Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2270
Kanyaphat Meerod, Monthana Weerawatanakorn, W. Pansak
In Thailand, NCS products from sugarcane are traditionally produced by the evaporation of raw cane juice obtained from a pressing machine. NCS products enhance flavor and supply both energy and nutritional value through the vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds which occur naturally in sugarcane produced without molasses removal. Soil quality and choice of cane cultivar affect the nutraceutical components of brown cane sugar products grown in diverse areas. Differences in nutraceutical components of NCS products obtained by traditional processes were investigated form sugarcane planted in two different areas of Sukhothai Province, with varied soil qualities based on the same cane variety (LK-92-11). The soil classification was carried out according to the Staff Soil Survey (2014) and classified as Aquic Haplustalfs and Aeric Endoaquepts soil types. NCS products from sugarcane planted in Aquic Haplustalfs contained high nutraceuticals and antioxidant activities compared with sugarcane planted in Aeric Endoaquepts. EC and potassium content of the soils showed significant negative correlation with policosanols, total phenolics, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of the NCS products. Pearson’s correlation indicated that higher electrical conductivity and potassium content of the soils were attributable to lower amounts of policosanols, total phenolics, and total flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activities. We suggested that electrical conductivity and potassium content of soil should be concerned and monitored to obtain high level of nutraceutical of NCS product made from sugarcane.
{"title":"The relationship between soil chemical properties and phytochemical contents of non-centrifugal cane brown sugar in Thailand","authors":"Kanyaphat Meerod, Monthana Weerawatanakorn, W. Pansak","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2270","url":null,"abstract":"In Thailand, NCS products from sugarcane are traditionally produced by the evaporation of raw cane juice obtained from a pressing machine. NCS products enhance flavor and supply both energy and nutritional value through the vitamins, minerals and bioactive compounds which occur naturally in sugarcane produced without molasses removal. Soil quality and choice of cane cultivar affect the nutraceutical components of brown cane sugar products grown in diverse areas. Differences in nutraceutical components of NCS products obtained by traditional processes were investigated form sugarcane planted in two different areas of Sukhothai Province, with varied soil qualities based on the same cane variety (LK-92-11). The soil classification was carried out according to the Staff Soil Survey (2014) and classified as Aquic Haplustalfs and Aeric Endoaquepts soil types. NCS products from sugarcane planted in Aquic Haplustalfs contained high nutraceuticals and antioxidant activities compared with sugarcane planted in Aeric Endoaquepts. EC and potassium content of the soils showed significant negative correlation with policosanols, total phenolics, total flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities of the NCS products. Pearson’s correlation indicated that higher electrical conductivity and potassium content of the soils were attributable to lower amounts of policosanols, total phenolics, and total flavonoid contents as well as antioxidant activities. We suggested that electrical conductivity and potassium content of soil should be concerned and monitored to obtain high level of nutraceutical of NCS product made from sugarcane.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83449966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2999
A. F. M. Silva, F. Lucio, L. R. Marco, A. L. Giraldeli, A. Albrecht, L. Albrecht, R. V. Filho, Felipe Alves Nunes
