In the present research, three agents such as saw dust (carbonised), waste of the timber industry, suspended bacterial cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans strain NITD 20 and immobilised whole live bacterial cells were used individually for fluoride removal from synthetic wastewater. Carbonised saw dust was used first as an adsorbent at optimum conditions such as pH 7±0.2, initial fluoride concentration of 15 mg·L-1, particle size of 0.10 mm, adsorbent dose of 60 g·L-1, contact time of 10 h and stirring speed of 120 rpm, and it showed 79.04±0.196% fluoride removal. In the present study, both suspended and immobilised cells of ‘Pseudomonas oleovorans strain NITD 20’ were used for the defluoridation process. Immobilisation was done onto the carbonised saw dust. The maximum removal was observed for suspended cells at 94.5±2.1% and immobilised cells at 98±1.23% in 10 h and 8 h incubation periods, respectively, from 15 mg·L-1 fluoride containing synthetic wastewater.
{"title":"Removal of Fluoride from Synthetic Wastewater Using Carbonised Saw Dust and Suspended and Immobilised Culture of Pseudomonas oleovorans Strain NITD 20 – A Comparative Study","authors":"Bhaskar Bishayee, Abhilasha Rai, B. Ruj, S. Dutta","doi":"10.3233/ajw220095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220095","url":null,"abstract":"In the present research, three agents such as saw dust (carbonised), waste of the timber industry, suspended bacterial cells of Pseudomonas oleovorans strain NITD 20 and immobilised whole live bacterial cells were used individually for fluoride removal from synthetic wastewater. Carbonised saw dust was used first as an adsorbent at optimum conditions such as pH 7±0.2, initial fluoride concentration of 15 mg·L-1, particle size of 0.10 mm, adsorbent dose of 60 g·L-1, contact time of 10 h and stirring speed of 120 rpm, and it showed 79.04±0.196% fluoride removal. In the present study, both suspended and immobilised cells of ‘Pseudomonas oleovorans strain NITD 20’ were used for the defluoridation process. Immobilisation was done onto the carbonised saw dust. The maximum removal was observed for suspended cells at 94.5±2.1% and immobilised cells at 98±1.23% in 10 h and 8 h incubation periods, respectively, from 15 mg·L-1 fluoride containing synthetic wastewater.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44364909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alaa. M. A. Mahmoud, Ali Abdulhamza Al-Fanharawi, I. Al-Taee
Sawa Lake is one unique enclosed water system situated in southwest Iraq. The current study intends to track the change in water level and analyse the reasons and consequences of the shift in the lake’s physicochemical qualities and primary productivity. Monthly samples were taken from three study sites from February to July 2021. The study found that air and water temperatures increased and decreased at all sites, which were evaluated during the study period. The mean salinity values ranged from 85.92 to 19.67‰, with the highest value (52.20‰) occurring before the drought in February and the lowest value (19.67‰) occurring after the drought in July. The pH level ranged from 7.57 to 8.77. The current study’s nutrient concentration (nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate) was 1.04-19.91, 21.51-251.79, 0.26 - 2.37μg/L, respectively, and there was a reverse correlation between nitrite and nitrate with salinity. The productivity measured by the light and dark bottle method recorded the lowest level (0.25 mg/m3/h) before the drought, and the highest level (3.25 mg/m3/h) was observed after the drought period. Chlorophyll concentration decreased during a drought due to lowered nutrient inputs. These data demonstrate that primary productivity in the lake’s waters is relatively low. And, the drought for the lake occurred as a result of a series of reasons that were strongly influenced by human activities. Traditionally, groundwater is extracted for agricultural purposes in this region. Thus, the rate of groundwater flows into the lake decreases, which negatively affects the physical and chemical parameters and thus affects the productivity of the lake. One of the ways of management is to form a national campaign that adopts exceptional measures to meet the challenges related to groundwater by reformulating and developing water systems, in addition to the proposal to reduce the area of the lake basin industrially to one-third, because the water, even if it returns to flood the lake, does not return to the previous quantities. Thus, when the water quality will be good, it will create the appropriate conditions to increase the productivity of the lake.
