Md. Mizanur Rahim Khan, Masaki Iwayoshi, Takashi Arita, S. Isshiki
Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Cucumis hystrix Chakr. was revealed in the interspecific crosses of cucumber ( C. sativus L.) x C. hystrix . The mtDNA was analyzed by RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified nad 4 exon1 and nad 4 exon2 region of the female parent C. sativus , male parent C. hystrix and the hybrids. All the hybrids showed the identical restriction pattern of C. hystrix . This indicated the paternal inheritance of mtDNA. A similar experiment with chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was performed by RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified rbc L-ORF106 region. The results showed the identical restriction pattern of the female parent C. sativus in the same hybrids. This indicated the maternal inheritance of cpDNA. Paternal transmission of the mitochondrial genome of C. hystrix was newly discovered in the Cucumis hybrids.
{"title":"Paternal Inheritance of Mitochondrial DNA of Cucumis hystrix in an Interspecific Cross between C. sativus and C. hystrix","authors":"Md. Mizanur Rahim Khan, Masaki Iwayoshi, Takashi Arita, S. Isshiki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.57.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.119","url":null,"abstract":"Paternal inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Cucumis hystrix Chakr. was revealed in the interspecific crosses of cucumber ( C. sativus L.) x C. hystrix . The mtDNA was analyzed by RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified nad 4 exon1 and nad 4 exon2 region of the female parent C. sativus , male parent C. hystrix and the hybrids. All the hybrids showed the identical restriction pattern of C. hystrix . This indicated the paternal inheritance of mtDNA. A similar experiment with chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) was performed by RFLP analysis of a PCR amplified rbc L-ORF106 region. The results showed the identical restriction pattern of the female parent C. sativus in the same hybrids. This indicated the maternal inheritance of cpDNA. Paternal transmission of the mitochondrial genome of C. hystrix was newly discovered in the Cucumis hybrids.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43750613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hiroki Nakahara, Yuka Uemura, Y. Nakashima, Eri Mineda, Nana Nakashima, N. Matsuzoe
In general, food taste is a product of the 5 senses such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound of humans (Yamaguchi, 1995). Sensory evaluation is useful for digitizing taste, but there are individual differences in human senses and preferences, and variations in taste values tend to be large (Yamaguchi, 1995; 2008). Taste values differ depending on the evaluation method and panelist profile (e.g., sex, age, eating experiences), and the quality of vegetables used as samples also depends on the cultivation method and external factors (e.g., weather, temperature) (Horie, 2006; Yamaguchi, 2008). To evaluate taste with high reproducibility, it is necessary to use an objective taste evaluation method rather than sensory evaluation. Analysis of metabolic components (sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and other functional components) is frequently used to assess the quality of vegetables. It is a highly reproducible method such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis, but it is difficult to evaluate taste on the basis of the amounts of a food’s components (Cristina-Gancedo and Luh, 1986; Horie, 2006; Oikawa, 2013). Recently, taste sensors and electronic tongues have attracted attention as methods for evaluating objective and reproducible taste, and have been used to evaluate the tastes of various foods such as vegetables, juices, teas, alcoholic drinks, and oils (Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti et al., 2010; Kobayashi et al., 2010; Wajima et al., 2012; Tahara and Toko, 2013; Xu et al., 2018). Humans perceive each type of taste (sweetness, sourness, saltiness, umami, and bitterness) on taste buds, a sensory organ on the tongue (Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti et al., 2010; Tahara and Toko, 2013). Taste sensors mimic the mechanisms of taste perception in humans by using a lipid polymer membrane that responds to the taste of chemical substances, and can be used to quantify each of the 5 basic tastes (Kobayashi et al., 2010; Tahara and Toko, 2013). The taste of tomatoes is influenced by the contents of sugars, organic acids, and glutamic acid, and tomatoes with high contents of these are considered to taste good (Fuke and Konosu, 1991). Several studies reported that tomato cultivated under salt-stress conditions has higher contents of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, tastes good, and is expensive (Cuartero and Fernández-Muñoz, 1999; Zushi, 2008; Zushi and Matsuzoe, 2015). Some studies have evaluated the tastes of tomatoes of different cultivars and harvest seasons using taste sensors or electronic tongues (Wajima et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2018). In our previous study, we developed a taste map of tomatoes that differ in cultivation method, production area and harvest time, by
