Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2375
A. Avelino, D. Faria, W. M. Peixoto, E. C. Camili, V. H. D. Azevedo, A. B. Neto, Cárita Rodrigues de Aquino Arantes, Giovani de Oliveira Arieira, J. Abreu
This study aimed to identify the main fungal and phytonematode genotypes associated with the main tropical forage seeds used in integrated systems and to distinguish seeds with high physiological and sanitary quality, for which two experiments were conducted. In year 1 (2017/18 crop year), the first experiment (experiment 1) was conducted with seeds produced in the 2017/18 crop year, in a randomized open design with four configurations and four replications. In year 2 (2018/19 crop year), the study (experiment 2) was replicated with the experimental conditions of the first experiment (randomized automatic design, with four sessions and four replications), but using samples from the 2018/19 crop year. The seeds were produced in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop years, with the same origin, and were purchased within commercial packages. The treatments of experiments 1 and 2 were the same and consisted of seeds of Brachiaria ruziziensis and the Brachiaria brizantha cultivars Marandu, Xaraés, and BRS Piatã. The same variables were evaluated for each experiment: water content, physical purity, viability, germination rate index, first germination count, germination percentage, crop value, dormancy, accelerated aging, and incidence of fungi and phytonematodes. Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Meloidogyne sp., Filenchus sp., Aphelenchus sp., Aphelencoides sp., and Rotylenchulus sp. are the main phytopathogens associated with seeds of the main tropical forage species used in integrated systems. The seeds of B. ruziziensis present high physiological quality, whereas the seeds of the B. brizantha cultivar Xaraés grass present high sanitary quality.
{"title":"Impact of phytopathogens on seed quality of tropical grasses in integrated systems","authors":"A. Avelino, D. Faria, W. M. Peixoto, E. C. Camili, V. H. D. Azevedo, A. B. Neto, Cárita Rodrigues de Aquino Arantes, Giovani de Oliveira Arieira, J. Abreu","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2375","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to identify the main fungal and phytonematode genotypes associated with the main tropical forage seeds used in integrated systems and to distinguish seeds with high physiological and sanitary quality, for which two experiments were conducted. In year 1 (2017/18 crop year), the first experiment (experiment 1) was conducted with seeds produced in the 2017/18 crop year, in a randomized open design with four configurations and four replications. In year 2 (2018/19 crop year), the study (experiment 2) was replicated with the experimental conditions of the first experiment (randomized automatic design, with four sessions and four replications), but using samples from the 2018/19 crop year. The seeds were produced in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop years, with the same origin, and were purchased within commercial packages. The treatments of experiments 1 and 2 were the same and consisted of seeds of Brachiaria ruziziensis and the Brachiaria brizantha cultivars Marandu, Xaraés, and BRS Piatã. The same variables were evaluated for each experiment: water content, physical purity, viability, germination rate index, first germination count, germination percentage, crop value, dormancy, accelerated aging, and incidence of fungi and phytonematodes. Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia sp., Meloidogyne sp., Filenchus sp., Aphelenchus sp., Aphelencoides sp., and Rotylenchulus sp. are the main phytopathogens associated with seeds of the main tropical forage species used in integrated systems. The seeds of B. ruziziensis present high physiological quality, whereas the seeds of the B. brizantha cultivar Xaraés grass present high sanitary quality.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77091457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2926
Beatriz Silva, Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz, A. Miamoto, O. Alberton, C. D. Silva, C. R. D. Arieira
Plant-parasitic nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been reported to alter the yield and chemical composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AMF to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in basil and to investigate the effects of nematode-AMF interactions on plant growth, phosphorus (P) absorption, and essential oil composition. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions following a completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial (two fungal species and an uninoculated control × inoculated and uninoculated seedlings) arrangement with 10 replicates. Substrates were inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus clarus, or no fungi (control) and sown with basil seeds. After 20 days, half of the seedlings were inoculated with 4,000 M. javanica eggs. After 60 days, the vegetative parameters, P absorption, essential oil composition, nematode population density, AMF root-colonization efficiency, and AMF spore density were determined. The presence of AMF increased the basil’s fresh weight and ability to absorb P, while reducing the M. javanica reproduction. In total, 21 compounds were identified in basil essential oil, the concentrations of which varied according to the treatments. The major components were eucalyptol, linalool, eugenol, β-elemene, trans-α-bergamotene, and τ-cadinol. Inoculation with AMF decreased the linalool levels but increased the amount of eucalyptol. Mycorrhizal plants showed increased shoot height, P uptake, and essential oil yield and a decreased nematode population density in their roots.
