Assessment最新文献

Burnout is increasingly recognized as a dynamic state that fluctuates in daily life. Existing measures assess burnout as a stable trait, limiting their suitability for experience sampling (ESM) and daily diary studies. To address this gap, we developed short versions of the Burnout Assessment Tool (BAT) specifically for ecological momentary assessment (BAT-M) and daily diary designs (BAT-D). Based on employee data from a 2-week ESM study (N = 129; 3,087 observations), we applied Ant Colony Optimization to select eight momentary and eight daily items (two per core dimension) that maximize psychometric quality while minimizing participant burden. Both scales demonstrated excellent model fit and substantial within-person variability, correlated strongly with trait burnout, and demonstrated meaningful associations with job demands and stress. Latent Markov Factor Analysis indicated partial but non-negligible measurement noninvariance, providing valuable insights. Overall, these tools enable valid, low-burden assessment of burnout dynamics, offering opportunities for research and intervention development.

The Dark Triad of personality are often assessed using two short instruments, which have been criticized several times in the past. This study aims to optimize one of the most popular short instruments (Short Dark Triad) using a modern selection algorithm. Existing items were revised, new items were added, and items were selected using an ant colony optimization algorithm based on defined psychometric criteria. The final questionnaire was validated against the traits of the Five Factor Model of Personality. The revised questionnaire, the Dark Triad Snapshot, offers a better differentiation of the Dark Triad facets, higher reliability and partial scalar measurement invariance between male and female participants as the Short Dark Triad. Expert judgment and the inclusion of low agreeableness also ensure content validity.

Attachment scripts emerge from early experiences with caregivers and comprise implicit expectations about others' availability in times of difficulty. Their assessment relies on narrative production, conventionally in interview settings, using word prompts to activate this implicit knowledge. As detecting attachment scripts without an interview would add flexibility to attachment assessment, we investigated audio-recording and typing as alternative modalities. Participants (N = 156) produced narratives in a conventional interview setting (interview modality, 2 storylines), orally (audio-recording modality, 2 storylines), and by typing (text modality, 2 storylines), and filled in coping (Brief-COPE) and personality (Mini-IPIP) measures. Narratives were transcribed and scored for richness of attachment-related content. The three modalities did not substantially differ regarding the produced narratives' length or attachment-related content. The narratives from all storylines converged in a single factor, independent of modality. Attachment-related content in the interview modality marginally predicted emotional support coping. Higher scores in the personality disposition, intellect/imagination predicted longer narratives in the interview but not the audio-recording modality, indicating potential influence, in the interview modality, from participant characteristics. Together, our findings suggest that narrative production-based attachment script measurement may not uniquely require conventional interview settings and indicate the potential usefulness of alternative modalities that allow widespread attachment script assessment.

Dimensional models that view personality pathology as maladaptive variants of general traits have proven useful and gained traction in diagnostic systems. In such a model, problems with the control and regulation of behavior exist on a spectrum of conscientiousness, ranging from undercontrol/impulsivity to overcontrol/compulsivity. The Five-Factor Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI) is a promising measure to assess the traits of overcontrol that have long been included within the diagnostic category of Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD). A key concern with such a model is determining where along an otherwise adaptive trait does overcontrol become problematic. The present study uses a 500-person sample, matched to adults in the 2020 U.S. Census, to determine normative values and provisional cut points for each scale. We then calculated bins of the FFOCI T scores (e.g., 60-64) and examined how well they connected with various functional outcomes (e.g., relational support, well-being, stress, and occupational performance, OCPD symptoms) using regression and mean comparisons. Together, these approaches identified levels where problematic outcomes were more likely. Overall, we established initial interpretive guidelines that allow clinicians to identify scores (> 65t) on the FFOCI that can guide therapists toward those aspects of overcontrol most in need of therapeutic intervention.

Accurate screening for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in children and adolescents remains a challenge in routine clinical settings. This study evaluated the psychometric properties and diagnostic utility of the Inclusion of Videogame in the Self (IVS) scale, a brief pictorial tool assessing the perceived fusion between self and video game. A clinical sample of 189 children and adolescents (M = 13.0 years, SD = 3.2) completed the IVS, IGD, and Social Media Disorder (SMD) measures. While the five-item scale showed a solid factor structure and reliability, diagnostic accuracy was limited. A single item assessing the "relationship" with the favorite game emerged as a strong screening proxy, correlating with IGD and minimally with SMD. A cutoff score of 3 or higher yielded 100% sensitivity and a 45% false-positive rate. The Single-Item IVS shows promise as a quick, developmentally appropriate screening tool to identify youth at risk for IGD, warranting further validation in broader samples. More generally, the IVS represents the first attempt to conceptualize inclusion of self with an object or activity (i.e., favorite game) rather than with a group or another person.

