Assessment最新文献

This study explored the diagnostic accuracy of a virtual reality-based cooking task compared to traditional memory tests for neurocognitive disorders (NCDs). Older adults (N = 127) were administered the Virtual Kitchen Protocol for Learning and Memory (VKP-LM) Immediate and Delayed Recall (VKP-IR and DR), the California Verbal Learning Test Short and Long Delay (CVLT-SD and LD), and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Visual Reproduction subtests (WMS-VR1 and VR2). A hierarchical logistic regression showed the VKP-DR as an independent predictor of NCDs (Exp[B] = 0.10, p < .001) among all study variables. Further analyses revealed that the VKP-DR had the highest area under the curve (AUC), reflecting the strongest classification performance. The CVLT-LD also showed good AUCs, while the WMS-VR2 demonstrated fair performance. The VKP-DR likely emerged with the highest diagnostic accuracy due to (a) delayed memory measures are consistently shown to be more accurate when classifying those with NCDs and (b) because NCD diagnostic criteria emphasize not only deficits in neurocognitive domains but also demonstrable impairment in everyday functioning. By embedding memory demands within a realistic, functionally relevant task (e.g., meal preparation), the VKP-DR may better approximate instrumental activities of daily living and thus capture the functional component required for diagnosis. This alignment with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.; DSM-5-TR) criteria likely enhanced its predictive accuracy.

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fifth Edition (WAIS-5) latent factor structure was assessed using complementary hierarchical exploratory factor analyses (EFA) with the Schmid and Leiman procedure and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) using the standardization sample (N = 2,020) correlation matrix and descriptive statistics of the 20 primary and secondary WAIS-5 subtests. The WAIS-5 Technical and Interpretive Manual did not include EFA, CFA with fewer than five first-order (group) factors, CFA with rival bifactor models, or model-based reliability and dimensionality estimates; thus, the present independent structural validity assessment corrects this evidential lacuna to help guide ethical and evidence-based interpretation. EFA results did not support five latent factors with separate Visual Spatial and Fluid Reasoning factors. Instead, a four-factor model with Visual Spatial and Fluid Reasoning factors merged into the former Perceptual Reasoning factor and measurement dominated by a general intelligence (g) factor-similar to the WAIS-IV structure-was supported. CFA results indicated that a bifactor model with four group factors provided the best fit, consistent with the EFA findings. Overall, the EFA and CFA results did not support the purported WAIS-5 structure and instead replicated findings from independent assessments of the WISC-V with standardization and clinical samples, that indicated primary, if not exclusive, interpretation of the FSIQ as an estimate of psychometric g.

The Social Emotional Distress Survey-Secondary Brief (SEDS-Brief) is a five-item self-report scale widely used in school-based mental health screening to assess adolescents' internalizing distress. Little empirical evidence exists regarding its application among sexually and gender diverse (SGD) students. Using a sample of 460,542 U.S. adolescents (3.6% Native American, 21.2% Asian, 7.9% Black, 38.4% Hispanic, 2.7% Pacific Islander, 7.8% Others, 18.4% White, 47.2% Female, 52.3% Male), this study evaluated the psychometric properties of the SEDS-Brief across 17 SGD groups with intersecting sexual and gender identities. Results supported a unidimensional factor structure, strong internal consistency, and high validity across all groups. Measurement invariance testing indicated support for configural, partial metric, and partial scalar invariance. Item response theory analyses revealed that some items exhibited distinctive item difficulty and discrimination patterns across groups. Findings provide comprehensive psychometric evidence supporting the use of the SEDS-Brief among SGD adolescents and highlight directions to enhance its ability to capturing emotional distress.

The experience sampling method (ESM) has become a popular tool in psychology. However, the intensive nature of ESM raises concerns about careless responding, where participants respond without paying sufficient attention. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of carelessness across three common sample types (community, student, clinical). We leveraged four careless responding indicators-response time, within-beep standard deviation, an inconsistency index, and occasion-person correlation-and used univariate and multivariate multilevel models to examine their temporal trajectories. Our results demonstrate that careless responding is not a stable phenomenon but changes over time, with evidence for increases across days and non-stationarity within days across the different samples. The presence of few and small associations among the indicators implies either that they flag distinct kinds of carelessness or that some of them do not capture carelessness at all. Overall, our findings underscore the importance of considering the temporal dynamics of carelessness in ESM studies.