Soybean DAS-44406-6 (Enlist E3) is tolerant to glyphosate, 2,4-D and glufosinate. However, more information is needed on selectivity of 2,4-D choline on Enlist E3 soybean, alone or in mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate herbicide effects on agronomic performance and chlorophyll indices of soybean. Glyphosate was applied at different stages of development of Enlist E3 and RR soybean. Furthermore, 2,4-D choline alone and in mixture with glyphosate or glufosinate were also applied on Enlist E3 soybean. Studies were conducted in 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons. Experiment 1 consisted of application of glyphosate. The treatments were arranged in a 2x4 factorial (genotpes x growth stage). For genotypes, Enlist E3 and RR were used. For growth stage, control (without application), V4, V6 and R2 were used. Experiment 2 consisted of application of 2,4-D choline, glyphosate, glufosinate and associations, at V4 of Enlist E3 soybean. Crop injury, chlorophyll indices and agronomic performance were evaluated. The equivalent selectivity of glyphosate for Enlist E3 and RR soybean was verified, regardless of the stage. 2,4-D choline, alone or in mixtures, did not reduce chlorophyll indices and yield of Enlist E3 soybean after application at V4. Enlist E3 soybean was found to be tolerant to 2,4-D choline, glyphosate and glufosinate. The results showed that, in addition to glyphosate, Enlist E3 soybean may be an alternative for glyphosate resistant weeds
{"title":"Herbicides in agronomic performance and chlorophyll indices of Enlist E3 and Roundup Ready soybean","authors":"A. F. M. Silva, F. Lucio, L. R. Marco, A. L. Giraldeli, A. Albrecht, L. Albrecht, R. V. Filho, Felipe Alves Nunes","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2999","url":null,"abstract":"Soybean DAS-44406-6 (Enlist E3) is tolerant to glyphosate, 2,4-D and glufosinate. However, more information is needed on selectivity of 2,4-D choline on Enlist E3 soybean, alone or in mixtures. The aim of this study was to evaluate herbicide effects on agronomic performance and chlorophyll indices of soybean. Glyphosate was applied at different stages of development of Enlist E3 and RR soybean. Furthermore, 2,4-D choline alone and in mixture with glyphosate or glufosinate were also applied on Enlist E3 soybean. Studies were conducted in 2016/17 and 2017/18 seasons. Experiment 1 consisted of application of glyphosate. The treatments were arranged in a 2x4 factorial (genotpes x growth stage). For genotypes, Enlist E3 and RR were used. For growth stage, control (without application), V4, V6 and R2 were used. Experiment 2 consisted of application of 2,4-D choline, glyphosate, glufosinate and associations, at V4 of Enlist E3 soybean. Crop injury, chlorophyll indices and agronomic performance were evaluated. The equivalent selectivity of glyphosate for Enlist E3 and RR soybean was verified, regardless of the stage. 2,4-D choline, alone or in mixtures, did not reduce chlorophyll indices and yield of Enlist E3 soybean after application at V4. Enlist E3 soybean was found to be tolerant to 2,4-D choline, glyphosate and glufosinate. The results showed that, in addition to glyphosate, Enlist E3 soybean may be an alternative for glyphosate resistant weeds","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81598864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2984
S. D. N. Silva, A. Sousa, J. P. Gomes, Romário Oliveira de Andrade, G. Lima, E. Siqueira, W. L. Silva, C. S. Silva, F. Filho, A. Campos
Among several biodegradable coatings used to extend the shelf life of fresh fruits, those that can be obtained from Moringa oleifera stand out due to their extraordinary biochemical, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Another aspect is their constitution which is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals and natural bioactive compounds, that can be applied for the development of functional foods due to their nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bio-based coating produced from different concentrations of Moringa oleifera seed oil added to cassava starch in the postharvest conservation of Tommy atkins mango fruits. The bio-based coating was applied to mango fruits stored at room temperature (27 °C) for 15 days. Mangoes were submitted to the following treatments: moringa oil (Moringa oleifera) in 4 concentrations: 0.5% (v/v) + cassava starch; 1% (v/v) + cassava starch; 1.5% (v/v) + cassava starch and a control treatment without coating (0%), during 15 days of storage (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days), adding up to 24 treatments with three replications. The application of moringa-oil-based coating prolonged the postharvest shelf life of the Tommy atkins mango by maintaining the physicochemical and physical properties during 12 days of storage at room temperature when compared to control treatment. M. oleifera oil-based coatings delayed the degradation of the pigments, making the bio-coated fruits gain shine and remain with it.