{"title":"Assessment of Primary Parameters in Sawa Lake and Their Impact on Productivity","authors":"Alaa. M. A. Mahmoud, Ali Abdulhamza Al-Fanharawi, I. Al-Taee","doi":"10.3233/ajw220089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220089","url":null,"abstract":"Sawa Lake is one unique enclosed water system situated in southwest Iraq. The current study intends to track the change in water level and analyse the reasons and consequences of the shift in the lake’s physicochemical qualities and primary productivity. Monthly samples were taken from three study sites from February to July 2021. The study found that air and water temperatures increased and decreased at all sites, which were evaluated during the study period. The mean salinity values ranged from 85.92 to 19.67‰, with the highest value (52.20‰) occurring before the drought in February and the lowest value (19.67‰) occurring after the drought in July. The pH level ranged from 7.57 to 8.77. The current study’s nutrient concentration (nitrite, nitrate, and phosphate) was 1.04-19.91, 21.51-251.79, 0.26 - 2.37μg/L, respectively, and there was a reverse correlation between nitrite and nitrate with salinity. The productivity measured by the light and dark bottle method recorded the lowest level (0.25 mg/m3/h) before the drought, and the highest level (3.25 mg/m3/h) was observed after the drought period. Chlorophyll concentration decreased during a drought due to lowered nutrient inputs. These data demonstrate that primary productivity in the lake’s waters is relatively low. And, the drought for the lake occurred as a result of a series of reasons that were strongly influenced by human activities. Traditionally, groundwater is extracted for agricultural purposes in this region. Thus, the rate of groundwater flows into the lake decreases, which negatively affects the physical and chemical parameters and thus affects the productivity of the lake. One of the ways of management is to form a national campaign that adopts exceptional measures to meet the challenges related to groundwater by reformulating and developing water systems, in addition to the proposal to reduce the area of the lake basin industrially to one-third, because the water, even if it returns to flood the lake, does not return to the previous quantities. Thus, when the water quality will be good, it will create the appropriate conditions to increase the productivity of the lake.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47483210","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Raut, S. Gurung, Abda Khalid, Bed Mani Dahal, K. R. Kafle, A. Prakash
Drinking water supply systems in Nepal, originally designed to meet domestic water needs, are currently being used to fulfill the multiple water needs beyond domestic use which created inefficiency, risking water shortage and even causing premature system failure and breakdown. International Development Enterprises (IDE) first implemented the scheme, which is referred, to as Multiple-Use Water Systems (MUWS) that addresses the productive as well as domestic water needs. The MUWS systems are implemented in middle hill districts of the western, mid-western and far-western development regions of Nepal. The onset point for MUWS is classified as domestic-plus in which users have access to water for productive uses but maintain the priority for domestic uses around homesteads; irrigation-plus in which, users can accommodate water for both productive and domestic uses but maintain the priority for irrigation uses; and community-driven in which communities and their existing water practices and priorities as a starting point for improvement, and offers technology choices designed for multiple uses. MUWS shows multiple benefits by ensuring water availability, enhanced economy and community involvement. However, the system faced challenges of water shortage during the lean period and unaffordable system connection fees and tariffs for the poor and marginalised. Properly planned, managed and regulated MUWS can be seen as one of the several potential adaptation options utilising scarce water for high-value and off-season crop production, more effectively and efficiently in the context of changing climate.