一般来说，食物的味道是人类的触觉、味觉、嗅觉、视觉和听觉等五种感官的产物(Yamaguchi, 1995)。感官评价对数字化味觉是有用的，但人类的感官和偏好存在个体差异，味觉值的变化往往很大(Yamaguchi, 1995;2008)。味道值的不同取决于评估方法和小组成员的概况(例如，性别，年龄，饮食经验)，作为样品的蔬菜的质量也取决于种植方法和外部因素(例如，天气，温度)(堀江，2006;山口,2008)。为了获得高重复性的味觉评价，有必要采用客观的味觉评价方法，而不是感官评价方法。分析代谢成分(糖、有机酸、氨基酸和其他功能成分)经常用于评估蔬菜的质量。这是一种高重复性的方法，如高效液相色谱(HPLC)和毛细管电泳，但很难根据食物成分的数量来评估味道(Cristina-Gancedo and Luh, 1986;崛江,2006;Oikawa, 2013)。最近，味觉传感器和电子舌头作为评估客观和可重现味道的方法引起了人们的关注，并已被用于评估各种食物的味道，如蔬菜、果汁、茶、酒精饮料和油(Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti et al.， 2010;Kobayashi等人，2010;Wajima et al.， 2012;田原和东子，2013;徐等人，2018)。人类通过舌头上的感觉器官味蕾感知每种味道(甜、酸、咸、鲜味和苦味)(Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti et al.， 2010;Tahara and Toko, 2013)。味觉传感器通过使用一种对化学物质的味道做出反应的脂质聚合物膜来模拟人类的味觉感知机制，并可用于量化5种基本味觉中的每一种(Kobayashi et al.， 2010;Tahara and Toko, 2013)。西红柿的味道受到糖、有机酸和谷氨酸含量的影响，这些含量高的西红柿被认为味道好(Fuke和Konosu, 1991)。几项研究报告称，在盐胁迫条件下栽培的番茄糖、有机酸和氨基酸含量较高，味道好，价格昂贵(Cuartero and Fernández-Muñoz, 1999;Zushi, 2008;Zushi and Matsuzoe, 2015)。一些研究利用味觉传感器或电子舌头评估了不同品种和收获季节番茄的味道(Wajima et al.， 2012;徐等人，2018)。在我们之前的研究中，我们开发了番茄的味道地图，不同的种植方法，生产区域和收获时间，通过
{"title":"Evaluating the Taste of Tomato Cultivated Under Salt-stress Conditions by Component Change, Sensory Evaluation, and Taste Sensor","authors":"Hiroki Nakahara, Yuka Uemura, Y. Nakashima, Eri Mineda, Nana Nakashima, N. Matsuzoe","doi":"10.2525/ecb.57.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.99","url":null,"abstract":"In general, food taste is a product of the 5 senses such as touch, taste, smell, sight, and sound of humans (Yamaguchi, 1995). Sensory evaluation is useful for digitizing taste, but there are individual differences in human senses and preferences, and variations in taste values tend to be large (Yamaguchi, 1995; 2008). Taste values differ depending on the evaluation method and panelist profile (e.g., sex, age, eating experiences), and the quality of vegetables used as samples also depends on the cultivation method and external factors (e.g., weather, temperature) (Horie, 2006; Yamaguchi, 2008). To evaluate taste with high reproducibility, it is necessary to use an objective taste evaluation method rather than sensory evaluation. Analysis of metabolic components (sugars, organic acids, amino acids, and other functional components) is frequently used to assess the quality of vegetables. It is a highly reproducible method such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis, but it is difficult to evaluate taste on the basis of the amounts of a food’s components (Cristina-Gancedo and Luh, 1986; Horie, 2006; Oikawa, 2013). Recently, taste sensors and electronic tongues have attracted attention as methods for evaluating objective and reproducible taste, and have been used to evaluate the tastes of various foods such as vegetables, juices, teas, alcoholic drinks, and oils (Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti et al., 2010; Kobayashi et al., 2010; Wajima et al., 2012; Tahara and Toko, 2013; Xu et al., 2018). Humans perceive each type of taste (sweetness, sourness, saltiness, umami, and bitterness) on taste buds, a sensory organ on the tongue (Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti et al., 2010; Tahara and Toko, 2013). Taste sensors mimic the mechanisms of taste perception in humans by using a lipid polymer membrane that responds to the taste of chemical substances, and can be used to quantify each of the 5 basic tastes (Kobayashi et al., 2010; Tahara and Toko, 2013). The taste of tomatoes is influenced by the contents of sugars, organic acids, and glutamic acid, and tomatoes with high contents of these are considered to taste good (Fuke and Konosu, 1991). Several studies reported that tomato cultivated under salt-stress conditions has higher contents of sugars, organic acids, and amino acids, tastes good, and is expensive (Cuartero and Fernández-Muñoz, 1999; Zushi, 2008; Zushi and Matsuzoe, 2015). Some studies have evaluated the tastes of tomatoes of different cultivars and harvest seasons using taste sensors or electronic tongues (Wajima et al., 2012; Xu et al., 2018). In our previous study, we developed a taste map of tomatoes that differ in cultivation method, production area and harvest time, by","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47065006","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Takasu, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi
The mechanism for accelerating leaf lettuce growth by alternating irradiation of red (R) and blue (B) lights was investigated in this study. Leaf lettuce was cultivated under nine light conditions with different time ratios of R/B alternate irradiation; R0B24, R3B21, R6B18, R9B15, R12B12, R15B9, R18B6, R21B3 and R24B0. As a result, R21B3 treatment (21 hours of R irradiation and 3 hours of B irradiation, in an alternating pattern without a dark period) was determined to be the optimum condition for leaf lettuce growth, since shoot fresh weight under this treatment was significantly the highest. Moreover, photosynthetic ability and morphology were studied under alternating irradiation (R21B3 and R12B12) and simultaneous irradiation (RB24; simultaneous irradiation of R and B lights without a dark period). Photosynthetic ability of lettuce grown under R21B3 and R12B12 was significantly higher than that under RB24. A morphological index, PA/LA (Projected Area divided by Leaf Area), was greater in R21B3 and R12B12 than in RB24. This result suggested that alternating irradiation causes plants to have an effective posture for receiving light. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that growth acceleration of plants under alternating radiation was caused by high photosynthetic ability and morphological superiority.
