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Doktorov B.Z. Foster City Is My America. Sociographic Essays. Moscow: TsSPiM, 2019. 164 p. Reviewed by G.E. Zborovsky, P.A. Ambarova
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007736-2
G. Zborovsky, P. Ambarova
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引用次数: 0
Sociology as a «Strong Science»: Leon Petrazhitsky’s Unfinished Project 社会学作为一门“强大的科学”:Leon pezhitsky未完成的项目
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007745-2
E. Timoshina
Author reviews the Warsaw period works by Leon Petrazycki and his logical and methodological studies in order to reconstruct his project of sociology based on them. In his intention, sociology should have become the common foundation of the whole set of social sciences (theory of law and morality, political economy, etc.). However, according to Petrazycki, sociology does not yet exist as a «strict science», and he considers contemporary sociological concepts as exhibits of the «Scientific Pathology Museum». The author denies traditional identification between Petrazycki’s sociological project and the empirical tradition in sociology. Petrazycki constructs sociology as theoretical science and uses following methodological tools: 1) the principle of adequacy of the theory, 2) the theorem on n + 1 theories; 3) the doctrine of positions (atomic elements of judgments) as the basis for classifying sciences. In Petrazycki’s interpretation, the subject of sociology is evolutionary processes of behavior motivation. Sociology of Petrazycki, known from the summaries of his disciples, does not fully correspond to his own logical and methodological criteria: it is reduced to the theory of genesis and evolution of ethical (moral and legal) motivation. At the same time, he considers sociology of law to be a superfluous discipline. Probably, this incompleteness of the sociology project is a reason why Petrazycki has refused to publish the finished manuscript on sociology. Finally, author discusses how Pitirim Sorokin had used some logical and methodological ideas of Petrazycki to develop his own system of sociology.
作者回顾了彼得雷泽基华沙时期的著作及其逻辑和方法论研究,以期在此基础上重构他的社会学项目。在他的意图中,社会学应该成为一整套社会科学(法律与道德理论、政治经济学等)的共同基础。然而,根据彼得雷泽基的说法,社会学还不是一门“严格的科学”,他认为当代社会学概念是“科学病理学博物馆”的展品。作者否认将佩特拉茨基的社会学计划与社会学的经验主义传统混为一谈。彼得雷泽基将社会学构建为理论科学,并使用了以下方法论工具:1)理论充分性原则;2)n + 1理论定理;3)立场学说(判断的原子要素)作为科学分类的基础。在彼得雷泽基的解释中,社会学的主题是行为动机的进化过程。彼得雷泽基的社会学,从他的弟子总结中得知,并不完全符合他自己的逻辑和方法论标准:它被简化为伦理(道德和法律)动机的起源和演变理论。同时,他认为法律社会学是一门多余的学科。也许,这个社会学项目的不完整是彼得雷泽基拒绝发表完成的社会学手稿的一个原因。最后,作者论述了索罗金是如何运用彼得雷泽奇的一些逻辑和方法论思想来发展自己的社会学体系的。
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引用次数: 0
Civic Participation in Russia Today: Interaction of Social and Political Practices 今日俄罗斯的公民参与:社会与政治实践的互动
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007743-0
V. Petukhov
The author argues that the rise of civic activism and formation of the public demand for social change convert the problem of the prospects of the Russia’s democracy into another context, than it had been a few years ago. The change of vector of public moods and expectations as it is stated in the article coincides with the emergence of multiple social groups and strata that do not need any goverment care and are interested to expand the borders of freedom and individual selfrealization. These both factors open a «window of opportunity» for the development of diverse forms and practices of «civic participation». The author interprets the above concept as a way that citizens and either formalized or not formalized social associations are expressing self-manifestation in different social spheres. The problem of interaction and co-influence between such two key components of civic participation as the «political» and «social» ones is the central problem of the article. The author argues that the convergence between the «political» and «social» components of civic participation should occur (and to some extent it is already going on) through both the «politicization» of socially oriented public associations and the «socialization» of political parties and movements. The author applies sociological data collected by Federal Center of Theoretical and Applied Sociology of Russian Academy of Sciences that demonstrate that the level of direct involvement of Russia’s citizens into various forms of political and social participation is low. Wherein there is a rather significant segment of the «activist periphery» that under certain circumstances is promising for more intense involvement. It is emphasized that the increased importance of civic participation in contemporary Russia is determined not so much by its «mass character» as by ability of the active part of society to form institutional matrix of new forms and practices for political representation and public participation. This process is intensifying under the influence of confidence crisis both to existing power and government system and to most institutions of representative democracy.