We assessed mania/hypomania and a range of other symptoms, substance use, and personality dimensions across interview and self-report methods toward advancing understanding of mania/hypomania's multimethod assessment. Our study, informed by transdiagnostic, dimensional models examined these issues in a clinically-oriented sample (N = 245; mean age = 32, SD =12; 59% currently accessing psychotherapy and/or medication), and as a secondary aim, we evaluated the structure of lifetime interview ratings of hypomania symptoms. We found evidence for a single-factor structure of interview-rated hypomania, and interview-rated hypomania associated strongly with psychosis and related variables, consistent with recent classification-focused research. Self-rated mania/hypomania-relevant measures shared these associations to some degree, but there were also key differences in associations across measures and methods (e.g., self-rated euphoria showed distinctive positive associations with extraversion). We draw on these results to provide ideas for modeling mania/hypomania symptom heterogeneity more thoroughly in future studies and for sharpening multimethod clinical assessment.

The purpose of this research was to examine the psychometric properties of the Safety Behavior Assessment Form to create a short form (SBAF-SF) that is easier to use in both research and clinical settings. Three studies were conducted with three independent samples-two Turkish samples and an English-speaking sample. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to determine the construct validity of the adapted SBAF-SF scale. In addition, direct and indirect relationships between anxiety sensitivity and safety-seeking behaviors were evaluated by network analysis. The results confirmed the construct validity of SBAF-SF in both cultures, and the scale was found to be a valid and reliable measurement tool for the assessment of safety-seeking behaviors in general samples. In addition, direct and indirect relationships between anxiety sensitivity and safety-seeking behaviors were examined by network analysis, which showed significant cultural differences between the USA and Turkey. The SBAF-SF is a valid and reliable assessment tool for evaluating safety-seeking behaviors and can be used cross-culturally.

The parent-report Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a widely used child and adolescent mental health screening tool. However, challenging environments, such as public health crises, may influence the construct validity of measures. To assess this, we examine SDQ measurement invariance, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, composite, test-retest, and interrater reliability across parents from the United Kingdom (n = 9,001) and Japan (n = 365). We replicate the five-factor structure, which held across children's age, gender, and between parent- and adolescent-report. We provide new evidence of SDQ invariance for special educational needs (SEN), across 6- and 1-month reporting windows, over different periods of restrictions, and between English (UK) and Japanese versions. Taken together, our findings suggest that parents interpreted the SDQ items in similar ways to pre-pandemic norms. Yet relatively low reliability of the conduct and peer relationship subscales, in particular, indicates a need for caution and scale revisions, especially when used for screening and diagnosis.

The aim of this study was to explore if turn duration and the performance of step parameters during segments of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test with and without cognitive dual-tasking (TUGdt) can discriminate between individuals with different cognitive ability. Participants were divided into groups (dementia = 57, mild cognitive impairment = 126, subjective cognitive impairment = 71, and controls = 50) and performed TUG and TUGdt (naming animals and reciting months in reverse order, respectively). Turn duration and forward and return walk (step parameters) were compared between adjacent groups for all conditions. Results were analyzed with logistic regression models, presented with standardized odds ratios, and generally showed longer turn duration during TUGdt for groups with lower levels of cognitive ability, whereas a small tendency was observed for step length/body height. While these results need to be confirmed, they may indicate the potential of assessing TUG segments, particularly turn duration, to identify risk of cognitive impairment.Trial registration numberNCT05893524.

People experience symptoms of alcohol use disorders (AUD) in their daily lives, including more impairment-based symptoms (e.g., hazardous use, interpersonal problems) and symptoms based on the intensity or frequency of consumption (e.g., cravings or limit violations). We estimated the psychometric properties of seven manifestations of daily AUD symptoms in a high-risk sample of regularly drinking young adults and identified the optimal operationalization and thresholds for those symptoms. We estimated item response theory (IRT) models in ecological momentary assessment data (n = 527, age 18-22, 45% female) assessed over 3,963 alcohol use days. Symptoms were relatively common on drinking days, especially symptoms related to consumption (such as time spent drinking or consuming larger among than intended). The specific threshold or item used to define each AUD symptom could have a substantial impact on item parameters. Tolerance was best loaded onto a factor of daily AUD symptoms when operationalized as sensitivity to the effects of alcohol, while larger/longer was best reflected as drinking much more than intended (e.g., 3+ drinks). Daily life research focusing only on alcohol-related consequences misses important information about common experiences of AUD symptoms in daily life. Refinement of daily measures of AUD symptoms could help researchers understand how the disorder develops over time.

Some key sources of motivation are likely to be primitive. As a way of assessing such sources of motivation and their links to personality, participants in three studies (total N = 808) were asked to choose animals that they would prefer to be, with all pairs contrasting predator and prey animals. Individuals who select predator animals more often may wish to interact with the environment in a self-serving and callous manner. In support of such thinking, Study 1 linked higher levels of predator self-identification to lower levels of agreeableness and interpersonal warmth. Study 2 extended this model by showing that wishing to be predator animals was linked to self-serving behavior in economic games. Study 3 found inverse relationships between predator preferences and daily agreeableness levels in both between-person and within-person analyses. The findings, in total, highlight a motivation-based orientation to the environment that is disagreeable and self-serving.