{"title":"Photosynthesis and Morphology of Leaf Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Greenwave) Grown under Alternating Irradiation of Red and Blue Light","authors":"S. Takasu, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.57.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.93","url":null,"abstract":"The mechanism for accelerating leaf lettuce growth by alternating irradiation of red (R) and blue (B) lights was investigated in this study. Leaf lettuce was cultivated under nine light conditions with different time ratios of R/B alternate irradiation; R0B24, R3B21, R6B18, R9B15, R12B12, R15B9, R18B6, R21B3 and R24B0. As a result, R21B3 treatment (21 hours of R irradiation and 3 hours of B irradiation, in an alternating pattern without a dark period) was determined to be the optimum condition for leaf lettuce growth, since shoot fresh weight under this treatment was significantly the highest. Moreover, photosynthetic ability and morphology were studied under alternating irradiation (R21B3 and R12B12) and simultaneous irradiation (RB24; simultaneous irradiation of R and B lights without a dark period). Photosynthetic ability of lettuce grown under R21B3 and R12B12 was significantly higher than that under RB24. A morphological index, PA/LA (Projected Area divided by Leaf Area), was greater in R21B3 and R12B12 than in RB24. This result suggested that alternating irradiation causes plants to have an effective posture for receiving light. Therefore, it seems reasonable to conclude that growth acceleration of plants under alternating radiation was caused by high photosynthetic ability and morphological superiority.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47300815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The Hydrolysis Mechanism of Inulin and Its Hydrolysate in the Reaction Field by the Hot Compressed Water","authors":"N. Shimizu, T. Ushiyama, T. Itoh","doi":"10.2525/ecb.57.87","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.87","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ecb.57.87","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45858646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
‘Misato-zairai’ is a local soybean cultivar in Mie Prefecture. Seed size is relatively large; for example, 100seed weight of ‘Fukuyutaka’, a popular cultivar in western Japan, is 30 g and that of ‘Misato-zairai’ is 45─50 g (Nose et al., 2008; Nagasuga et al., 2011). The seeds of ‘Misatozairai’ are commercially available in parts of Mie Prefecture; owing to their sweet taste, these seeds are used for processed foods such as tofu, soybean curd, and kinako, roasted soybean flour. However, this cultivar is difficult to grow and its seed yield is unstable (Nose et al., 2008); these drawbacks prevent ‘Misato-zairai’ from becoming the predominant cultivar grown by farmers. Maximum seed yields of ‘Misato-zairai’ and ‘Fukuyutaka’ are similar levels, but the yield components and light intercepting characteristics differ (Nagasuga et al., 2011). As mentioned above, ‘Misato-zairai’ seeds are larger and it has fewer seeds and pods than ‘Fukuyutaka’ (Nose et al., 2008; Nagasuga et al., 2011). Because of vigorous vegetative growth, leaf area index of ‘Misato-zairai’ is often higher than that of ‘Fukuyutaka’ from the beginning of bloom stage (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2014). Additionally, the stem of ‘Misato-zairai’ at maturity is often heavier, and these caused lower seed-stem ratio (Nagasuga et al., 2011). In the Tokai area (central Japan), vigorous vegetative growth often results in lodging, and partial leaf thining before the beginning of bloom stage is recommended even in ‘Fukuyutaka’ (Hayashi et al., 2008). Restriction of vigorous vegetation through breeding or cultivation is important for stable seed production, particularly in ‘Misato-zairai’. Vigorous vegetation also negatively affects canopy light interception. ‘Misato-zairai’ has dense foliage in the upper layer of the canopy (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2013b) and its leaf inclination angle is lower than in ‘Fukuyutaka’ (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2013a). However the two cultivars do not differ significantly in the light interception coefficient, an indicator of canopy light interception (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2013b). These observations suggest that unstable seed production of ‘Misato-zairai’ results from its inferior utilization of light energy for leaf photosynthesis, of photosynthates for seed production, or both. We have previously measured seed weight and yield components stratified by 10-cm intervals above the ground and their correlation with relative light intensity for the leaflets elongated from each layer at the beginning of seed development in these two cultivars (Nagasuga et al., 2019). Seed weight per node number was greater in higher layers (brighter light), and there was a significant linear relationship between seed weight per node number and relative light intensity in ‘Fukuyutaka’. A similar tendency was found in ‘Misato-zairai’, but the regression was logarithmic and the increase in seed weight per node number was small at h