作者认为,与几年前相比,公民行动主义的兴起和公众对社会变革需求的形成,将俄罗斯民主前景的问题转变为另一种背景。正如文章所述,公众情绪和期望向量的变化与多个社会群体和阶层的出现不谋而合,这些群体和阶层不需要任何政府的照顾,并有兴趣扩大自由和个人自我实现的边界。这两个因素为“公民参与”的各种形式和实践的发展打开了“机会之窗”。笔者将上述概念解读为公民和正规化或非正规化的社会团体在不同社会领域表达自我的一种方式。公民参与的“政治”和“社会”这两个关键组成部分之间的相互作用和共同影响问题是本文的中心问题。作者认为,公民参与的“政治”和“社会”组成部分之间的融合应该通过面向社会的公共协会的“政治化”和政党和运动的“社会化”来实现(并且在某种程度上已经在进行)。作者运用俄罗斯科学院理论和应用社会学联邦中心收集的社会学数据,证明俄罗斯公民直接参与各种形式的政治和社会参与的水平很低。其中有相当重要的一部分“外围激进分子”,在某些情况下有望更强烈地参与。本文强调,当代俄罗斯公民参与的重要性日益增加,与其说是由其“群体性”决定的,不如说是由社会活跃部分形成政治代表和公众参与的新形式和实践的制度矩阵的能力决定的。在现有权力和政府体制以及大多数代议制民主机构的信任危机的影响下,这一进程正在加剧。
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引用次数: 3
Melnikov M.V. Privatization of Public Space: Social and Managerial Aspects. Novosibirsk: NGTU, 2019. 256 p. Revieved by V.I. Ignatyev 公共空间私有化:社会与管理层面。新西伯利亚:NGTU, 2019。V.I.伊格纳季耶夫复稿
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007737-3
V. Ignatyev
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引用次数: 0
Did Russians' Welfare Attitudes Change? An Analysis of the Dynamics and Comparison with Other Countries 俄罗斯人对福利的态度改变了吗?动态分析与国际比较
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007748-5
A. Salmina
The article presents a comparative analysis of the views of Russians on the social policy of the state using the data of the European Social Survey for 2008 and 2016. The results show statistically significant changes in the views on social policy during this period. Social demands of Russians towards the state have slightly decreased in terms of assistance to pensioners, the unemployed and families with children, although they still remain quite high. At the same time, the structure of these welfare attitudes remained unchanged. The Russians’ assessment of the standard of living of retirees and the unemployed slightly improved. Nevertheless, among European countries Russia features, as before, – the most negative assessments of the situation of pensioners and the unemployed. Such assessments of their situation are given by poor Russians. In 2016, the link of the assessment of the financial situation of pensioners and the unemployed became more noticeable with demands for increased state responsibility for helping each of these groups. Between the two groups of indicators, a stricter linear relationship is observed with regard to pensioners – the worse the average citizens of countries estimate the standard of living of pensioners, the more they consider its improvement a responsibility of the state. Russians’ views on unemployment benefits differ significantly from people in most European countries.