据报道，植物寄生线虫和丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)会改变罗勒(Ocimum basilicum)精油的产量和化学成分。本研究旨在评价AMF对罗勒根结线虫爪哇根结线虫的防治效果，并探讨线虫-AMF相互作用对罗勒植株生长、磷吸收和挥发油成分的影响。试验在温室条件下进行，采用完全随机的3 × 2因子(两种真菌和一种未接种对照×接种和未接种幼苗)布置，共10个重复。在基质上分别接种有异齿云母(Claroideoglomus etunicatum)、根噬菌(Rhizophagus clarus clarus)或不接种真菌(对照)，并播种罗勒种子。20天后，一半的幼苗接种了4000个爪哇栗豆卵。60 d后，测定真菌的营养参数、磷吸收、精油成分、线虫种群密度、真菌定植效率和真菌孢子密度。AMF的存在增加了罗勒鲜重和吸收磷的能力，同时减少了爪哇支原体的繁殖。在罗勒精油中共鉴定出21种化合物，其浓度随处理的不同而变化。主要成分为桉油醇、芳樟醇、丁香酚、β-榄香烯、反式α-佛手柑烯和τ-二醇。接种AMF降低了芳樟醇的含量，但增加了桉树醇的含量。菌根植物的茎高、吸磷量和挥发油产量增加，根系线虫种群密度降低。
{"title":"Interaction between mycorrhizal fungi and Meloidogyne javanica on the growth and essential oil composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum)","authors":"Beatriz Silva, Rayane Monique Sete da Cruz, A. Miamoto, O. Alberton, C. D. Silva, C. R. D. Arieira","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2926","url":null,"abstract":"Plant-parasitic nematodes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been reported to alter the yield and chemical composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of AMF to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica in basil and to investigate the effects of nematode-AMF interactions on plant growth, phosphorus (P) absorption, and essential oil composition. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions following a completely randomized 3 × 2 factorial (two fungal species and an uninoculated control × inoculated and uninoculated seedlings) arrangement with 10 replicates. Substrates were inoculated with Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Rhizophagus clarus, or no fungi (control) and sown with basil seeds. After 20 days, half of the seedlings were inoculated with 4,000 M. javanica eggs. After 60 days, the vegetative parameters, P absorption, essential oil composition, nematode population density, AMF root-colonization efficiency, and AMF spore density were determined. The presence of AMF increased the basil’s fresh weight and ability to absorb P, while reducing the M. javanica reproduction. In total, 21 compounds were identified in basil essential oil, the concentrations of which varied according to the treatments. The major components were eucalyptol, linalool, eugenol, β-elemene, trans-α-bergamotene, and τ-cadinol. Inoculation with AMF decreased the linalool levels but increased the amount of eucalyptol. Mycorrhizal plants showed increased shoot height, P uptake, and essential oil yield and a decreased nematode population density in their roots.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79395738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2710
Luana Glaup Araujo Dourado, Edna M. B. Silva, T. D. Silva, E. Pinheiro, William Fenner
This research aimed to evaluate the amending potential of eucalyptus’s wood ash on soil chemical properties and soil-water potential. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, campus in Rondonópolis. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks in a 5x5 factorial scheme, including five soil-water potentials (‒4, ‒8, ‒16, ‒32 and ‒64 kPa), and five wood ash doses (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm -3 ). The soil samples were collected from the top layer of an Oxisol under natural Cerrado vegetation. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) growth variables (plant height, numbers of leaves, stem diameter, and SPAD index) were analyzed at three different phenological periods. In general, the wood ash doses increased soil pH, eliminated the exchangeable aluminum, and improved soil essential nutrients availability. As a result, mung bean plants responded positively to wood ash, achieving superior results at doses ranging from 24 to 26 g dm -3 . The interaction between wood ash doses and soil water potential was not significant. However, drier soil conditions constrained plant growth severely. According to our experimental conditions, plant growth variables achieved higher performance at soil water potential of -4 kPa.
