Assessment最新文献

Unlike depression sum scores, the underlying risk for depression is typically assumed to be normally distributed across the general population. To assess the true empirical shape of depression risk, we created a continuous-valued estimate of the latent depression density, using the Davidian-Curve Item Response Theory (DC-IRT) and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohorts from 2005 to 2018 (n = 36,244 on the Nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9). We conducted simulations to investigate the performance of DC-IRT for large samples and realistic items. The method can recover complex latent-risk distributions even when they are not evident from sum scores. However, estimation accuracy for different sample sizes depends on the method of model selection. In addition to full-data analysis, random samples of a few thousand observations were drawn for analysis. The latent shape of depression was left-skewed and bimodal in both investigations, indicating that the latent-normality assumption does not hold for depression.

Previous investigations on the underlying structure of psychopathology symptoms primarily focused at the between-person level and among adult samples. This study used two independent Canadian samples with month-long daily diary designs to investigate daily psychopathology structure at both within- and between-person level among adolescents (n = 99, 2,132 daily reports) and young adults (n = 313, 6,431 and 4,018 daily reports at each wave). Four mainstream types of psychopathology structure were compared based on a comprehensive set of standards. The results suggest that the general factor of psychopathology (p factor) derived from the higher-order and bifactor models performed similarly well at both within- and between-person levels, while the specific factors estimated in the bifactor models demonstrated low reliability and consistency over time. Psychopathology manifests as multidimensional at the within-person level but unidimensional at the between-person level. The current findings inform the development of future prevention and intervention programs by supporting the adoption of transdiagnostic treatment that addresses multiple psychopathology symptoms with a holistic approach.

The construct of narcissism can be conceptualized very differently depending on the psychological literature. The social-personality conceptualization of narcissism often emphasizes high self-esteem as well as a range of associated maladaptive and adaptive outcomes. The clinical literature focuses on the pathological aspects of narcissism and highlights maladaptive aspects that correspond to the relationship between narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic vulnerability. Reflecting these varying views of narcissism, many measures have become popular in the assessment of the construct, each with varying interpersonal characterizations. The current study (N = 1,111) evaluated the interpersonal profiles captured by popular measures of narcissism and examined whether measures capture overlapping, differentiated, and/or intended interpersonal styles. Results revealed that measures of narcissism capture a wide range of interpersonal styles, from warm/dominant to submissive. However, most measures emphasize the role of interpersonal dominance in the measure content. Viewing narcissism from a three-factor structure, including narcissistic agency, antagonism, and vulnerability, helps to integrate the wide range of interpersonal styles apparent across narcissism measures. Furthermore, the level of (mal)adaptivity and general interpersonal style somewhat maps onto the literature of origin for the scales. Implications for measurement selection in the assessment of narcissism are discussed.

This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the modified brief Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID5BF + M) in primary care (PC) using data from n = 1,030 German patients. Furthermore, differences in maladaptive personality traits between PC patients and the general population were explored. Confirmatory factor analysis supported factorial validity (CFI = 0.949, TLI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.044, and SRMR = 0.058). Reliability was adequate across domain scales (ω_H: 0.75-0.85). PID5BF + M total and domain scale scores, particularly negative affectivity, correlated significantly positively with depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and somatic symptoms (PHQ-15), indicating convergent validity. Regression analyses showed PC to be associated with lower levels of maladaptive personality traits, compared with a representative German population sample (n = 4,172). These findings highlight the PID5BF + M as a valid and reliable tool for assessing personality pathology and maladaptive traits in PC, enabling general practitioners to screen for transdiagnostic indicators of mental health conditions.

Capability for suicide is fundamental when differentiating between those who think about suicide compared to those who make lethal or near-lethal suicide attempts. Although suicidal capability is theorized to have unique subcomponents, the reliable measures of suicidal capability generally focus on single aspects of capability (e.g., fearlessness of death). Thus, the goal of the present research was to develop and present a novel Multidimensional Capability for Suicide Scale (MCSS) across three clinically relevant samples: Sample 1 was composed of participants with elevated levels of psychopathology (N₁ = 513), while Samples 2 to 3 included participants with either current suicidal ideation or a lifetime suicide attempt (N₂ = 489, N₃ = 278). All samples suggested a 16-item measure with four distinct subscales including access to suicidal means, pain tolerance, fearlessness of death, and perceived ability to kill oneself. The final set of items exhibited excellent model fit across each sample and indicated unique associations with various aspects of suicide risk. Thus, the MCSS presents as an improved measurement tool to assess each theorized facet of suicidal capability, providing avenues for future research and treatment regarding suicide assessment, intervention, and prevention.