本文利用2008年和2016年欧洲社会调查的数据,对俄罗斯人对国家社会政策的看法进行了比较分析。统计结果显示,在这一时期,对社会政策的看法发生了显著变化。在养老金领取者、失业者和有孩子的家庭方面,俄罗斯人对国家的社会需求略有下降,尽管这些需求仍然很高。与此同时,这些福利态度的结构保持不变。俄罗斯人对退休人员和失业者生活水平的评估略有改善。然而,在欧洲国家中,俄罗斯同以前一样对领取养恤金者和失业者的状况作出了最消极的评价。贫穷的俄罗斯人对他们的处境做出了这样的评价。2016年,评估养老金领取者和失业者的财务状况的联系变得更加明显,要求增加国家帮助这两个群体的责任。在两组指标之间,观察到关于养老金领取者的更严格的线性关系-国家的普通公民对养老金领取者生活水平的估计越差,他们就越认为改善养老金领取者的生活水平是国家的责任。俄罗斯人对失业救济的看法与大多数欧洲国家的人有很大不同。
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引用次数: 0
History and the Current State of Sociology in Taiwan 台湾社会学的历史与现状
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007753-1
J. Jin, P. Deriugin, L. Veselova, L. Lebedintseva
This article discusses specifics of the formation and development of sociology, which arises in the local conditions of the island East Asian region of Taiwan in the context of general trends of world sociology. It is shown that in the historical development of sociology in Taiwan there are several key points and «forces of influence». The first was associated with political interests and Japanese influence in Taiwan in 1930–1945. The next turning point in the history of Taiwanese sociology is associated with the sociologists’ resettling from mainland China to Taiwan (Lung Kung-Hoi, Hsieh Cheng-Fu, Chang Ching-yu and etc.). These sociologists did not agree with the political course in the People’s Republic of China headed by Communist Party. During this period, research developed in the spirit of Japanese-Western-American traditions. The article notes that up to the 1980s attention of Taiwanese sociologists was focused on the study of issues of population, family, juvenile crime, urban development. The rapid economic development and rising confidence in the future by the Taiwanese society makes it possible to emerge the new character of sociology in Taiwan in the 1980s together with the beginning of indigenization and liberalization processes. The emphasis in the article is on the fact that by the end of the first half of the 20th century existing scientific sociological trends in mainland China had a strong influence on the discipline. In the 21st century there were taking place two multidirectional processes – «Sinicization» of the Taiwanese sociology and, at the same time, the moves of the Taiwanese sociological community towards creation of own unique sociological academic characteristics. Nowadays there are several sociology departments at the largest universities on the island, the Taiwan Sociological Association; specialized journals and monographs are being published. In general, public impact of sociological knowledge in Taiwan is high, because of its focus on the study of new social processes and active ties of sociologists with the socio-political life of society. The authors conclude that the prevailing trend in the development of sociology in Taiwan is the desire to preserve identity while being involved in the globalization processes.
本文在世界社会学大趋势的背景下,探讨了台湾东亚岛屿地区特有的社会学形成与发展的具体情况。在台湾社会学的历史发展中,有几个关键点和“影响力量”。第一个与1930-1945年日本在台湾的政治利益和影响有关。台湾社会学历史的下一个转折点是社会学家从大陆移居台湾(龙公会、谢正甫、张清玉等)。这些社会学家并不认同以共产党为首的中华人民共和国的政治路线。在此期间,研究本着日本-西方-美国传统的精神发展起来。文章指出,在1980年代以前,台湾社会学家的研究焦点主要集中在人口、家庭、青少年犯罪、城市发展等问题上。台湾社会经济的快速发展和对未来信心的增强,使得1980年代台湾社会学的新特征得以出现,同时也开始了本土化和自由化的进程。文章的重点是,到20世纪上半叶,中国大陆现有的科学社会学趋势对这一学科产生了强烈的影响。进入21世纪以来,台湾社会学的“中国化”与台湾社会学界创造自己独特的社会学学术特征的过程是多向的。如今,台湾最大的大学有几个社会学系,台湾社会学协会;正在出版专业期刊和专著。总体而言,社会学知识在台湾的公共影响力很高,因为它专注于研究新的社会过程,以及社会学家与社会的社会政治生活的积极联系。作者的结论是,台湾社会学发展的主流趋势是希望在参与全球化进程的同时保持身份。
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引用次数: 0
Ideological Vectors and Scalars of Action for Proponents of Change 变革支持者的意识形态矢量和行动标量
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007738-4
Yury V. Latov
The materials of monitoring studies of the Institute of Sociology of the FNISTS RAS in recent years examine the sociopolitical (related to ideological orientations) characteristics of those Russians who are supporters of changes in the country. An analysis of the database of the all-Russian survey on a representative sample conducted in the autumn of 2018 made it possible to single out avant-garde groups (18% of the population). They desire change more than one and a half times more often than Russians in general. The strongest vector of desire for change is associated with the liberal ideologeme, which also unites around itself supporters of the socialist and (to a lesser extent) «state-owned» ideologies. Liberalism plays the role of a kind of catalyst: without its «additive», all other ideologies and their combinations, as a rule, are much weaker associated with the desire for change. The identification of vectors (ideological directions) of the desire for change is complemented by the measurement of its scalars (force). Data on the actual participation of respondents in mass actions makes it possible to distinguish the «core» of actors for change differently: this is 6% of the population who demonstrate not only an increased desire for change, but also more frequent (almost 2 times more often than other Russians) participation in mass actions for change. In this «core», the liberals prevail over the Russian nationalists, but weaker (no longer by 6 times, but less than 2 times) than in previously identified avant-garde groups. This shows that in the «core» of the actors of striving for changes to a certain extent, there is an effect of mutual neutralization of supporters of multidirectional (liberal and nationalist) changes.