{"title":"Postharvest conservation of Tommy atkins mango fruits during storage using Moringa oleifera oil-based coating","authors":"S. D. N. Silva, A. Sousa, J. P. Gomes, Romário Oliveira de Andrade, G. Lima, E. Siqueira, W. L. Silva, C. S. Silva, F. Filho, A. Campos","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2984","url":null,"abstract":"Among several biodegradable coatings used to extend the shelf life of fresh fruits, those that can be obtained from Moringa oleifera stand out due to their extraordinary biochemical, antibacterial and antifungal properties. Another aspect is their constitution which is composed of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, carotenoids, vitamins, minerals and natural bioactive compounds, that can be applied for the development of functional foods due to their nutritional and pharmaceutical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of bio-based coating produced from different concentrations of Moringa oleifera seed oil added to cassava starch in the postharvest conservation of Tommy atkins mango fruits. The bio-based coating was applied to mango fruits stored at room temperature (27 °C) for 15 days. Mangoes were submitted to the following treatments: moringa oil (Moringa oleifera) in 4 concentrations: 0.5% (v/v) + cassava starch; 1% (v/v) + cassava starch; 1.5% (v/v) + cassava starch and a control treatment without coating (0%), during 15 days of storage (0, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days), adding up to 24 treatments with three replications. The application of moringa-oil-based coating prolonged the postharvest shelf life of the Tommy atkins mango by maintaining the physicochemical and physical properties during 12 days of storage at room temperature when compared to control treatment. M. oleifera oil-based coatings delayed the degradation of the pigments, making the bio-coated fruits gain shine and remain with it.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72528773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2549
Jorge Atílio Benati, Caroline Farias Barreto, R. Navroski, R. Farias, C. Martins, M. Malgarim
Fast ripening of fruits is one of the main hindrances to peach preservation. Even though the use of cold storage has extended commercialization periods, fruit quality is affected during storage. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of application of salicylic acid (SA) during cold storage, followed by commercialization simulation, regarding physical and chemical characteristics of ‘BRS Kampai’ peaches, which were harvested in the 2017 crop. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design (4×3: SA concentrations × storage days), with four replications of ten fruits each. SA was applied at the following concentrations: 0, 2, 4 and 6 mM. Afterwards, fruits were submitted to cold storage at 1±0.5oC and 80-85% relative humidity. Analyses were carried out on harvest day, on the 10th cold storage day, followed by a day at room temperature (20oC) and on the 20th cold storage day, followed by a day at room temperature. Fruits were evaluated in terms of their mass loss, epidermis color, chromatic hue, pulp firmness, soluble solids (SS), pH and titratable acidity (TA). Both application of SA and cold storage contributed to decrease mass loss and TA, besides increasing the SS/TA relation. Fruits which were stored for 20 days and kept at room temperature for a day exhibited the highest values of SS and the lowest values of both brightness and pulp firmness. SA was efficient to maintain the quality of ‘BRS Kampai’ peaches submitted to cold storage for 10 and 20 days and an extra day of commercialization simulation.
{"title":"Effect of salicylic acid in post-harvest quality of ‘BRS Kampai’ peaches submitted to different cold storage periods","authors":"Jorge Atílio Benati, Caroline Farias Barreto, R. Navroski, R. Farias, C. Martins, M. Malgarim","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2549","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2549","url":null,"abstract":"Fast ripening of fruits is one of the main hindrances to peach preservation. Even though the use of cold storage has extended commercialization periods, fruit quality is affected during storage. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of application of salicylic acid (SA) during cold storage, followed by commercialization simulation, regarding physical and chemical characteristics of ‘BRS Kampai’ peaches, which were harvested in the 2017 crop. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design (4×3: SA concentrations × storage days), with four replications of ten fruits each. SA was applied at the following concentrations: 0, 2, 4 and 6 mM. Afterwards, fruits were submitted to cold storage at 1±0.5oC and 80-85% relative humidity. Analyses were carried out on harvest day, on the 10th cold storage day, followed by a day at room temperature (20oC) and on the 20th cold storage day, followed by a day at room temperature. Fruits were evaluated in terms of their mass loss, epidermis color, chromatic hue, pulp firmness, soluble solids (SS), pH and titratable acidity (TA). Both application of SA and cold storage contributed to decrease mass loss and TA, besides increasing the SS/TA relation. Fruits which were stored for 20 days and kept at room temperature for a day exhibited the highest values of SS and the lowest values of both brightness and pulp firmness. SA was efficient to maintain the quality of ‘BRS Kampai’ peaches submitted to cold storage for 10 and 20 days and an extra day of commercialization simulation.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77454076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P3083
T. C. D. Oliveira, V. P. Silva, M. Barelli, F. Tardin, C. Galbiati, J. P. Poletine, P. Santos, D. Gonçalves, R. Felipin-Azevedo
Sweet sorghum presents stems with juice similar to that of sugar cane, rich in fermentable sugars, that may be used in off-season for sugar and ethanol production optimizing the sugar-ethanol sector. The objective of this work was to determine genetic correlations between characters and perform path analysis between juice volume and its components. Twenty-five sweet sorghum genotypes were evaluated in randomized blocks design with three repetitions and studied variables were: number of days to flowering; plant height; number of stems; weight of green mass; weight of dry mass; number of leaves; diameter of stems; volume of extracted juice and percentage of total soluble solids. In order to verify the existence of variability among the genotypes, data were subjected to variance analysis by F-test. Subsequently, genetic parameters were determined, as soon as genetic correlation estimator?s method, performed by t-test, to determine phenotypic correlation and bootstrap method for determining environmental and genetics correlation coefficient. Before performing path analysis a multicollinearity diagnosis was also conducted. The results of genetic correlation and path analysis point weight of green mass as the main variable influencing the juice volume, allowing these characters in indirect selection for increasing juice volume.