“Misato zairai”是三重县的当地大豆品种。种子大小相对较大；例如，在日本西部很受欢迎的品种“Fukuyutaka”的100粒种子重量为30克，“Misato zairai”的100颗种子重量为45克─50克（Nose等人，2008年；Nagsuga等人，2011年）。“Misatozairai”的种子在三重县的部分地区有售；由于其甜味，这些种子被用于加工食品，如豆腐、豆腐和烤大豆粉。然而，该品种难以生长，种子产量不稳定（Nose等人，2008）；这些缺点阻碍了“Misato zairai”成为农民种植的主要品种。“Misato zairai”和“Fukuyutaka”的最大种子产量水平相似，但产量组成和截光特性不同（Nagsuga等人，2011）。如上所述，与“Fukuyutaka”相比，“Misato zairai”的种子更大，种子和荚更少（Nose等人，2008年；Nagsuga等人，2011年）。由于营养生长旺盛，从开花期开始，“Misato zairai”的叶面积指数往往高于“Fukuyutaka”（Nagsuga et al.，2011；Nagsuga等人，2014）。此外，“Misato zairai”成熟时的茎通常更重，这导致了更低的种茎比（Nagsuga等人，2011）。在东海地区（日本中部），旺盛的营养生长通常会导致倒伏，即使在“Fukuyutaka”（Hayashi等人，2008年），也建议在开花期开始前部分减薄叶片。通过繁殖或栽培限制旺盛的植被对稳定的种子生产很重要，尤其是在“Misato zairai”。旺盛的植被也会对遮荫产生负面影响Misato zairai‘在树冠上层有茂密的树叶（Nagsuga等人，2011；Nagsuga et al.，2013b），其叶片倾角低于‘Fukuyutaka’（Nagsugar等人，2011年；Nagsugar et al.，2013 a）。然而，这两个品种在遮光系数方面没有显著差异，遮光系数是冠层遮光的指标（Nagsuga et al.，2011；Nagsuga等人，2013b）。这些观察结果表明，“Misato zairai”不稳定的种子生产是由于其对叶片光合作用光能、种子生产光合产物或两者的利用率较低。我们之前测量了这两个品种在种子发育开始时每层伸长的小叶的种子重量和产量成分，以及它们与相对光照强度的相关性（Nagsuga等人，2019）。在较高的层（光照较亮）中，每节数的种子重量较大，“Fukuyutaka”的每节数种子重量与相对光照强度之间存在显著的线性关系。在“Misato zairai”中也发现了类似的趋势，但回归是对数的，并且在高相对光照强度下，每个节数的种子重量增加很小。我们得出的结论是，“Misato zairai”在种子生产中的光利用率不如“Fukuyutaka”，尤其是在高光照强度下。在大豆中，营养生长和生殖生长都在开花期开始后继续。日本大豆品种是确定的，因此主茎上茎尖的生长在开花期开始后结束。然而，分支仍在继续；因此，荚的生长
{"title":"Effect of Shade Treatment after the Beginning of Bloom Stage on Seed Production of Soybean Cultivar ‘Fukuyutaka’ and ‘Misato-zairai’ without Branching Vegetation","authors":"K. Nagasuga, T. Umezaki","doi":"10.2525/ecb.57.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.113","url":null,"abstract":"‘Misato-zairai’ is a local soybean cultivar in Mie Prefecture. Seed size is relatively large; for example, 100seed weight of ‘Fukuyutaka’, a popular cultivar in western Japan, is 30 g and that of ‘Misato-zairai’ is 45─50 g (Nose et al., 2008; Nagasuga et al., 2011). The seeds of ‘Misatozairai’ are commercially available in parts of Mie Prefecture; owing to their sweet taste, these seeds are used for processed foods such as tofu, soybean curd, and kinako, roasted soybean flour. However, this cultivar is difficult to grow and its seed yield is unstable (Nose et al., 2008); these drawbacks prevent ‘Misato-zairai’ from becoming the predominant cultivar grown by farmers. Maximum seed yields of ‘Misato-zairai’ and ‘Fukuyutaka’ are similar levels, but the yield components and light intercepting characteristics differ (Nagasuga et al., 2011). As mentioned above, ‘Misato-zairai’ seeds are larger and it has fewer seeds and pods than ‘Fukuyutaka’ (Nose et al., 2008; Nagasuga et al., 2011). Because of vigorous vegetative growth, leaf area index of ‘Misato-zairai’ is often higher than that of ‘Fukuyutaka’ from the beginning of bloom stage (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2014). Additionally, the stem of ‘Misato-zairai’ at maturity is often heavier, and these caused lower seed-stem ratio (Nagasuga et al., 2011). In the Tokai area (central Japan), vigorous vegetative growth often results in lodging, and partial leaf thining before the beginning of bloom stage is recommended even in ‘Fukuyutaka’ (Hayashi et al., 2008). Restriction of vigorous vegetation through breeding or cultivation is important for stable seed production, particularly in ‘Misato-zairai’. Vigorous vegetation also negatively affects canopy light interception. ‘Misato-zairai’ has dense foliage in the upper layer of the canopy (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2013b) and its leaf inclination angle is lower than in ‘Fukuyutaka’ (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2013a). However the two cultivars do not differ significantly in the light interception coefficient, an indicator of canopy light interception (Nagasuga et al., 2011; Nagasuga et al., 2013b). These observations suggest that unstable seed production of ‘Misato-zairai’ results from its inferior utilization of light energy for leaf photosynthesis, of photosynthates for seed production, or both. We have previously measured seed weight and yield components stratified by 10-cm intervals above the ground and their correlation with relative light intensity for the leaflets elongated from each layer at the beginning of seed development in these two cultivars (Nagasuga et al., 2019). Seed weight per node number was greater in higher layers (brighter light), and there was a significant linear relationship between seed weight per node number and relative light intensity in ‘Fukuyutaka’. A similar tendency was found in ‘Misato-zairai’, but the regression was logarithmic and the increase in seed weight per node number was small at h","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ecb.57.113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42064823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Syukri, M. Thammawong, Hushna Ara Naznin, K. Nakano