{"title":"Development, Current Status and Challenges of Multiple Use Water Systems in Nepal: A Review","authors":"N. Raut, S. Gurung, Abda Khalid, Bed Mani Dahal, K. R. Kafle, A. Prakash","doi":"10.3233/ajw220084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220084","url":null,"abstract":"Drinking water supply systems in Nepal, originally designed to meet domestic water needs, are currently being used to fulfill the multiple water needs beyond domestic use which created inefficiency, risking water shortage and even causing premature system failure and breakdown. International Development Enterprises (IDE) first implemented the scheme, which is referred, to as Multiple-Use Water Systems (MUWS) that addresses the productive as well as domestic water needs. The MUWS systems are implemented in middle hill districts of the western, mid-western and far-western development regions of Nepal. The onset point for MUWS is classified as domestic-plus in which users have access to water for productive uses but maintain the priority for domestic uses around homesteads; irrigation-plus in which, users can accommodate water for both productive and domestic uses but maintain the priority for irrigation uses; and community-driven in which communities and their existing water practices and priorities as a starting point for improvement, and offers technology choices designed for multiple uses. MUWS shows multiple benefits by ensuring water availability, enhanced economy and community involvement. However, the system faced challenges of water shortage during the lean period and unaffordable system connection fees and tariffs for the poor and marginalised. Properly planned, managed and regulated MUWS can be seen as one of the several potential adaptation options utilising scarce water for high-value and off-season crop production, more effectively and efficiently in the context of changing climate.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42459788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nature inspired algorithms are simple, efficient, and well-organized evolutionary computational techniques to optimize the design process of Analog electronic circuits. Due to the presence of several competitive design objectives, analog circuit sizing is inadequate without the analysis of trade-offs between the performance specifications. Therefore proposed work adopted firefly optimization, to optimize the design of the Operational Amplifier by optimising the various design specifications like Gain, Slew Rate, etc., involved in the design to achieve the comprehensive goal of minimum transistor required in the design. The designed two-stage operational amplifier is implemented in UMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology using CADENCE software. Experiments were carried out taking into consideration the design constraints, for different ranges of design variables and were also verified by comparing with simulated results from CADENCE. Based on these results, it can be said that firefly algorithms can match up to theoretical and simulated results, with the firefly algorithm being able to achieve better results in terms of better optimum values of design specification such as Gain, Slew Rate, etc.
{"title":"Optimization of Two-Stage Operational Amplifier Using Firefly Algorithm Considering Environmental Constraints","authors":"K. Archana, Ram Kumar, S. Nath, P. Srivastava","doi":"10.3233/ajw220087","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220087","url":null,"abstract":"Nature inspired algorithms are simple, efficient, and well-organized evolutionary computational techniques to optimize the design process of Analog electronic circuits. Due to the presence of several competitive design objectives, analog circuit sizing is inadequate without the analysis of trade-offs between the performance specifications. Therefore proposed work adopted firefly optimization, to optimize the design of the Operational Amplifier by optimising the various design specifications like Gain, Slew Rate, etc., involved in the design to achieve the comprehensive goal of minimum transistor required in the design. The designed two-stage operational amplifier is implemented in UMC 0.18 μm CMOS technology using CADENCE software. Experiments were carried out taking into consideration the design constraints, for different ranges of design variables and were also verified by comparing with simulated results from CADENCE. Based on these results, it can be said that firefly algorithms can match up to theoretical and simulated results, with the firefly algorithm being able to achieve better results in terms of better optimum values of design specification such as Gain, Slew Rate, etc.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44108088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) is a viral pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a receptor, is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 to get access into the host cells. According to reports, ACE2 is expressed in the liver, placenta, heart, lungs and kidneys. This study sought to gain unique insights into the features of liver indicators in individuals suffering from COVID-19 disease in order to enhance their therapeutic care. The study groups included 50 people diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in the patient’s group and 25 healthy people without any systemic diseases in the control group. Human serum samples were used to measure liver function enzymes, CRP, D dimer, and ferritin all samples by using automated quantitative tests. The results revealed a statically significant difference between AST, ALP, TSB, and study groups, where it is found that the mean levels of AST (88.04±33.00) and ALP (99.61±41.93) were high in patients than in controls, while the mean levels of TSB were low in patients (0.51±0.21) than the controls. A significant difference was also obtained for each ferritin, CRP, and D dimer between the study groups, where it found the mean concentrations of D dimer, ferritin and CRP, i.e., 1208.09±667.32, 60.53±23.91 and 204.52±90.62, respectively, were high in the patient’s group than in controls.