Experiential Avoidance is a core construct of third-wave behavioral theories and a predictor of internalizing psychopathology. Experiential avoidance has been most frequently measured using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II). However, several studies have indicated the AAQ-II scale scores demonstrate poor discriminant validity from neuroticism, calling into question the interpretation of past findings and leading some researchers to suggest measuring experiential avoidance with the Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ). In large online community (N = 643) and undergraduate (N = 488) samples, discriminant and convergent validity between scale scores of the AAQ-II, MEAQ, measures of neuroticism, a measure of trait negative affect, and a mindfulness measure were tested. In addition, the joint structure of scores from all measures was tested using Goldberg's "bass-ackward" approach at the scale, subscale, and item levels. This allows for a thorough evaluation of the latent content being captured by scores on the AAQ-II and MEAQ. Results indicate that the AAQ-II is more accurately described as measure of neuroticism/negative affectivity, more specifically the anxiety/depression facets of trait neuroticism. Moreover, the MEAQ scale scores were distinct from neuroticism and negative affectivity scale scores and functioned as expected for a measure of experiential avoidance.

We developed the Multidimensional Adolescence Anhedonia Scale (MAAS), a novel measure designed to assess not only consummatory and anticipatory, but also recall anhedonia in adolescents. In Study 1 (n = 623; M_age = 19 years), an initial item pool was tested across two subsamples of older adolescents. After exploring a 24-item version in Subsample A (n = 311), we confirmed its structure and developed a brief version in Subsample B (n = 312). This structure was further confirmed and validated in a younger adolescent sample (Study 2; n = 375; M_age = 16 years) who completed items at baseline and 6 months later. Across samples and versions of the measure, a three-factor solution with subscales reflecting consummatory, anticipatory, and recall anhedonia best fit the data. Our measure demonstrated internal consistency and test-retest reliability, concurrence with depression/reward processing scales, and convergence with other anhedonia measures. The MAAS may be used by researchers and clinicians to better understand the multidimensionality of adolescent anhedonia.

The Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) is frequently employed in selection contexts to screen for psychopathology. Although the PAI has several validity scales that effectively measure positive response distortion, the ability of these scales to detect concealed psychopathology has not been fully evaluated. Using data from a previous study and a new sample of 203 undergraduate students, the current study examined whether scores on the Positive Impression Management (PIM), Defensiveness Index (DEF), and Cashel Discriminant Function (CDF) observed under job applicant role-play instructions could detect reports of psychopathology observed under standard instructions. The data from the new sample of students were also used to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of PIM-predicted deviation scores from role-play to predict corresponding scores from the standard administration, as originally reported in Kurtz et al. PIM scores from role-play correlated negatively, and CDF from role-play correlated positively, with elevated scores in the standard condition. PIM-predicted deviation scores from role-play showed convergent and discriminant validity with scores from standard administration. Several recommendations are offered based on these results for the effective use of the PAI in assessment contexts with strong incentives for defensiveness and concealment of symptoms and problems.

Stigma experienced and/or conveyed by family members of individuals with mental health conditions may impact on their health and wellbeing, and on the quality of care and health outcomes of people with lived experience of mental illness. However, most of the research on stigma and mental illness has been on public attitudes and behaviors of patients rather than what is expressed by or experienced within families. We aimed to identify scales that assess stigma in the context of family life, and to evaluate their psychometric properties. A literature search across Web of Science, PsycINFO, Medline, Scopus, and ProQuest Social Science (up to August 2025) yielded 14 eligible studies, reported via PRISMA. None of the 14 scales directly or solely assesses family-context stigma, but includes dimensions of self or public stigma, especially related to schizophrenia, possibly neglecting other forms of severe mental illness (SMI). In addition, existing tools often overlook the full range of family relationships and diverse caregiving experiences. There is a need for measures that more adequately and comprehensively capture the often complex and nuanced experience of mental illness stigma within families.

Harmony underpins well-being and sustainability and has been universally recognized across cultures for its profound role in human flourishing. This study developed and validated the Unified Harmony Measure based on the Unified Harmony Framework spanning coexistence, coherence, and continuity across the intrapersonal (Me Harmony), interpersonal (We Harmony), and environmental (Eco Harmony) levels. Scale development involved a multi-phase process, including item generation, expert review, pilot testing, and psychometric analysis. Scale validation was conducted using culturally diverse samples and included classical item analysis, item response theory analysis, correlation and regression analyses, and short form construction. The Unified Harmony Measure demonstrated high internal consistency, theoretically coherent internal structures, and strong associations with conceptually related constructs, supporting its reliability and validity. Its short form also exhibited sound reliability and validity, along with incremental predictive power, enhancing its utility and efficiency for researchers and practitioners. This Unified Harmony Measure offers useful insights and psychometric tools for understanding and enhancing harmony in diverse contexts, with practical implications for interpreting harmony scores and designing targeted interventions.