Assessment最新文献

Rapport in the context of neuropsychological assessment refers to the interpersonal interaction between the examinee and examiner. The purpose of this study was to improve upon the original Barnett Rapport Questionnaire. Participants consisted of college students (n = 55), middle-aged adults (n = 30), and older adults (n = 99) at a university-affiliated neuropsychology clinic, who were administered a brief test battery. After testing, both examinees (n = 184) and examiners (n = 12) completed items regarding the nature of the interpersonal interaction. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated a two-factor model consisting of nine items found on both the examinee and examiner versions. No age cohort differences were found on the total Barnett Rapport Questionnaire - 2 (BRQ-2) scores for the examiner or examinee version; however, older adults endorsed the positively worded items more than young adults, and examiners endorsed the negatively worded items more for young adult examinees than for older adult examinees. No differences were found by gender or by race/ethnicity. The BRQ-2 promises better usability and improved psychometric qualities for the measurement of rapport in the context of neuropsychological assessment.

The assessment of multilingual participants is challenging, as, for example, proficiency in the test language may interfere with test performance. We examined whether different language aspects (i.e., receptive and expressive language abilities, bi/multilingualism) contribute independently to the variance in scores on cognitive and developmental functions of the Intelligence and Development Scales-2 (IDS-2). The sample comprised 826 children aged 5 to 10 years living in German-speaking regions. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that receptive language ability was significantly associated with almost all IDS-2 scores. Expressive language ability explained little additional variance, except for the intelligence composites, Verbal Reasoning (including subtests), and the basic skills subtests. Bi/multilingualism explained variance above language abilities only in subtests of Verbal Reasoning and verbal Long-Term Memory. Findings highlight the importance of considering language proficiency, particularly in tasks with high verbal demands, when assessing cognitive and developmental functions with the IDS-2 in participants at risk for linguistic disadvantages.

The Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) is a multidimensional measure of executive functioning (EF). Yet, no work has validated the 20-item BDEFS short form (BDEFS-SF) among individuals at risk of EF deficits, including college students who consume alcohol. The current study evaluated the factor structure and measurement invariance of the BDEFS-SF in 867 undergraduates from 12 colleges/universities who endorsed past-month alcohol use. The bifactor model best fit the data, supporting the use of the general factor over the five subscales for measurement models, and measurement invariance was partially supported across sex assigned at birth. Four subscales were uniquely associated with alcohol use, consequences, and alcohol protective behavioral strategies. The BDEFS-SF total score appears to be a valid measure of EF among undergraduates who use alcohol; however, more research is needed to increase the clinical utility of the measure given the lack of support for the use of the subscales in measurement models.

The five-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) is among the most frequently used brief standard measures to assess hedonic well-being. Numerous studies have investigated different facets of its psychometric properties in adult populations. However, whether these results apply to adolescents is uncertain, and only few psychometric studies employed adolescent populations. Thus, the current study aimed to conduct an in-depth psychometric item response theory analysis of the WHO-5 among adolescents from 43 countries using the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) 2022 data set and investigated its (a) dimensionality and measurement structure, (b) test information values and marginal reliability, (c) cross-country measurement invariance and differential item/test functioning, and (d) convergent validity with other measures related to mental health and well-being across countries. The WHO-5 showed a unidimensional measurement structure and overall high test information values and marginal reliability. Furthermore, although a large proportion of parameters were flagged as non-invariant, differential test functioning of the WHO-5 was only modest. Moreover, the WHO-5 mainly showed a concurring nomological network with the other measures related to mental health and well-being across countries, although with some differences in effect sizes. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index is a psychometrically sound measure that has shown promise for cross-cultural research among adolescents in the included European, Central Asia, and North American countries. The translated versions of the WHO-5 are available at https://osf.io/pbexq.

Assessing cognition and language using standardized tests is challenging when the individual has severe speech and motor impairments. Tests with a multiple-choice format may be adapted without compromising standardization using alternative response modes like partner assisted scanning (PAS) and eye-pointing (EP). Standardization of such assessment is little researched. The study investigates the (a) reliability of, (b) transparency of, and (c) adherence to assessment protocols using PAS and EP. The participants were students from special needs education and speech and language therapy, who worked in dyads (n = 39). Two observers recorded a number of errors made in protocol delivery, independently of each other. The dyads made between 0 and 81.5 errors. Number of errors was not related to response mode, t(38) = -0.21, p = .839. The observers were in high agreement, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of .97, p < .001. The study suggests that assessing language involving alternative modes of responding can be successfully taught to novice practitioners.