{"title":"Correlations between characters and path analysis in sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) genotypes for juice production","authors":"T. C. D. Oliveira, V. P. Silva, M. Barelli, F. Tardin, C. Galbiati, J. P. Poletine, P. Santos, D. Gonçalves, R. Felipin-Azevedo","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P3083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P3083","url":null,"abstract":"Sweet sorghum presents stems with juice similar to that of sugar cane, rich in fermentable sugars, that may be used in off-season for sugar and ethanol production optimizing the sugar-ethanol sector. The objective of this work was to determine genetic correlations between characters and perform path analysis between juice volume and its components. Twenty-five sweet sorghum genotypes were evaluated in randomized blocks design with three repetitions and studied variables were: number of days to flowering; plant height; number of stems; weight of green mass; weight of dry mass; number of leaves; diameter of stems; volume of extracted juice and percentage of total soluble solids. In order to verify the existence of variability among the genotypes, data were subjected to variance analysis by F-test. Subsequently, genetic parameters were determined, as soon as genetic correlation estimator?s method, performed by t-test, to determine phenotypic correlation and bootstrap method for determining environmental and genetics correlation coefficient. Before performing path analysis a multicollinearity diagnosis was also conducted. The results of genetic correlation and path analysis point weight of green mass as the main variable influencing the juice volume, allowing these characters in indirect selection for increasing juice volume.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83050104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2932
S. Chanioti, Nikolaos Katsenios, Aspasia Efthimiadou, P. Stergiou, Zacharoula-Maria Xanthou, M. Giannoglou, P. Dimitrakellis, E. Gogolides, G. Katsaros
The effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) (45 kHz sinusoidal AC high voltage at 6 kV peak-to-peak for 5-15 min) and pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) (amplitude 12.5 mT, repetitive frequency 3 Hz for 30 min) as pre-sowing treatments was studied on the germination, physiology, yield and quality characteristics of maize hybrid seeds with high and low germination capability. The measurements conducted during the plant growth were the dry weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, while for the harvested kernels, the color, texture, sphericity, size, ash, total protein and total crude content were estimated. The results showed that CAP and PEMF pre-sowing treatments favored the growth and physiology of both maize plants improving their germination rate significantly. Their chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance as well as dry weight were also improved. Both CAP and PEMF treatments, resulted in maize yield increase by 18-25% and by 10-20% compared to untreated samples for the low and high germination capability seeds, respectively. With regards to the quality of the harvested corn grains, their total protein and crude fiber content obtained by CAP treatment for 15 min were significantly increased by 26% and 29% for low germination seeds and by 36% and 42% for high germination seeds, respectively, compared to untreated samples. The results indicate that either CAP or PEMF pre-sowing treatments could be used as alternative ameliorative tools in order to improve maize growth, productivity, yield and quality of the final products.