The quality of family involvement is recognized as a crucial factor that impacts a wide range of child developmental outcomes. In this cross-sectional study, we focused on the Family Involvement Questionnaire-Short Form (FIQ-SF), a widely used parent report that measures family involvement through a three-dimensional structure (school-based involvement, home-school conferencing, home-based involvement), and gathered validity evidence from families of 3,860 preschoolers in China. The results of factor analyses and multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis provided empirical support for the three-dimensional structure underlying the FIQ-SF and the equivalence of this measure across gender groups of preschoolers. Results from the multidimensional graded response model revealed that the FIQ-SF items displayed adequate item-level psychometric characteristics. However, one item on the home-based involvement dimension exhibited slight differential item functioning across gender groups of preschoolers. Findings were discussed in comparison to existing validation studies of the FIQ-SF and recommendations for future research were provided accordingly.

Fifty-five children and adolescents with complicated mild-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) within 1 to 12 months post-injury. Compared with demographically matched neurologically healthy controls, selected from the WISC-V standardization sample, participants with TBI demonstrated statistically significantly lower scores across WISC-V indices. The working memory, processing speed, and cognitive proficiency indices also demonstrated statistically significant negative correlations with brain injury severity based on time to follow commands. Logistic regression analyses unequivocally supported a priori criteria for the processing speed index and partially supported the cognitive proficiency index (but not the working memory index) in accurately predicting brain injury versus control group membership. In conclusion, our results provided moderate support for the criterion-related validity of the WISC-V cognitive proficiency index in the evaluation of sequelae of pediatric traumatic brain injury.

The Tower of London (TOL) is a set of problem-solving tasks that are commonly used to measure cognition. No studies have developed construct specification equations (CSEs) to mathematically quantify how the characteristics of test problems relate to the difficulty of the problem in the TOL. We aimed to investigate the relationship between TOL problem characteristics and problem difficulty in Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). For each problem, the sample average of moves, time, and optimal moves was used to quantify TOL problem difficulty from 77 Veterans with mild traumatic brain injury. Problem characteristics of minimum moves, optimal paths, move choices, start position, and goal position for 29 TOL problems were linearly regressed against quantifications of TOL problem difficulty. Only the problem characteristic of minimum moves showed a significant correlation across all three quantifications of problem difficulty (r = |-.460|-.851). Minimum moves accounted for 71.4 % and 51.2% of the adjusted variance of problem difficulty quantified by average moves and average time, respectively. A CSE depicting the relationship of the TOL problem characteristics of minimum moves to problem difficulty, as measured by average moves, was highly accurate. These findings have implications for selecting primary TOL performance variables for research studies and provide insight into creating shorter TOL versions.

The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) is widely used for assessing resilience. However, evaluations of the BRS's measurement invariance across different countries are scarce. This study examines the psychometric properties of the BRS across 21 countries, using a sample of 10,259 participants from the COVIDiSTRESS II Global Survey dataset. It investigates the reliability, factor structure, criterion validity, and measurement invariance across age, sex, and countries. The results indicate that the BRS has high reliability, and the two-factor structure is the most widely applicable optimal structure. Full measurement invariance across sex was achieved, while partial measurement invariance across age was established. With respect to geographical heterogeneities, the Central American subgroup achieved full measurement invariance while partial measurement invariance was observed in the South American subgroup. Regarding cultural differences, partial measurement invariance was obtained in the Latin American subgroup. However, the full country group and the other country subgroups did not achieve measurement invariance. The significant correlations between the BRS and factors like stressors, perceived stress, loneliness, social support, and emotion regulation support its criterion validity. These findings suggest that the BRS is a valuable psychometric tool for resilience research. However, caution is needed when applying it across different age groups and countries.

This study compares the predictive accuracy of sexual reoffending using dynamic risk factors' sum score (mechanical totals) and nodewise predictability, a model accounting for their interrelationships. Dynamic risk factors of North American men (N = 5,315) were measured by the STABLE-2007. The area under the curve (AUC) of both methods was determined by splitting the dataset at a [20:80] ratio, repeated over 300 iterations with random training and test samples. Mechanical totals' predictive accuracy outperformed nodewise predictability (AUC_mechanical = 0.67, SD = 0.04; AUC_nodewise = 0.50, SD = 0.03; t[299] = 80.2, Cohen's d = 4.63, p < .001). This suggests that the conventional approach to predicting sexual reoffending is superior to a model considering dynamic risk factors' interrelationships at the group level. Future research should explore whether nodewise predictability's accuracy improves by incorporating temporal effects, subject variances, and centrality indices of individualized networks.