俄罗斯国家科学院社会学研究所近年来的监测研究资料,考察了支持国家变革的俄罗斯人的社会政治特征(与意识形态取向有关)。对2018年秋季进行的全俄代表性样本调查的数据库进行分析,可以挑出前卫群体(占人口的18%)。他们渴望改变的频率是一般俄罗斯人的1.5倍。渴望改变的最强载体与自由主义意识形态有关,它也将社会主义和(在较小程度上)“国有”意识形态的支持者团结在自己周围。自由主义扮演着一种催化剂的角色:没有它的“添加剂”,所有其他意识形态及其组合,作为一种规则,与变革愿望的联系要弱得多。对变革愿望的矢量(意识形态方向)的识别是通过测量其标量(力)来补充的。调查对象实际参与群众行动的数据使我们有可能以不同的方式区分变革行动者的“核心”:这是6%的人口,他们不仅表现出越来越强烈的变革愿望,而且更频繁(几乎是其他俄罗斯人的两倍)参与群众变革行动。在这个“核心”中,自由主义者战胜了俄罗斯民族主义者,但比以前确定的先锋团体弱(不再是6倍,而是不到2倍)。这表明,在争取变革的行动者的“核心”中,在一定程度上存在着多向(自由主义和民族主义)变革支持者的相互中和效应。
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引用次数: 0
Current Research in TA/RRI, Sociology of Technology and Engineering in Russia: an Overview 俄罗斯技术与工程社会学研究现状综述
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007735-1
E. Gavrilina, A.A. Kazakova
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引用次数: 0
Social Change, Concepts and Policy: on the 14th European Sociological Association Conference 社会变迁、概念与政策:第十四届欧洲社会学协会会议
Pub Date : 2019-12-23 DOI: 10.31857/s013216250007740-7
Irina Trofimova
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引用次数: 0
The Roots of the Grass: Patterns of Grassroots Urban Mobilization in Russia 草根之根:俄罗斯基层城市动员的模式
Pub Date : 2019-12-11 DOI: 10.31857/S013216250007746-3
A. Semenov
Based on the analysis of over 500 cases of grassroots mobilization in Russian cities in 2012–2014, the author analyzes basic characteristics of urban protests and their patterns. The data demonstrate that mobilization against construction projects is the most frequent one, followed by the protests against the demolition of the recreational areas, insufficient quality of municipal services, and degradation of transport infrastructure. Also of high visibility are protests of evicted citizens and hoodwinked house investors. Citizens experience all types of the problems related to the urban development and governances regardless of the type of the city. However, mobilization in metropolitan areas is more intensive and diversified, while protests in the smaller cities tend to be more direct in repertoire and particularistic in demands. The study shows that grassroots urban mobilization constitutes a lasting backdrop for urban governance in Russia. Urban dwellers mobilize when public authorities or business encroach upon their living environment, however, they are less able to be proactive and turn protests into sustained collective challenges like campaigns or movements. The results of the study also point to the necessity of developing effective institutions for communications between all stakeholders in the urban governance process.
本文通过对2012-2014年俄罗斯城市中500多个基层动员案例的分析,分析了城市抗议活动的基本特征及其模式。数据表明,反对建设项目的动员是最常见的,其次是反对拆除休闲区、市政服务质量不足和交通基础设施退化的抗议活动。同样引人注目的还有被驱逐的市民和被蒙骗的房屋投资者的抗议。无论是何种类型的城市,市民都经历着与城市发展和治理相关的各种问题。然而,大都市地区的动员更加密集和多样化,而小城市的抗议活动往往在曲目上更直接,在要求上更有特殊性。研究表明,基层城市动员构成了俄罗斯城市治理的持久背景。当公共当局或企业侵犯城市居民的生活环境时,他们会动员起来,然而,他们不太能够积极主动地将抗议活动转化为运动或运动等持续的集体挑战。研究结果还指出,必须建立有效的制度,以便在城市治理过程中所有利益相关者之间进行沟通。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
The Journal of sociological studies
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