{"title":"Pre-sowing treatment of maize seeds by cold atmospheric plasma and pulsed electromagnetic fields: Effect on plant and kernels characteristics","authors":"S. Chanioti, Nikolaos Katsenios, Aspasia Efthimiadou, P. Stergiou, Zacharoula-Maria Xanthou, M. Giannoglou, P. Dimitrakellis, E. Gogolides, G. Katsaros","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2932","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2932","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) (45 kHz sinusoidal AC high voltage at 6 kV peak-to-peak for 5-15 min) and pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) (amplitude 12.5 mT, repetitive frequency 3 Hz for 30 min) as pre-sowing treatments was studied on the germination, physiology, yield and quality characteristics of maize hybrid seeds with high and low germination capability. The measurements conducted during the plant growth were the dry weight, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance, while for the harvested kernels, the color, texture, sphericity, size, ash, total protein and total crude content were estimated. The results showed that CAP and PEMF pre-sowing treatments favored the growth and physiology of both maize plants improving their germination rate significantly. Their chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance as well as dry weight were also improved. Both CAP and PEMF treatments, resulted in maize yield increase by 18-25% and by 10-20% compared to untreated samples for the low and high germination capability seeds, respectively. With regards to the quality of the harvested corn grains, their total protein and crude fiber content obtained by CAP treatment for 15 min were significantly increased by 26% and 29% for low germination seeds and by 36% and 42% for high germination seeds, respectively, compared to untreated samples. The results indicate that either CAP or PEMF pre-sowing treatments could be used as alternative ameliorative tools in order to improve maize growth, productivity, yield and quality of the final products.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84251773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P3085
E. Roncatto, A. Barroso, J. Calegarim, F. Lucio, P. F. Adami
Weed densities, species, costs of control, crop value and interference periods should be considered for weed management. With this regard, three experiments were carried out to evaluate weed control periods and weed density in a new soybean cultivar. In ths first trial, control efficacy was measured by visual phytotoxicity of four weed species I. hederifolia, E. heterophylla, Conyza spp. and R. brasiliensis using four different herbicides with two doses each: glyphosate (720 and 1,440 g ea ha -1 ), 2.4-D (670 and 1,340 g ea ha -1 ), glufosinate (400 and 600 g ea ha -1 ) and glyphosate + 2.4-D (410 + 390 and 820 + 780 g ea ha -1 ). Herbicides were sprayed in an entirely randomized 4x8+1 factorial scheme with six repetitions. In the second experiment, 2,4-D-resistant soybean growth was measured under increasing densities of the same weeds (21 plants m2 vs 21, 42, 84, 168 and 336 plants m2). This experiment was conducted under entirely randomized design with 25 treatments with four repetitions. Critical level of damage and economic threshold level of each weed species in soybean were measured using non-linear regressions. In a third experiment, weed with soybean were submitted to increasing periods of control and coexistence (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 and 70 days after soybean emergence, plus two control treatments). Glufosinate and glyphosate+2.4-D (820 + 780 g ea ha -1 ) showed greater weed control than glyphosate alone (720 g ea ha -1 ). The yield loss of 0.85, 2.12, 5.71 and 34.24% were found for each weed of E. heterophylla, I. hederifolia, R. brasiliensis and Conyza spp., coexisting with soybean. There was a soybean grain yield loss of 50% in the weedy treatment. Soybean weed management should occur between 18 th and 48 th days after its emergence. Economic threshold level on soybean yield suggested is below one plant of Conyza spp. and R. brasiliensis per m 2. The use of glufosinate and glyphosate+2,4-D provides a greater flexibility of herbicide use for farmers.
杂草管理应考虑到杂草密度、种类、控制成本、作物价值和干扰期。为此，通过3个试验对大豆新品种的杂草防治期和杂草密度进行了评价。在第一个试验中，采用草甘膦(720和1440 g / ha -1)、2.4-D(670和1340 g / ha -1)、草甘膦(400和600 g / ha -1)和草甘膦+ 2.4-D(410 + 390和820 + 780 g / ha -1)四种不同剂量的除草剂，通过视觉植物毒性测定了四种杂草的防治效果。除草剂以完全随机的4x8+1阶乘方案喷洒，重复6次。在第二个试验中，在增加相同杂草密度(21株m2 vs 21、42、84、168和336株m2)的情况下，测定抗2,4- d大豆的生长情况。试验采用完全随机设计，共25个处理，4个重复。采用非线性回归法测定了大豆各杂草危害的临界水平和经济阈值水平。在大豆出苗后7、14、21、28、35、49和70 d，加上2个对照处理，分别对杂草和大豆进行控制和共生处理。草甘膦+2.4-D (820 + 780 g / ha -1)对杂草的控制效果优于草甘膦+2.4-D (720 g / ha -1)。与大豆共生的杂交菜、杂交菜、巴西菜和苍耳草的产量损失分别为0.85、2.12、5.71和34.24%。杂草处理使大豆籽粒产量损失50%。大豆杂草管理应在其出苗后18至48天之间进行。建议大豆产量的经济阈值水平为每平方米一株以下的Conyza spp.和brasiliensis .。草甘膦和草甘膦+2,4- d的使用为农民提供了更大的除草剂使用灵活性。