本研究旨在评价桉树木灰对土壤化学性质和土壤水势的修正潜力。该实验在马托格罗索联邦大学Rondonópolis校区的温室中进行。试验设计采用5 × 5因子随机分组设计，包括5个土壤水势(-4、-8、-16、-32和-64 kPa)和5个木灰剂量(0;8;16;24和32 g dm -3)。土壤样本是从塞拉多自然植被下的Oxisol表层收集的。对绿豆(Vigna radiata L.)在3个物候期的生长变量(株高、叶数、茎粗和SPAD指数)进行了分析。总的来说，木灰增加了土壤pH值，消除了交换性铝，改善了土壤必需养分的有效性。结果，绿豆植物对木灰反应积极，在24 ~ 26 g dm -3剂量范围内取得了优异的效果。木灰剂量与土壤水势的交互作用不显著。然而，干燥的土壤条件严重限制了植物的生长。根据我们的实验条件，在土壤水势为-4 kPa时，植物生长变量表现较好。
{"title":"Effects of wood ash and soil water potential on vegetative development of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.)","authors":"Luana Glaup Araujo Dourado, Edna M. B. Silva, T. D. Silva, E. Pinheiro, William Fenner","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2710","url":null,"abstract":"This research aimed to evaluate the amending potential of eucalyptus’s wood ash on soil chemical properties and soil-water potential. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, campus in Rondonópolis. The experimental design was composed of randomized blocks in a 5x5 factorial scheme, including five soil-water potentials (‒4, ‒8, ‒16, ‒32 and ‒64 kPa), and five wood ash doses (0; 8; 16; 24 and 32 g dm -3 ). The soil samples were collected from the top layer of an Oxisol under natural Cerrado vegetation. Mung bean (Vigna radiata L.) growth variables (plant height, numbers of leaves, stem diameter, and SPAD index) were analyzed at three different phenological periods. In general, the wood ash doses increased soil pH, eliminated the exchangeable aluminum, and improved soil essential nutrients availability. As a result, mung bean plants responded positively to wood ash, achieving superior results at doses ranging from 24 to 26 g dm -3 . The interaction between wood ash doses and soil water potential was not significant. However, drier soil conditions constrained plant growth severely. According to our experimental conditions, plant growth variables achieved higher performance at soil water potential of -4 kPa.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74479734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2851
Yustina Carolina Febrianti Salsinha, D. Indradewa, Y. A. Purwestri, D. Rachmawati
Drought is the main abiotic factor that reduces productivity of crops such as rice in the suboptimum area. This study aimed to identify drought-tolerance of local rice cultivars “Nusa Tenggara Timur-Indonesia” through their oxidative defense mechanism. In this study, 17 local rice cultivars and two control cultivars (Ciherang and Situ Bagendit) were used. Drought was imposed by using three levels of FTSW: FTSW 1 (control), 0.5 (moderate drought), and 0.2 (severe drought) during the vegetative stage. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, and total dry weight were higher in Boawae 100 Malam, Hare Tora, and Padi Putih Kuatnana than other cultivars. The analysis of relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and proline content also indicated that the Boawae 100 Malam, Gogo Sikka, and Hare Tora cultivar showed a higher result compared to control and other cultivars. These characters tend to correlate with the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in Boawae 100 Malam and Gogo Sikka, when exposed to severe drought conditions. Based on principal component analysis of the physiological changes and enzymatic antioxidant activity, the Gogo Sikka, Boawae 100 Malam, and Hare Tora cultivars were classified as rice cultivars with higher drought tolerance.