metabolism during soybean seed germination were investigated to determine appropriate method for producing soybean sprouts containing high amount of RFOs. Soybean seed were soaked into 50 m M 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ), which is a specific a -galactose inhibitor, for 90 minutes before and after germination preparation phase (GPP). Soybean seed without DGJ treatment was used as control. The growth rate, respiration rate, respiratory quotient, fatty acids and saccharides contents were measured during cultivation at 20 ℃ . When DGJ was applied before GPP, the degradation of RFOs was significantly reduced, moreover the growth rate and respiration rate were suppressed due to the alternation of respiratory substrate from glucose to lipid in GPP. However, in the DGJ application after GPP, no difference was found from control although RFOs breakdown was functionally inhibited in subsequent radicle elongation phase (REP). These results suggest that RFOs are essential only in GPP as a source of respiratory substrate and lipids play the main role in respiration during REP. Therefore, prevention of RFOs degradation after GPP could be useful to maintain high amount of RFOs in soybean sprouts.
{"title":"Role of Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides in Respiratory Metabolism During Soybean Seed Germination","authors":"D. Syukri, M. Thammawong, Hushna Ara Naznin, K. Nakano","doi":"10.2525/ecb.57.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.57.107","url":null,"abstract":"metabolism during soybean seed germination were investigated to determine appropriate method for producing soybean sprouts containing high amount of RFOs. Soybean seed were soaked into 50 m M 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin (DGJ), which is a specific a -galactose inhibitor, for 90 minutes before and after germination preparation phase (GPP). Soybean seed without DGJ treatment was used as control. The growth rate, respiration rate, respiratory quotient, fatty acids and saccharides contents were measured during cultivation at 20 ℃ . When DGJ was applied before GPP, the degradation of RFOs was significantly reduced, moreover the growth rate and respiration rate were suppressed due to the alternation of respiratory substrate from glucose to lipid in GPP. However, in the DGJ application after GPP, no difference was found from control although RFOs breakdown was functionally inhibited in subsequent radicle elongation phase (REP). These results suggest that RFOs are essential only in GPP as a source of respiratory substrate and lipids play the main role in respiration during REP. Therefore, prevention of RFOs degradation after GPP could be useful to maintain high amount of RFOs in soybean sprouts.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":"40 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ecb.57.107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41307577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A soil-culture study was conducted to investigate the phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) (20, 60, and 100 mg/kg) in two species of upland and lowland vetiver grass ( Vetiveria nemoralis and V. zizanioides ) with salinity levels of 1,000 mg/kg NaCl salt for 2 months. The two species of grass were highly tolerant to Cd and salt with little adverse effect on growth. Cd and salt treatments imposed significant negative effects on root length, shoot height and total dry biomass. Cd accumulation in the roots and shoots all increased significantly with increasing Cd concentration. The combined treatments of Cd and salt showed the highest root Cd accumulation in V. nemoralis (226 ― 862 mg/kg) at Cd concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mg/kg. Salt did not affect the accumulation of Cd but decreased the root-to-shoot Cd translocation. This was confirmed by the bioconcentration factor in root (cid:1) 1 and the translocation factor (cid:2) 1, which indicated the plant’s suitability for phytostabilization of Cd under saline conditions. The experiment pointed out that V. nemoralis was a better accumulator of Cd than V. zizanioides .