{"title":"Control period and economic threshold level of glyphosate tolerant weeds in 2.4-D resistant soybean","authors":"E. Roncatto, A. Barroso, J. Calegarim, F. Lucio, P. F. Adami","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P3085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P3085","url":null,"abstract":"Weed densities, species, costs of control, crop value and interference periods should be considered for weed management. With this regard, three experiments were carried out to evaluate weed control periods and weed density in a new soybean cultivar. In ths first trial, control efficacy was measured by visual phytotoxicity of four weed species I. hederifolia, E. heterophylla, Conyza spp. and R. brasiliensis using four different herbicides with two doses each: glyphosate (720 and 1,440 g ea ha -1 ), 2.4-D (670 and 1,340 g ea ha -1 ), glufosinate (400 and 600 g ea ha -1 ) and glyphosate + 2.4-D (410 + 390 and 820 + 780 g ea ha -1 ). Herbicides were sprayed in an entirely randomized 4x8+1 factorial scheme with six repetitions. In the second experiment, 2,4-D-resistant soybean growth was measured under increasing densities of the same weeds (21 plants m2 vs 21, 42, 84, 168 and 336 plants m2). This experiment was conducted under entirely randomized design with 25 treatments with four repetitions. Critical level of damage and economic threshold level of each weed species in soybean were measured using non-linear regressions. In a third experiment, weed with soybean were submitted to increasing periods of control and coexistence (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 49 and 70 days after soybean emergence, plus two control treatments). Glufosinate and glyphosate+2.4-D (820 + 780 g ea ha -1 ) showed greater weed control than glyphosate alone (720 g ea ha -1 ). The yield loss of 0.85, 2.12, 5.71 and 34.24% were found for each weed of E. heterophylla, I. hederifolia, R. brasiliensis and Conyza spp., coexisting with soybean. There was a soybean grain yield loss of 50% in the weedy treatment. Soybean weed management should occur between 18 th and 48 th days after its emergence. Economic threshold level on soybean yield suggested is below one plant of Conyza spp. and R. brasiliensis per m 2. The use of glufosinate and glyphosate+2,4-D provides a greater flexibility of herbicide use for farmers.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77617781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2581
J. Cheserek, Kahiu Ngugi, J. Muthomi, C. Omondi, Njoroge Kihara Ezekiel
Robusta coffee yields higher than Arabica coffee. However, it is limited by the inferior cup quality. The biochemical compounds found in coffee interact and determines the final cup quality. The objective of the study was to characterize the biochemical compounds found in Arabusta coffee hybrids. Twenty coffee genotypes including the Arabusta hybrids, backcrosses, Robusta and Arabica coffee were established at KALRO-Alupe (Busia) and Siaya -ATC in the year 2015. Coffee cherry was harvested and processed in the year 2018 and the green beans were analysed for sucrose, oil, trigonelline, caffeine and chlorogenic acids using the HPLC and soxhlet method. There were significant differences amongst the genotypes for these biochemical compounds across the two different environments (Busia and Siaya counties). Robusta recorded higher levels of caffeine and chlorogenic acids while the Arabusta hybrids recorded intermediate levels of the biochemical compounds between the Robusta and Arabica coffee species. The Genotype by Environment (G x E) interaction effect was only significant for chlorogenic acids. Caffeine, sucrose, oil and trigonelline levels were significantly high for genotypes evaluated in Siaya when compared to Busia. Chlorogenic acid had a positive significant association with caffeine, but was negatively correlated with coffee oil and sucrose. Coffee oil indicated a positive significant association with sucrose and Trigonelline. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) differentiated the genotypes based on the levels of biochemical compounds indicating high genetic variation amongst the genotypes. Arabusta hybrids exceeded Robusta coffee in performance of biochemical compounds which implies that there was a successful introgression of quality genes
