m3) to (14.13 Bq/m3), with a mean value of (5.61 Bq/m3). The investigated levels were lower than the permissible limits referenced by UNSCEAR and WHO. Moreover, the annual effective dose (AED) has been calculated due to inhalation, which varied from the value of (0.029352 mSv/yr) to the value of (0.081145 mSv/yr), with a mean value of (0.016205 mSv/yr). AED values obtained were found to be lower than the allowed value of (0.1 mSv/yr) reported by UNSCEAR and much lower than the permissible limit (1 mSv/yr) proposed by WHO. However, the results obtained indicate that the indoor radon concentrations were significantly affected by the floor level of the classroom (negatively correlated) and the school building age (positively correlated). Consequently, all results have revealed that the radon concentrations and the associated inhalation radon dose does not pose any kind of health hazard to the occupational stuff and students.
{"title":"Radon Concentrations in the Environments of Some Primary Schools in Khidir City, Al-Muthanna Province, Iraq","authors":"Ahmed A. Sharrad, A. Farhood, Russil S. Muhammed","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1157","url":null,"abstract":"Indoor radon concentrations in 13 primary schools were conducted in Khidir City, Muthanna Province, Iraq, using LR-115 solid-state nuclear track detector type II. The study aims to estimate indoor radon levels in the internal environment of the classrooms for three months (from 1st September to 30th November 2023). Radon concentrations were varied from (0.1 Bq/m3) to (14.13 Bq/m3), with a mean value of (5.61 Bq/m3). The investigated levels were lower than the permissible limits referenced by UNSCEAR and WHO. Moreover, the annual effective dose (AED) has been calculated due to inhalation, which varied from the value of (0.029352 mSv/yr) to the value of (0.081145 mSv/yr), with a mean value of (0.016205 mSv/yr). AED values obtained were found to be lower than the allowed value of (0.1 mSv/yr) reported by UNSCEAR and much lower than the permissible limit (1 mSv/yr) proposed by WHO. However, the results obtained indicate that the indoor radon concentrations were significantly affected by the floor level of the classroom (negatively correlated) and the school building age (positively correlated). Consequently, all results have revealed that the radon concentrations and the associated inhalation radon dose does not pose any kind of health hazard to the occupational stuff and students.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140253504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-19DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1156
W. Baskoro, G. Kasmawan, Made Yuliara, Ketut Putra, Dan Sismanto
A method that does not require a main earthquake (master event) that can be used simultaneously to relocate a very large number of earthquakes with wide hypocenter separation is called the double-difference method. A method used to relocate the aftershocks in Seririt Singaraja on November 14 2019 with coordinate positions 113.478 – 115.181 East Longitude and 8.357 – 7.894 South Latitude. The earthquake data used in this research was accumulated from 85 BMKG seismic stations. Data analysis uses cross-correlation time differences which can increase the accuracy of travel time between the receiving station and the earthquake, thereby reducing errors in calculations. The double difference method used to relocate the earthquake in the Seririt Singaraja area showed that there was a shift in the location of the earthquake hypocenter before and after it was relocated. Horizontally and vertically, the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after being relocated occurs when there is a collection of location shifts. The results of this research were able to relocate 152 aftershocks properly. The main earthquake after being relocated was at a depth of 17 km, while the distribution of aftershocks was at a depth of around 6-25 km, so that it can more accurately describe the position of the earthquake source and is able to show clearer and easier to interpret structural patterns.
{"title":"Double-Difference Method for Relocating the Hypocenter of Aftershock Earthquakes in Seririt Singaraja","authors":"W. Baskoro, G. Kasmawan, Made Yuliara, Ketut Putra, Dan Sismanto","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1156","url":null,"abstract":"A method that does not require a main earthquake (master event) that can be used simultaneously to relocate a very large number of earthquakes with wide hypocenter separation is called the double-difference method. A method used to relocate the aftershocks in Seririt Singaraja on November 14 2019 with coordinate positions 113.478 – 115.181 East Longitude and 8.357 – 7.894 South Latitude. The earthquake data used in this research was accumulated from 85 BMKG seismic stations. Data analysis uses cross-correlation time differences which can increase the accuracy of travel time between the receiving station and the earthquake, thereby reducing errors in calculations. The double difference method used to relocate the earthquake in the Seririt Singaraja area showed that there was a shift in the location of the earthquake hypocenter before and after it was relocated. Horizontally and vertically, the distribution of earthquake hypocenters before and after being relocated occurs when there is a collection of location shifts. The results of this research were able to relocate 152 aftershocks properly. The main earthquake after being relocated was at a depth of 17 km, while the distribution of aftershocks was at a depth of around 6-25 km, so that it can more accurately describe the position of the earthquake source and is able to show clearer and easier to interpret structural patterns.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139612519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-17DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1155
Satriya Wibawa I. Made, A. Gunawan, Putra I. Ketut, Sukarasa I. Ketut
Aims: To design and manufacture LPG gas leak detection tool that is more efficient, relatively cheaper and can be carried because it has a smaller shape and size compared to tools on the market Study Design: Design of LPG gas leak detection based on Arduino Uno using MQ-2 sensor. Place and Duration of Study: Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana, from June 2023 to October 2023. Methodology: The trial and error method is used to calibrate the designed tool with standard tools. Calibration is done by comparing the distances value of the LPG gas leak detection using MQ-2 sensor and the calibration standard tool. The relationship between the measurement values of the design tool and the standard tool is determined using linear regression method to obtain a correction equation. Results: LPG gas leak detection based on Arduino Uno using MQ-2 sensor have been produced. The measurement accuracy obtained 97.97%. The accuracy value indicates that the resulting tool has a good level of accuracy to the standard tool. Conclusion: In this research, has been produced LPG gas leak detection more efficient, relatively cheaper and can be carried because it has a smaller shape and size, low-cost with high accuracy.