{"title":"Physiological and oxidative defense responses of local rice cultivars “Nusa Tenggara Timur-Indonesia” during vegetative drought stress","authors":"Yustina Carolina Febrianti Salsinha, D. Indradewa, Y. A. Purwestri, D. Rachmawati","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2851","url":null,"abstract":"Drought is the main abiotic factor that reduces productivity of crops such as rice in the suboptimum area. This study aimed to identify drought-tolerance of local rice cultivars “Nusa Tenggara Timur-Indonesia” through their oxidative defense mechanism. In this study, 17 local rice cultivars and two control cultivars (Ciherang and Situ Bagendit) were used. Drought was imposed by using three levels of FTSW: FTSW 1 (control), 0.5 (moderate drought), and 0.2 (severe drought) during the vegetative stage. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of tillers, number of leaves, and total dry weight were higher in Boawae 100 Malam, Hare Tora, and Padi Putih Kuatnana than other cultivars. The analysis of relative water content, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and proline content also indicated that the Boawae 100 Malam, Gogo Sikka, and Hare Tora cultivar showed a higher result compared to control and other cultivars. These characters tend to correlate with the higher activity of antioxidant enzymes in Boawae 100 Malam and Gogo Sikka, when exposed to severe drought conditions. Based on principal component analysis of the physiological changes and enzymatic antioxidant activity, the Gogo Sikka, Boawae 100 Malam, and Hare Tora cultivars were classified as rice cultivars with higher drought tolerance.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83191544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2526
K. C. Araújo, T. Oliveira, G. Gravina, M. M. Rocha, F. D. A. Neto, G. Oliveira, D. P. Cruz, C. Sant’Anna, L. M. Gravina, R. S. Rocha, I. M. Pereira
Cowpea bean is a common crop quite appreciated in Brazil. However, it is known that its low yield depending on soil and climatic conditions. The aim of this research is the selection of high-performance black-eyed cowpea through GYT biplot analysis. Twelve (12) cowpea bean strains were assessed between 2016 and. The study followed a randomized complete block design, with four repetitions; two commercial cultivars were used ascheck. The following variables were assessed: number of days required for flowering, final stand, value for cultivation, pod yield, pod length, mean number of grains per pod and grain weight. The analysis of variance showed genetic variability between strains, differences between the assessed years and different strain-performance in each growing year. Based on the GYT biplot graph, cultivar BRS Itaim, and strains L9 and L7 recorded the best performance for the set of yield characteristics. Variable ‘pod length’ had positive correlation to bedding, number of days required for flowering and number of grains per pod. Variable ‘100-grain weight’ had positive correlation to final stand, pod yield and mean grain weight per pod. Strains L9, L7 and cultivar BRS Itaim recorded the best yield regarding the assessed variables.
{"title":"Selection of high-performance black-eyed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) through GYT biplot analysis: a new methodology based on multiple characteristics","authors":"K. C. Araújo, T. Oliveira, G. Gravina, M. M. Rocha, F. D. A. Neto, G. Oliveira, D. P. Cruz, C. Sant’Anna, L. M. Gravina, R. S. Rocha, I. M. Pereira","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2526","url":null,"abstract":"Cowpea bean is a common crop quite appreciated in Brazil. However, it is known that its low yield depending on soil and climatic conditions. The aim of this research is the selection of high-performance black-eyed cowpea through GYT biplot analysis. Twelve (12) cowpea bean strains were assessed between 2016 and. The study followed a randomized complete block design, with four repetitions; two commercial cultivars were used ascheck. The following variables were assessed: number of days required for flowering, final stand, value for cultivation, pod yield, pod length, mean number of grains per pod and grain weight. The analysis of variance showed genetic variability between strains, differences between the assessed years and different strain-performance in each growing year. Based on the GYT biplot graph, cultivar BRS Itaim, and strains L9 and L7 recorded the best performance for the set of yield characteristics. Variable ‘pod length’ had positive correlation to bedding, number of days required for flowering and number of grains per pod. Variable ‘100-grain weight’ had positive correlation to final stand, pod yield and mean grain weight per pod. Strains L9, L7 and cultivar BRS Itaim recorded the best yield regarding the assessed variables.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72510292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2594
F. J. D. Neto, Katia Nachiluk, P. Fagundes, M. A. Tecchio