{"title":"Phytoremediation and Accumulation of Cadmium from Contaminated Saline Soils by Vetiver Grass","authors":"Kongkeat Jampasri, S. Saeng-ngam","doi":"10.2525/ECB.57.61","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.57.61","url":null,"abstract":"A soil-culture study was conducted to investigate the phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd) (20, 60, and 100 mg/kg) in two species of upland and lowland vetiver grass ( Vetiveria nemoralis and V. zizanioides ) with salinity levels of 1,000 mg/kg NaCl salt for 2 months. The two species of grass were highly tolerant to Cd and salt with little adverse effect on growth. Cd and salt treatments imposed significant negative effects on root length, shoot height and total dry biomass. Cd accumulation in the roots and shoots all increased significantly with increasing Cd concentration. The combined treatments of Cd and salt showed the highest root Cd accumulation in V. nemoralis (226 ― 862 mg/kg) at Cd concentrations ranging from 20 to 100 mg/kg. Salt did not affect the accumulation of Cd but decreased the root-to-shoot Cd translocation. This was confirmed by the bioconcentration factor in root (cid:1) 1 and the translocation factor (cid:2) 1, which indicated the plant’s suitability for phytostabilization of Cd under saline conditions. The experiment pointed out that V. nemoralis was a better accumulator of Cd than V. zizanioides .","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.57.61","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46350701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Y. Makino, Masaru Hashizume, Surina Boerzhijin, T. Akihiro, T. Yamada, K. Okazaki
Sulforaphane, an organosulfur compound obtained from cruciferous vegetables, is known to suppress gastric cancer (Zhang et al., 1992), and food supplements containing high concentrations are currently being marketed (e.g., Super Sprout, vegetable cotyledons). Sulforaphane is produced via catalysis by myrosinase of the precursor glucoraphanin (Hirai et al., 2007). However, it has been reported that the enzyme and its substrate do not coexist in the same cell (Andreasson et al., 2001), and so some studies have attempted to bring them into contact using physical methods to injure the vegetable tissues. Van Eylen et al. (2009) reported that high-pressure treatment of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) heads at 300 MPa for 35 minutes caused glucoraphanin to be converted into sulforaphane, while Matusheski et al. (2004) found that mild heating of fresh broccoli sprouts or florets to 60°C prior to homogenization accelerated this conversion process. Pérez et al. (2014) proposed an optimized process consisting of blanching at 57°C for 13 minutes. Furthermore, Ezaki and Onozaki (1982) reported that grating caused isothiocyanates, including sulforaphane, to be produced in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Makino et al. (2018) reported that sulforaphane concentration was increased between 1.6 and 2.3 times in broccoli florets kept in a hypoxic atmosphere at 20°C for 2 days compared to florets in a normoxic atmosphere, demonstrating for the first time a method that increased sulforaphane without the need for physical injury to the plant tissue. However, the concentration began to decrease after 2 days even under hypoxic conditions. Also, it appears that hypoxia may cause an off-odor containing ethanol due to fermentation (Thompson et al., 2002). In the previous study (Makino et al., 2018), in-package ethanol concentration was significantly increased after 2 days. In the present study, the aim was to maintain sulforaphane concentration by cold storage or by freezing, either of which could be expected to depress the reactions to reduce causing sulforaphane loss and off-odors such as ethanol after 2 days storage. Also, changes in the taste of broccoli florets over time at different storage temperatures were investigated by objective measurement. This experiment was conducted to confirm the influence of hypoxia, storage period, or temperature on the taste of broccoli florets.
硫醚菌胺是一种从十字花科蔬菜中获得的有机硫化合物，已知可抑制癌症（Zhang et al.，1992），目前市场上正在销售含有高浓度的食品补充剂（例如，Super Sprout、菜子叶）。磺基拉芬是由前体萝卜硫素的肌苷酶催化产生的（Hirai等人，2007）。然而，据报道，这种酶及其底物并不共存于同一细胞中（Andreasson等人，2001），因此一些研究试图使用物理方法使它们接触，以损伤植物组织。Van Eylen等人（2009）报道称，在300MPa下对西兰花（Brassica oleracea var.italica）进行高压处理35分钟，会导致萝卜硫素转化为萝卜硫素，而Matusheski等人（2004）发现，在均质化之前，将新鲜西兰花芽或小花温和加热至60°C会加速这一转化过程。Pérez等人（2014）提出了一种优化工艺，包括在57°C下烫13分钟。此外，Ezaki和Onozaki（1982）报道，光栅导致萝卜（Raphanus sativus L.）中产生异硫氰酸盐，包括萝卜硫素。Makino等人（2018）报道，与常氧环境中的小花相比，在20°C缺氧环境中保持2天的西兰花小花中，萝卜硫素浓度增加了1.6至2.3倍，首次证明了一种在不需要对植物组织造成物理损伤的情况下增加萝卜硫素的方法。然而，即使在缺氧条件下，浓度在2天后也开始降低。此外，缺氧可能会导致发酵产生含有乙醇的异味（Thompson等人，2002）。在之前的研究中（Makino等人，2018），包装内乙醇浓度在2天后显著增加。在本研究中，目的是通过冷藏或冷冻来保持萝卜硫素的浓度，这两种方法都可以抑制反应，以减少储存2天后引起的萝卜硫素损失和乙醇等异味。此外，还通过客观测量研究了西兰花小花在不同储存温度下味道随时间的变化。本实验旨在证实缺氧、储存期或温度对西兰花小花味道的影响。
{"title":"Influence of Cold or Frozen Storage on Temporal Changes in Sulforaphane and Objective Taste Values of Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Florets","authors":"Y. Makino, Masaru Hashizume, Surina Boerzhijin, T. Akihiro, T. Yamada, K. Okazaki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.57.45","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.57.45","url":null,"abstract":"Sulforaphane, an organosulfur compound obtained from cruciferous vegetables, is known to suppress gastric cancer (Zhang et al., 1992), and food supplements containing high concentrations are currently being marketed (e.g., Super Sprout, vegetable cotyledons). Sulforaphane is produced via catalysis by myrosinase of the precursor glucoraphanin (Hirai et al., 2007). However, it has been reported that the enzyme and its substrate do not coexist in the same cell (Andreasson et al., 2001), and so some studies have attempted to bring them into contact using physical methods to injure the vegetable tissues. Van Eylen et al. (2009) reported that high-pressure treatment of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) heads