{"title":"Green bean biochemical attributes of Arabusta coffee hybrids from Kenya using HPLC and soxhlet extraction methods","authors":"J. Cheserek, Kahiu Ngugi, J. Muthomi, C. Omondi, Njoroge Kihara Ezekiel","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2581","url":null,"abstract":"Robusta coffee yields higher than Arabica coffee. However, it is limited by the inferior cup quality. The biochemical compounds found in coffee interact and determines the final cup quality. The objective of the study was to characterize the biochemical compounds found in Arabusta coffee hybrids. Twenty coffee genotypes including the Arabusta hybrids, backcrosses, Robusta and Arabica coffee were established at KALRO-Alupe (Busia) and Siaya -ATC in the year 2015. Coffee cherry was harvested and processed in the year 2018 and the green beans were analysed for sucrose, oil, trigonelline, caffeine and chlorogenic acids using the HPLC and soxhlet method. There were significant differences amongst the genotypes for these biochemical compounds across the two different environments (Busia and Siaya counties). Robusta recorded higher levels of caffeine and chlorogenic acids while the Arabusta hybrids recorded intermediate levels of the biochemical compounds between the Robusta and Arabica coffee species. The Genotype by Environment (G x E) interaction effect was only significant for chlorogenic acids. Caffeine, sucrose, oil and trigonelline levels were significantly high for genotypes evaluated in Siaya when compared to Busia. Chlorogenic acid had a positive significant association with caffeine, but was negatively correlated with coffee oil and sucrose. Coffee oil indicated a positive significant association with sucrose and Trigonelline. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) differentiated the genotypes based on the levels of biochemical compounds indicating high genetic variation amongst the genotypes. Arabusta hybrids exceeded Robusta coffee in performance of biochemical compounds which implies that there was a successful introgression of quality genes","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72413147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2958
André Luis Oliveira Villela, R. Martinelli, T. F. Zenatti, Luiz Renato Rufino-Jr., P. A. Monquero, P. M. Conceição, F. A. Azevedo
There is evidence that signal (SG) and ruzi (RG) grass have an allelopathic effect on weeds. This study aim to evaluate this effects on difficult-to-control weeds: hairy beggarticks (HB), benghal dayflower (BD), horseweed (H), sourgrass (S) and tall windmill grass (TWG). The first experiment was installed in a completely randomized design with 2 donor species (SG and RG) × 4 extract concentrations (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg ml −1 ) in factorial scheme with four replicates. Weed germination percentage was evaluated in three-day intervals. In the second experiment, the weeds emerged in substrates previously cultivated with SG and RG, in completely randomised block design with four replicates. The emergence, shoot growth and root growth were evaluated. The results were as follows: (i) on horseweed (H), 84% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts and 38% emergence inhibition by SG root exudates were observed; (ii) on benghal dayflower (BD), 84% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts and 37% emergence inhibition and 4.3 times the SRL values than control by RG root exudates; (iii) on hairy beggarticks (HB) 52% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts scored, while SG root exudates reduced 43% of the emergence, 24% shoots biomass accumulation and 11.3% root length; (iv) on sourgrass (S) 71% germination inhibition by both donor plants and 75% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts were measured. Finally, on tall windmill grass (TWG) 69% germination inhibition was observed upon using both donor plants. It can be concluded that foliar allelochemicals inhibit the germination of: BD > S > TWG > H > HB, while root exudate allelochemicals, inhibit the emergence and root development of all weeds.
有证据表明，信号(SG)和ruzi (RG)草对杂草具有化感作用。本研究旨在评价其对毛菜(HB)、黄花(BD)、马蹄草(H)、酸草(S)和高风车草(TWG)等难治杂草的防治效果。第一个试验采用完全随机设计，2种供体(SG和RG) × 4个提取浓度(0、75、150和225 mg ml−1)，4个重复。每隔三天评估一次杂草发芽率。在第二个实验中，杂草出现在以前用SG和RG培养的基质中，采用完全随机区组设计，有四个重复。对出苗率、地上部生长和根系生长进行了评价。结果表明:(1)对马草(H)， RG叶提取物对萌发的抑制作用为84%，SG根分泌物对出苗的抑制作用为38%;(ii)对黄花萌发抑制率为84%，出苗抑制率为37%，SRL值是对照的4.3倍;(iii) RG叶提取物对HB的萌发抑制率为52%，而SG根分泌物对HB出苗率的抑制率为43%，对芽生物量积累的抑制率为24%，对根系长度的抑制率为11.3%;(iv)对酸草(S)的萌发抑制率分别为71%和75%。两种供体植物对高风车草(TWG)的萌发抑制均达到69%。结果表明，叶面化感物质对BD > S > TWG > H > HB的萌发有抑制作用，而根分泌物化感物质对所有杂草的出苗和根系发育均有抑制作用。
{"title":"Potential of two cover crops, signal grass and ruzi grass: suggested allelopathic effect on some important weeds","authors":"André Luis Oliveira Villela, R. Martinelli, T. F. Zenatti, Luiz Renato Rufino-Jr., P. A. Monquero, P. M. Conceição, F. A. Azevedo","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2958","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2958","url":null,"abstract":"There is evidence that signal (SG) and ruzi (RG) grass have an allelopathic effect on weeds. This study aim to evaluate this effects on difficult-to-control weeds: hairy beggarticks (HB), benghal dayflower (BD), horseweed (H), sourgrass (S) and tall windmill grass (TWG). The first experiment was installed in a completely randomized design with 2 donor species (SG and RG) × 4 extract concentrations (0, 75, 150 and 225 mg ml −1 ) in factorial scheme with four replicates. Weed germination percentage was evaluated in three-day intervals. In the