São Miguel Arcanjo municipality (23o 31 ’S, 47o 35’ O and average altitude of 660 m) is part of one of the three main grape productive regions of São Paulo state, Brazil. The ‘Rubi’ grapes (Vitis vinifera) production constraint in that region is to achieve the variety characteristic coloration, which affects commercialization. The color of the berry grapes is due to the existence of anthocyanins and their accumulation seems to be at least in part regulated by abscisic acid. Therefore, exogenous applications of this regulator may increase the anthocyanins concentration in the grapes' skin. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic feasibility of abscisic acid application for treatment of the ‘Rubi’ grapes color uniformization and the impact of this application in the production cost. Production costs were calculated for the abscisic acid treated grapes and the non-treated grapes for a ‘Rubi’ grapes variety in the sixth year of production and recommended abscisic acid concentration for the region (400 mg L-1 at the beginning of the maturation + 200 mg L-1 at 25 days after first application). The abscisic acid was applied on the berry bunches in the morning using a backpack sprayer that provided full and uniform coverage. Economic feasibility was determined by the increment in the sale price of the final product due to the berries’ quality achieved with the treatment. The cost components measured were: production cost, variable and fixed cost quota, effective operational cost, total operational cost, operational profit and profitability index. Technical coefficients input prices, machinery and implements compose the production cost and were surveyed at the property where the experiment was performed. The cost structure is the Total Operating Cost to which social charges, machinery depreciation, interest rate and depreciation of a onehectare area with a lifespan of 20 years were added. Prices paid to producers in the same period were collected from CEAGESP database for the profitability analysis. The Total Operating Cost for grape’s production with abscisic acid treatment was 26.12 % superior to the one of the grapes produced without the treatment, thus adding a US$ 0.15 increment in the paid price per kilogram of the final product. Therefore, this experiment has shown that abscisic acid application is a profitable investment that adds value to the final product cultivated in low thermal amplitude regions where the grapes cannot achieve the variety’s characteristic coloration.
{"title":"Economic feasibility of abscisic acid application to uniform ‘Rubi’ grapes coloration","authors":"F. J. D. Neto, Katia Nachiluk, P. Fagundes, M. A. Tecchio","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2594","url":null,"abstract":"São Miguel Arcanjo municipality (23o 31 ’S, 47o 35’ O and average altitude of 660 m) is part of one of the three main grape productive regions of São Paulo state, Brazil. The ‘Rubi’ grapes (Vitis vinifera) production constraint in that region is to achieve the variety characteristic coloration, which affects commercialization. The color of the berry grapes is due to the existence of anthocyanins and their accumulation seems to be at least in part regulated by abscisic acid. Therefore, exogenous applications of this regulator may increase the anthocyanins concentration in the grapes' skin. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the economic feasibility of abscisic acid application for treatment of the ‘Rubi’ grapes color uniformization and the impact of this application in the production cost. Production costs were calculated for the abscisic acid treated grapes and the non-treated grapes for a ‘Rubi’ grapes variety in the sixth year of production and recommended abscisic acid concentration for the region (400 mg L-1 at the beginning of the maturation + 200 mg L-1 at 25 days after first application). The abscisic acid was applied on the berry bunches in the morning using a backpack sprayer that provided full and uniform coverage. Economic feasibility was determined by the increment in the sale price of the final product due to the berries’ quality achieved with the treatment. The cost components measured were: production cost, variable and fixed cost quota, effective operational cost, total operational cost, operational profit and profitability index. Technical coefficients input prices, machinery and implements compose the production cost and were surveyed at the property where the experiment was performed. The cost structure is the Total Operating Cost to which social charges, machinery depreciation, interest rate and depreciation of a onehectare area with a lifespan of 20 years were added. Prices paid to producers in the same period were collected from CEAGESP database for the profitability analysis. The Total Operating Cost for grape’s production with abscisic acid treatment was 26.12 % superior to the one of the grapes produced without the treatment, thus adding a US$ 0.15 increment in the paid price per kilogram of the final product. Therefore, this experiment has shown that abscisic acid application is a profitable investment that adds value to the final product cultivated in low thermal amplitude regions where the grapes cannot achieve the variety’s characteristic coloration.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83317158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2605