{"title":"The Impact of COVID-19 Infection on Prognostic Effect of Liver Laboratory Markers and Disease Outcome","authors":"Randa R. Ghamyes, Hayjaa M. Alhamadani, M. Rasool","doi":"10.3233/ajw220069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220069","url":null,"abstract":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2) is a viral pathogen that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as a receptor, is crucial for SARS-CoV-2 to get access into the host cells. According to reports, ACE2 is expressed in the liver, placenta, heart, lungs and kidneys. This study sought to gain unique insights into the features of liver indicators in individuals suffering from COVID-19 disease in order to enhance their therapeutic care. The study groups included 50 people diagnosed with COVID-19 infection in the patient’s group and 25 healthy people without any systemic diseases in the control group. Human serum samples were used to measure liver function enzymes, CRP, D dimer, and ferritin all samples by using automated quantitative tests. The results revealed a statically significant difference between AST, ALP, TSB, and study groups, where it is found that the mean levels of AST (88.04±33.00) and ALP (99.61±41.93) were high in patients than in controls, while the mean levels of TSB were low in patients (0.51±0.21) than the controls. A significant difference was also obtained for each ferritin, CRP, and D dimer between the study groups, where it found the mean concentrations of D dimer, ferritin and CRP, i.e., 1208.09±667.32, 60.53±23.91 and 204.52±90.62, respectively, were high in the patient’s group than in controls.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41350652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the Tahlawi River Basin in Diyala Province in eastern Iraq and the corresponding areas in Iran, GIS and remote sensing approaches are used to classify the morphological characteristics of watersheds and assess their characteristics. Morphometric parameters such as aerial and linear aspects of the basin of the Tahlawi River were determined and measured. The drainage pattern of the river is dendritic, and it also stands 6th in the order of river basins. This means that the drainage density flow is medium. The circularity ratio value shows that the basin’s geological components are homogeneous. This study provides important information for the population of the basin in investing its resources for development.
{"title":"Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques to Evaluate the Morphological Analysis of the Tehlawi River Basin, Diyala District, Eastern Iraq","authors":"S. Al–Shammary, S. O. M. Al-Mayyahi","doi":"10.3233/ajw220079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220079","url":null,"abstract":"In the Tahlawi River Basin in Diyala Province in eastern Iraq and the corresponding areas in Iran, GIS and remote sensing approaches are used to classify the morphological characteristics of watersheds and assess their characteristics. Morphometric parameters such as aerial and linear aspects of the basin of the Tahlawi River were determined and measured. The drainage pattern of the river is dendritic, and it also stands 6th in the order of river basins. This means that the drainage density flow is medium. The circularity ratio value shows that the basin’s geological components are homogeneous. This study provides important information for the population of the basin in investing its resources for development.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48631921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thyroxine (T4) plays a vital role in the metabolic processes of animals. It influences the storage and mobilisation of minerals and their utilisation according to the requirement of the body. It is also involved in the early development of vertebrates, especially in amphibian metamorphosis. It has shown anabolic and catabolic effects at a lower dose and higher dose, respectively. The present study aims to identify the role of thyroxine in regulating calcium and phosphorous metabolism in the blood, muscle and bone tissues of Bufo melanostictus. Toads of various sizes and different age groups were chosen, showing a positive correlation between body weight and snout to vent length, indicating overall continuous growth as observed for a large number of poikilothermic animals. As per an earlier report, thyroxine has been shown to have a direct catabolic effect on bone mineral homeostasis leading to an increase in bone mineral resorption and calcium loss through the kidney. Results of the present study indicate that thyroxine treatment in Bufo melanostictus caused depletion of calcium and phosphorous in muscle and bone, while their level increased in the serum at both doses (0.5 μg/gm and 2 μg/gm) during short term i.e. a one-day T4 treatment. Such results are very much consistent with many of the earlier obscurations that, T4 causes an increase in serum calcium and phosphorous levels, while their level in muscle and bone decreased. When the level of these two minerals falls in the serum due to any other condition, the bone resorption under the influence of thyroxine maintains the concentration in serum, consequently, there is a loss in bone density due to resorption and in muscle due to utilisation. However, if the exogenous supply is adequate, the loss caused as above is compensated for, in both bone and muscle.