second experiment, the weeds emerged in substrates previously cultivated with SG and RG, in completely randomised block design with four replicates. The emergence, shoot growth and root growth were evaluated. The results were as follows: (i) on horseweed (H), 84% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts and 38% emergence inhibition by SG root exudates were observed; (ii) on benghal dayflower (BD), 84% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts and 37% emergence inhibition and 4.3 times the SRL values than control by RG root exudates; (iii) on hairy beggarticks (HB) 52% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts scored, while SG root exudates reduced 43% of the emergence, 24% shoots biomass accumulation and 11.3% root length; (iv) on sourgrass (S) 71% germination inhibition by both donor plants and 75% germination inhibition by RG leaf extracts were measured. Finally, on tall windmill grass (TWG) 69% germination inhibition was observed upon using both donor plants. It can be concluded that foliar allelochemicals inhibit the germination of: BD > S > TWG > H > HB, while root exudate allelochemicals, inhibit the emergence and root development of all weeds.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87651604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2796
A. V. D. Silva, Carla Michelle da Silva, C. N. Gonçalves, Manoel dos S. Oliveira Filho, Caike de Sousa Pereira, Maria Jany Kátia Loiola Andrade, Wagner Soares Pessoa
This study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of watermelon plants under different plant spacings in the Semi-arid region of Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used with four treatments and eight replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test. The treatments were composed by the following spacings: T1: 3.0 x 0.8 m; T2: 3.0 x 0.6 m; T3: 2.0 x 0.8 m and T4: 2.0 x 0.6 m (spacings between rows and between plants, respectively). The plant length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, number of flowers, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, total fruit production, number of commercial fruits, average weight of commercial fruits, total weight of commercial fruits and percentage of commercial fruits were evaluated in this study. There was a significant difference in the growth traits: stem diameter and leaf area at 30 days after sowing (DAS), and plant length, stem diameter and number of leaves at 60 DAS, with no significant statistical difference in the remaining days and nor for the number of flowers. The watermelon plants showed adequate vegetative and productive development at the 2.0 x 0.8 m plant spacing in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the semi-arid region under study. This spacing is well suited to small producers in the semi-arid region, which are dependent on agriculture with small areas and can obtain good productivity with no need to use larger areas due to spacing.
{"title":"Productive potential of watermelon under different plant spacings in the semi-arid region of Brazil","authors":"A. V. D. Silva, Carla Michelle da Silva, C. N. Gonçalves, Manoel dos S. Oliveira Filho, Caike de Sousa Pereira, Maria Jany Kátia Loiola Andrade, Wagner Soares Pessoa","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2796","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the growth and development of watermelon plants under different plant spacings in the Semi-arid region of Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used with four treatments and eight replications. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test. The treatments were composed by the following spacings: T1: 3.0 x 0.8 m; T2: 3.0 x 0.6 m; T3: 2.0 x 0.8 m and T4: 2.0 x 0.6 m (spacings between rows and between plants, respectively). The plant length, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, number of flowers, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, total fruit production, number of commercial fruits, average weight of commercial fruits, total weight of commercial fruits and percentage of commercial fruits were evaluated in this study. There was a significant difference in the growth traits: stem diameter and leaf area at 30 days after sowing (DAS), and plant length, stem diameter and number of leaves at 60 DAS, with no significant statistical difference in the remaining days and nor for the number of flowers. The watermelon plants showed adequate vegetative and productive development at the 2.0 x 0.8 m plant spacing in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the semi-arid region under study. This spacing is well suited to small producers in the semi-arid region, which are dependent on agriculture with small areas and can obtain good productivity with no need to use larger areas due to spacing.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84288821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：