{"title":"Design and Manufacture of LPG Gas Leak Detection Based on Arduino Uno Using MQ-2 Sensor","authors":"Satriya Wibawa I. Made, A. Gunawan, Putra I. Ketut, Sukarasa I. Ketut","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1155","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: To design and manufacture LPG gas leak detection tool that is more efficient, relatively cheaper and can be carried because it has a smaller shape and size compared to tools on the market \u0000Study Design: Design of LPG gas leak detection based on Arduino Uno using MQ-2 sensor. \u0000Place and Duration of Study: Physics Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Udayana, from June 2023 to October 2023. \u0000Methodology: The trial and error method is used to calibrate the designed tool with standard tools. Calibration is done by comparing the distances value of the LPG gas leak detection using MQ-2 sensor and the calibration standard tool. The relationship between the measurement values of the design tool and the standard tool is determined using linear regression method to obtain a correction equation. \u0000Results: LPG gas leak detection based on Arduino Uno using MQ-2 sensor have been produced. The measurement accuracy obtained 97.97%. The accuracy value indicates that the resulting tool has a good level of accuracy to the standard tool. \u0000Conclusion: In this research, has been produced LPG gas leak detection more efficient, relatively cheaper and can be carried because it has a smaller shape and size, low-cost with high accuracy.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139527815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-04DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1154
D. J. Zirra, Y. Skwame, John Sabo, J. Kwanamu, Silas Daniel
This research examines the general K - step block approach for solving higher order oscillatory differential equations using Linear Block Approach (LBA). The basic properties of the new method such as order, error constant, zero-stability, consistency, convergence, linear stability and region of absolute stability were also analyzed and satisfied. Some distinct fourth order oscillatory differential equation were directly applied on the new method in order to overcome the setbacks in reduction method, where the step size varies. The results obtained were compared with those in literature and the new method takes away the burden of solving fourth order oscillatory differential equations. The accuracy of the new method proved to be better as it outperformed those of existing methods. Therefore, from the results, the new method has shown better accuracy and faster convergence graphically. One of the advantage of the new method is that it does not require much computational burden and it is also self-starting.
本研究探讨了利用线性方程组法（LBA）求解高阶振荡微分方程的一般 K 步方程组法。研究还分析并满足了新方法的基本特性，如阶次、误差常数、零稳定性、一致性、收敛性、线性稳定性和绝对稳定区域。为了克服还原法在步长变化时的缺陷，一些明显的四阶振荡微分方程被直接应用于新方法。所获得的结果与文献中的结果进行了比较，新方法减轻了求解四阶振荡微分方程的负担。事实证明，新方法的精度优于现有方法。因此，从结果来看，新方法在图形上显示出更好的精度和更快的收敛速度。新方法的优点之一是不需要太多的计算负担，而且还能自启动。
{"title":"On the Numerical Approximation of Higher Order Differential Equation","authors":"D. J. Zirra, Y. Skwame, John Sabo, J. Kwanamu, Silas Daniel","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2024/v8i1154","url":null,"abstract":"This research examines the general K - step block approach for solving higher order oscillatory differential equations using Linear Block Approach (LBA). The basic properties of the new method such as order, error constant, zero-stability, consistency, convergence, linear stability and region of absolute stability were also analyzed and satisfied. Some distinct fourth order oscillatory differential equation were directly applied on the new method in order to overcome the setbacks in reduction method, where the step size varies. The results obtained were compared with those in literature and the new method takes away the burden of solving fourth order oscillatory differential equations. The accuracy of the new method proved to be better as it outperformed those of existing methods. Therefore, from the results, the new method has shown better accuracy and faster convergence graphically. One of the advantage of the new method is that it does not require much computational burden and it is also self-starting.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139450524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.9734/ajr2p/2023/v7i4153
K. Dozie, Stephen O. Ihekuna
The study discusses the Buys-Ballot estimates for linear trend-cycle and seasonal indices with the expected values for mixed model in time series analysis. The emphasis is to derive the expected values of row, column and overall means of the of Buys-Ballot table for the mixed model. We use a real life data to determine the estimation of trend parameters, seasonal indices and choice of appropriate model of the Buys-Ballot table. Results indicate that, (1) the expected value of the row average mimic the shape of the trending parameters of the original series and contains seasonal effect in [C_1=sum_{j=1}^S j s_j] (2) the expected value of the column average also mimic the shape of the trending curves of the original series and contain seasonal effect (3) the appropriate model that best describe the pattern of the study series listed in the summary table (Table 5) is mixed.
{"title":"Buys-Ballot Estimates for Linear Model with the Expected Values in Time Series Decomposition","authors":"K. Dozie, Stephen O. Ihekuna","doi":"10.9734/ajr2p/2023/v7i4153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.9734/ajr2p/2023/v7i4153","url":null,"abstract":"The study discusses the Buys-Ballot estimates for linear trend-cycle and seasonal indices with the expected values for mixed model in time series analysis. The emphasis is to derive the expected values of row, column and overall means of the of Buys-Ballot table for the mixed model. We use a real life data to determine the estimation of trend parameters, seasonal indices and choice of appropriate model of the Buys-Ballot table. Results indicate that, (1) the expected value of the row average mimic the shape of the trending parameters of the original series and contains seasonal effect in [C_1=sum_{j=1}^S j s_j] (2) the expected value of the column average also mimic the shape of the trending curves of the original series and contain seasonal effect (3) the appropriate model that best describe the pattern of the study series listed in the summary table (Table 5) is mixed.","PeriodicalId":8529,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Research and Reviews in Physics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139234683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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