at 300 MPa for 35 minutes caused glucoraphanin to be converted into sulforaphane, while Matusheski et al. (2004) found that mild heating of fresh broccoli sprouts or florets to 60°C prior to homogenization accelerated this conversion process. Pérez et al. (2014) proposed an optimized process consisting of blanching at 57°C for 13 minutes. Furthermore, Ezaki and Onozaki (1982) reported that grating caused isothiocyanates, including sulforaphane, to be produced in radish (Raphanus sativus L.). Makino et al. (2018) reported that sulforaphane concentration was increased between 1.6 and 2.3 times in broccoli florets kept in a hypoxic atmosphere at 20°C for 2 days compared to florets in a normoxic atmosphere, demonstrating for the first time a method that increased sulforaphane without the need for physical injury to the plant tissue. However, the concentration began to decrease after 2 days even under hypoxic conditions. Also, it appears that hypoxia may cause an off-odor containing ethanol due to fermentation (Thompson et al., 2002). In the previous study (Makino et al., 2018), in-package ethanol concentration was significantly increased after 2 days. In the present study, the aim was to maintain sulforaphane concentration by cold storage or by freezing, either of which could be expected to depress the reactions to reduce causing sulforaphane loss and off-odors such as ethanol after 2 days storage. Also, changes in the taste of broccoli florets over time at different storage temperatures were investigated by objective measurement. This experiment was conducted to confirm the influence of hypoxia, storage period, or temperature on the taste of broccoli florets.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.57.45","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44155846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In conventional agriculture, the use of synthesis herbicides is still recognized as an effective tool to eliminate weeds and to promote the highest possible yield of crops (Norsworthy et al., 2012; Kniss, 2017). On the other hand, the overuse of synthetic herbicides negatively affects both the environment and human health, and increases the number of herbicide-resistant weeds (Aktar et al., 2009; Staley et al., 2015). Also, increasing consumer awareness of herbicide residues in production practices leads to increased demand for organic products or safer foods (McErlich and Boydston, 2013; Tal, 2018). To overcome these problems, reducing the reliance on synthetic herbicides and shifting to sustainable agriculture is needed. Organic farming is a feasible alternative agricultural practice that relies on an integrated natural-based system (Gomiero et al., 2011; IFOAM EU Group, 2016). In this direction, using natural plant products and allelopathy for weed management is gaining attention (Singh et al., 2003). Additionally, using natural substances including plant extracts is considered safe and acceptable in organic farming (Brandt, 2007; Verhoog et al., 2007; Jespersen et al., 2017). Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon in which plants release secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) that inhibit or stimulate the growth, development, and reproduction of other organisms in the environment (Rice, 1984; Einhellig, 1995). Such secondary metabolites or natural compounds could be considered as a possible alternative strategy for weed management (Bhadoria, 2010; Tesio and Ferrero, 2010). It is generally known that medicinal plants synthesize and accumulate a large amount of natural bioactive compounds, which provide a vital role in many biological activities (Silva and Fernandes Júnior, 2010; Yang et al., 2016). Numerous medicinal plants have been studied for potential allelopathic properties. Fujii et al. (1991) surveyed Japanese medicinal plants to determine their allelopathic properties. They also conducted further screening of 239 medicinal plant species for their allelopathic activity (Fujii et al., 2003). Many natural active compounds have also been isolated from other medicinal plants and reported as allelochemicals (Lin et al., 2004; Pukclai et al., 2010; Kato-Noguchi et al., 2014; Suwitchayanon et al., 2017a; 2017b; Boonmee et al., 2018a; 2018b). Thailand is located in the biologically complex Asia Pacific region. This vast area has diverse eco-climates and physiography, resulting in wide varieties of plant species as well as medicinal plant varieties that may have the potential to provide natural active substances (Arora, 2014; Hughes, 2017). Hence, screening of medicinal plants with allelopathic properties is the first step to investigate the potentiality of the plant to control weeds. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous methanol extracts from 12 Thai medicinal plants against the growth of representativ
{"title":"Comparative Study on Allelopathic Potential of Medicinal Plants Against the Growth of Cress and Barnyard Grass","authors":"Sutjaritpan Boonmee, H. Kato‐Noguchi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.57.75","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.57.75","url":null,"abstract":"In conventional agriculture, the use of synthesis herbicides is still recognized as an effective tool to eliminate weeds and to promote the highest possible yield of crops (Norsworthy et al., 2012; Kniss, 2017). On the other hand, the overuse of synthetic herbicides negatively affects both the environment and human health, and increases the number of herbicide-resistant weeds (Aktar et al., 2009; Staley et al., 2015). Also, increasing consumer awareness of herbicide residues in production practices leads to increased demand for organic products or safer foods (McErlich and Boydston, 2013; Tal, 2018). To overcome these problems, reducing the reliance on synthetic herbicides and shifting to sustainable agriculture is needed. Organic farming is a feasible alternative agricultural practice that relies on an integrated natural-based system (Gomiero et al., 2011; IFOAM EU Group, 2016). In this direction, using natural plant products and allelopathy for weed management is gaining attention (Singh et al., 2003). Additionally, using natural substances including plant extracts is considered safe and acceptable in organic farming (Brandt, 2007; Verhoog et al., 2007; Jespersen et al., 2017). Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon in which plants release secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) that inhibit or stimulate the growth, development, and reproduction of other organisms in the environment (Rice, 1984; Einhellig, 1995). Such secondary metabolites or natural compounds could be considered as a possible alternative strategy for weed management (Bhadoria, 2010; Tesio and Ferrero, 2010). It is generally known that medicinal plants synthesize and accumulate a large amount of natural bioactive compounds, which provide a vital role in many biological activities (Silva and Fernandes Júnior, 2010; Yang et al., 2016). Numerous medicinal plants have been studied for potential allelopathic properties. Fujii et al. (1991) surveyed Japanese medicinal plants to determine their allelopathic properties. They also conducted further screening of 239 medicinal plant species for their allelopathic activity (Fujii et al., 2003). Many natural active compounds have also been isolated from other medicinal plants and reported as allelochemicals (Lin et al., 2004; Pukclai et al., 2010; Kato-Noguchi et al., 2014; Suwitchayanon et al., 2017a; 2017b; Boonmee et al., 2018a; 2018b). Thailand is located in the biologically complex Asia Pacific region. This vast area has diverse eco-climates and physiography, resulting in wide varieties of plant species as well as medicinal plant varieties that may have the potential to provide natural active substances (Arora, 2014; Hughes, 2017). Hence, screening of medicinal plants with allelopathic properties is the first step to investigate the potentiality of the plant to control weeds. This study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the allelopathic potential of aqueous methanol extracts from 12 Thai medicinal plants against the growth of representativ","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.57.75","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43201636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hydroponic culture holds potential advantages for the production of edible cacti, though there have been few studies investigating the effects on growth. This research investigates the effects of cultivation conditions including mother cladode size, fertilizer concentration and temperature on the growth of the edible cactus Nopalea cochenillifera in hydroponic culture. Mother cladode size was positively correlated with daughter cladode growth and development. Total fresh weight of daughter cladodes per mother cladode was highest when a large mother cladode was used, while small mother cladodes produced fewer daughter cladodes. Fertilizer usage was effective in promoting daughter cladode growth and development, though there was little difference in cladode number and length of first daughter cladode among different fertilizer treatments. In addition, we evaluated the effects of cultivation temperature (light and dark period temperatures of 25 ℃ /15 ℃ , 25 ℃ /25 ℃ , 35 ℃ /15 ℃ , 35 ℃ /25 ℃ , and 45 ℃ /15 ℃ ). Cladode growth was promoted at 35 ℃ /15 ℃ and 35 ℃ /25 ℃ leading to an increased harvest of daughter cladodes compared with other treatments. Our results show that mother cladode size, fertilizer concentration and cultivation temperature strongly affect daughter cladode growth and development. Thus, controlling cultivation conditions is important for improving edible cactus productivity and quality when using hydroponics.
{"title":"Hydroponics of Edible Cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera): Effect of Cladode Size, Fertilizer Concentration and Cultivation Temperature on Daughter Cladode Growth and Development","authors":"T. Horibe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.57.69","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.57.69","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroponic culture holds potential advantages for the production of edible cacti, though there have been few studies investigating the effects on growth. This research investigates the effects of cultivation conditions including mother cladode size, fertilizer concentration and temperature on the growth of the edible cactus Nopalea cochenillifera in hydroponic culture. Mother cladode size was positively correlated with daughter cladode growth and development. Total fresh weight of daughter cladodes per mother cladode was highest when a large mother cladode was used, while small mother cladodes produced fewer daughter cladodes. Fertilizer usage was effective in promoting daughter cladode growth and development, though there was little difference in cladode number and length of first daughter cladode among different fertilizer treatments. In addition, we evaluated the effects of cultivation temperature (light and dark period temperatures of 25 ℃ /15 ℃ , 25 ℃ /25 ℃ , 35 ℃ /15 ℃ , 35 ℃ /25 ℃ , and 45 ℃ /15 ℃ ). Cladode growth was promoted at 35 ℃ /15 ℃ and 35 ℃ /25 ℃ leading to an increased harvest of daughter cladodes compared with other treatments. Our results show that mother cladode size, fertilizer concentration and cultivation temperature strongly affect daughter cladode growth and development. Thus, controlling cultivation conditions is important for improving edible cactus productivity and quality when using hydroponics.","PeriodicalId":85505,"journal":{"name":"Seibutsu kankyo chosetsu. [Environment control in biology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.2525/ECB.57.69","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49079278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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