The Multidimensional Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA-2) is a leading assessment of interoception. We examined the factor structure and psychometric characteristics of the MAIA-2 and its associations with psychopathology in a sample of transgender and gender-diverse (TGD) adults. Participants (N = 301) were recruited via Prolific Academic. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between the MAIA-2 subscales, disordered eating, and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors. The eight-factor MAIA-2 demonstrated good model fit after removing Item 2. The MAIA-2 subscales were significantly positively associated with body appreciation and body satisfaction and negatively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The MAIA-2 subscales also demonstrated several significant associations with disordered eating. Only Body Trust was significantly negatively associated with participants' perceived likelihood of making a future suicide attempt. This study provided preliminary evidence that the MAIA-2 is an adequate measure of interception in TGD samples.

The Self-Control Scale (SCS) is one of the most widely used measures in the clinical, personality, and social psychology fields. It is often treated as unidimensional, even though no research supports such a unidimensional factor structure. We tested the factor structure in an undergraduate sample as well as a community sample used for additional confirmatory analyses. Factors from the best-fitting confirmatory models were correlated with putatively related and distinct constructs to assess their (dis)similarities. Consistent with hypotheses, the best-fitting factor structure consisted of multiple, correlated factors; however, none of the factor solutions met pre-specified fit criteria. Several additional analyses were conducted beyond the preregistered analyses to find a reasonably fitting factor solution. Ultimately, study findings support a two-factor solution using the items of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Results are discussed for the full 36-item scale as well as the brief, 13-item scale. We conclude with lessons learned from a Registered Report focused on factor analysis.

Research on the construct of flourishing spans many fields of study. This study extends previous work by VanderWeele by investigating the measurement of flourishing, focusing on the structure and convergent validity of the Flourish Index (FI) and the Secure Flourish Index (SFI) within a national, multi-site sample of resident physicians. Through exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFAs and CFAs), we assessed whether the FI and the SFI aligned with the theoretical flourishing models that VanderWeele suggested. We examined the convergent validity of both indices by testing whether they exhibited expected correlations with six different scales. The results of factor analyses and scale validation showed that data collected by the FI and the SFI fit the structural model of flourishing proposed by VanderWeele. Although prior studies reliably indicate that CFA results align with VanderWeele's model, this is a rare study where the EFA results also demonstrated a structure that aligns with his framework. Both scales exhibited strong convergent validity, producing data correlated with all six measures in the predicted directions. Although convergent validity has been previously shown, this study replicated and expanded evidence of the construct validity of data provided by the FI and the SFI.

Psychometric and normative information is provided for the Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory (CABI) cognitive disengagement syndrome, anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention, ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder, social impairment, peer rejection, withdrawal from peer interactions, and academic impairment scales with a nationally representative sample of Spanish youth. Parents of 5,525 Spanish youth (ages 5-16, 56.1% males) completed the CABI scales on their sons and daughters. Scores on the 10 CABI scales demonstrated excellent reliability, invariance, and validity for males and females within early childhood (ages 5-8), middle childhood (ages 9-12), and adolescence (ages 13-16). Normative information (T-scores) is provided for females and males within each age group for the 10 CABI scales. The new psychometric and normative information increase the usefulness of the CABI scale scores for research and clinical activities. Copies of the CABI and the norms are available at no cost to professionals.

Existing diagnosis instruments for developmental dyslexia (DD) in mainland China are limited in generalizability and typically rely on traditional norming approaches, which require large sample sizes to achieve precision. This study aims to develop and validate the Beijing Normal University Diagnostic Tool for Chinese Mandarin Developmental Dyslexia (BNU-DTCMDD), a DD diagnostic tool with regression-based norms for elementary school students in mainland China. A nationally representative sample of 3,782 first-to-sixth-grade students and a clinical sample of 84 first-to-sixth-grade students diagnosed with specific learning disabilities (SLD) were administered the BNU-DTCMDD, comprising six tasks that measure reading abilities and related cognitive skills. The tool demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's α .73-.99), good test-retest reliability (Pearson's r .68-.99), good structural validity, and reasonable criterion validity (Cohen's d 0.27-0.63). Norms were established using generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS), yielding percentile curves and Z-scores. Based on the norms, the prevalence of DD was 6.08% in the normative sample and 73.81% in the clinical sample with SLD. The BNU-DTCMDD can diagnose DD in elementary school students in mainland China with good reliability and validity, and its regression-based norms overcome the statistical constraints of traditional norming and support timely diagnosis and intervention for DD.