{"title":"Regulatory Effect of Thyroxine on Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism in Tissues of Common Indian Toad","authors":"K. Mohanty, S. Pattnaik, G. Mishra, B. B. Kar","doi":"10.3233/ajw220073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220073","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroxine (T4) plays a vital role in the metabolic processes of animals. It influences the storage and mobilisation of minerals and their utilisation according to the requirement of the body. It is also involved in the early development of vertebrates, especially in amphibian metamorphosis. It has shown anabolic and catabolic effects at a lower dose and higher dose, respectively. The present study aims to identify the role of thyroxine in regulating calcium and phosphorous metabolism in the blood, muscle and bone tissues of Bufo melanostictus. Toads of various sizes and different age groups were chosen, showing a positive correlation between body weight and snout to vent length, indicating overall continuous growth as observed for a large number of poikilothermic animals. As per an earlier report, thyroxine has been shown to have a direct catabolic effect on bone mineral homeostasis leading to an increase in bone mineral resorption and calcium loss through the kidney. Results of the present study indicate that thyroxine treatment in Bufo melanostictus caused depletion of calcium and phosphorous in muscle and bone, while their level increased in the serum at both doses (0.5 μg/gm and 2 μg/gm) during short term i.e. a one-day T4 treatment. Such results are very much consistent with many of the earlier obscurations that, T4 causes an increase in serum calcium and phosphorous levels, while their level in muscle and bone decreased. When the level of these two minerals falls in the serum due to any other condition, the bone resorption under the influence of thyroxine maintains the concentration in serum, consequently, there is a loss in bone density due to resorption and in muscle due to utilisation. However, if the exogenous supply is adequate, the loss caused as above is compensated for, in both bone and muscle.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44303174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Benzene, a hazardous chemical, is one of the effluents which are eliminated by various industries as waste products into the water bodies. Various techniques are used for the separation of benzene from waste water such as liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, absorption and pervaporation, and membrane distillation (MD). In this work, the air gap membrane distillation technique is used for the removal of benzene from benzene-water solution. Microporous hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane was used in the membrane module in the AGMD setup. The effect of various parameters, such as feed bulk temperature and air gap width, were studied on permeate flux and membrane selectivity. It was observed that on increasing the feed bulk temperature from 40°C to 60°C, the permeate flux increases exponentially from 2.95 kg/m2·h to 4.63 kg/m2·h at an air gap of 3 mm. However, on increasing the air gap width from 3 mm to 11 mm, the permeate flux decreased tremendously from 4.63 kg/m2·h to 0.93 kg/m2·h at 2 lpm of feed flow rate under a constant feed temperature of 60°C. It was also found that the selectivity of benzene in permeate increases from 40.57 to 63.74, on increasing the feed bulk temperature from 40°C to 60°C, which clearly indicates the separation of benzene by using air gap membrane distillation. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer is used for determining the concentration of benzene in permeate at the wavelength of 255 nm. The membrane morphology of the hydrophobic PTFE membrane was studied using FE-SEM, prior and after the experimental runs for continuous 200 hours.
{"title":"Experimental Study for Benzene/Water Removal by Air Gap Membrane Distillation","authors":"D. Gaur, Kailash Singh, S. Upadhyaya, S. Meena","doi":"10.3233/ajw220070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220070","url":null,"abstract":"Benzene, a hazardous chemical, is one of the effluents which are eliminated by various industries as waste products into the water bodies. Various techniques are used for the separation of benzene from waste water such as liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption, absorption and pervaporation, and membrane distillation (MD). In this work, the air gap membrane distillation technique is used for the removal of benzene from benzene-water solution. Microporous hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane was used in the membrane module in the AGMD setup. The effect of various parameters, such as feed bulk temperature and air gap width, were studied on permeate flux and membrane selectivity. It was observed that on increasing the feed bulk temperature from 40°C to 60°C, the permeate flux increases exponentially from 2.95 kg/m2·h to 4.63 kg/m2·h at an air gap of 3 mm. However, on increasing the air gap width from 3 mm to 11 mm, the permeate flux decreased tremendously from 4.63 kg/m2·h to 0.93 kg/m2·h at 2 lpm of feed flow rate under a constant feed temperature of 60°C. It was also found that the selectivity of benzene in permeate increases from 40.57 to 63.74, on increasing the feed bulk temperature from 40°C to 60°C, which clearly indicates the separation of benzene by using air gap membrane distillation. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer is used for determining the concentration of benzene in permeate at the wavelength of 255 nm. The membrane morphology of the hydrophobic PTFE membrane was studied using FE-SEM, prior and after the experimental runs for continuous 200 hours.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42821200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the current study, two sites were selected from the city of Adhamiya, central Baghdad. The first site is the Adhamiya Corniche, which includes a sample of river water and the second includes domestic sewage in the same area. The total density of benthic invertebrates was 775 ind/m2, which is divided into 15 taxa. Biological indices were found, such as the stability index, the abundance index, the biodiversity index (Shannon’s index), the homogeneity index, and the invader’s guide. The result showed an increase in the density of benthic invertebrates, as well as an increase in the diversity of these organisms.
{"title":"An Ecological Comparison of Benthic Invertebrate Communities Between Sewage and Tigris River Water – Baghdad","authors":"R. Hashim","doi":"10.3233/ajw220078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220078","url":null,"abstract":"In the current study, two sites were selected from the city of Adhamiya, central Baghdad. The first site is the Adhamiya Corniche, which includes a sample of river water and the second includes domestic sewage in the same area. The total density of benthic invertebrates was 775 ind/m2, which is divided into 15 taxa. Biological indices were found, such as the stability index, the abundance index, the biodiversity index (Shannon’s index), the homogeneity index, and the invader’s guide. The result showed an increase in the density of benthic invertebrates, as well as an increase in the diversity of these organisms.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44957962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
India’s per capita electricity consumption is less than one-third of the global average. Coal is the only energy source that India possesses in abundance to meet the 24×7 electricity requirements of its people in a cost-effective manner. While mining operations have positive economic impacts on the local area in terms of infrastructure development and provision of employment and business opportunities for the local population, they also create adverse impacts on the environment. These impacts are particularly significant in the case of opencast coal mines which produce more than 94% of the coal produced in India. The coal sector must incorporate social and ecological sensitivities into the mining process from the planning stage up to mine closure to meet India’s Sustainable Development Goals. In this study, the authors present the results of a study on the vegetation and air environment around four opencast coal mines in the State of Telangana. The Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) is useful to assess the environmental impacts of mining operations, such as the air quality and vegetation around coal mines, and also monitor the progress of post-closure activities. The findings of this study are relevant for other coal mines.
{"title":"Application of Vegetation Index to Assess the Sustainability of Coal Mines in India","authors":"C. Chauhan, A. Ahmed, R. Srikanth","doi":"10.3233/ajw220066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ajw220066","url":null,"abstract":"India’s per capita electricity consumption is less than one-third of the global average. Coal is the only energy source that India possesses in abundance to meet the 24×7 electricity requirements of its people in a cost-effective manner. While mining operations have positive economic impacts on the local area in terms of infrastructure development and provision of employment and business opportunities for the local population, they also create adverse impacts on the environment. These impacts are particularly significant in the case of opencast coal mines which produce more than 94% of the coal produced in India. The coal sector must incorporate social and ecological sensitivities into the mining process from the planning stage up to mine closure to meet India’s Sustainable Development Goals. In this study, the authors present the results of a study on the vegetation and air environment around four opencast coal mines in the State of Telangana. The Normalized Vegetation Difference Index (NDVI) is useful to assess the environmental impacts of mining operations, such as the air quality and vegetation around coal mines, and also monitor the progress of post-closure activities. The findings of this study are relevant for other coal mines.","PeriodicalId":8553,"journal":{"name":"Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2022-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45800270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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