J. L. Santos, Evandro Alves Ribeiro, R. S. D. Oliveira, J. Luz, B. N. Nunes, H. Oliveira, R. A. Sarmento, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, A. F. C. Júnior
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are important microorganisms for increasing plant growth. However, few studies have evaluated the potential of volatile compounds produced by the fungus Trichoderma spp. and it's potential as promoters and beneficiaries with respect to maize cultivation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. and their potential for morphophysiological improvement in the initial growth of corn crops. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2x6+1), arranged in a completely randomized design, with two evaluation times (7 and 15 days after emergence (DAE) and five Trichoderma spp. isolates (plus one control). The isolates were classified as the following species and identified with the following codes: UFT-25: Trichoderma harzianum; UFT-37: Trichoderma pinnatium; UFT-57: Trichoderma virens; UFT-201: Trichoderma asperellum and UFT-204: Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. and inoculated in culture medium present in each experimental unit without direct contact with the roots of the plants, promoted an increase mass production and changed morphology and physiology, especially plant height, leaf area, absolute and relative growth rate, Falker chlorophyll index, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (RuBisCo), and net photosynthesis rate.
{"title":"Volatile organic compounds produced by Trichoderma sp. morphophysiologically altered maize growth at initial stages","authors":"J. L. Santos, Evandro Alves Ribeiro, R. S. D. Oliveira, J. Luz, B. N. Nunes, H. Oliveira, R. A. Sarmento, Rubens Ribeiro da Silva, A. F. C. Júnior","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2605","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2605","url":null,"abstract":"Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are important microorganisms for increasing plant growth. However, few studies have evaluated the potential of volatile compounds produced by the fungus Trichoderma spp. and it's potential as promoters and beneficiaries with respect to maize cultivation. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. and their potential for morphophysiological improvement in the initial growth of corn crops. The experiment was conducted in a factorial scheme (2x6+1), arranged in a completely randomized design, with two evaluation times (7 and 15 days after emergence (DAE) and five Trichoderma spp. isolates (plus one control). The isolates were classified as the following species and identified with the following codes: UFT-25: Trichoderma harzianum; UFT-37: Trichoderma pinnatium; UFT-57: Trichoderma virens; UFT-201: Trichoderma asperellum and UFT-204: Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The volatile compounds produced by Trichoderma spp. and inoculated in culture medium present in each experimental unit without direct contact with the roots of the plants, promoted an increase mass production and changed morphology and physiology, especially plant height, leaf area, absolute and relative growth rate, Falker chlorophyll index, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency (RuBisCo), and net photosynthesis rate.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76884242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2785
S. Isshiki, I. Nakamura, K. Ureshino, Md. Mizanur Rahim Khan
To the best of our knowledge, there is no report about pollen fertility of the progenies developed using eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) as a seed parent and eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents. Pollen fertility of these progenies is very important to use as restorer line in the eggplant’s hybrid breeding program. In this study, pollen fertility was investigated for the progenies which were produced using S. melongena ‘Uttara’ as a seed parent and the eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents. To assess pollen fertility, pollen stainability and in vitro germination ability were investigated. Although the nuclear and the cytoplasmic genome of the progenies were almost identical to eggplant ‘Uttara’, a clear difference was observed in the pollen fertility due to the difference in the pollen parents having different wild Solanum cytoplasms. The progenies produced using the functional cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines as a pollen parent, whose cytoplasm donor were S. kurzii, S. violaceum and S. virginianum, showed pollen release type and high pollen fertility almost equal to eggplant ‘Uttara’. It is considered that the characteristics of these progenies were almost the same as eggplant. On the other hand, the progenies that produced using the fertility restored lines of the pollen non-formation type CMS lines as a pollen parent, whose cytoplasm donors were S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium, showed pollen release type and low pollen fertility, i.e., pollen staining ability was about 54% and pollen germination ability were about 35%. It is considered that the cause of this low pollen fertility was the incompatibility between the eggplant cytoplasm and the eggplant nuclear genome, which seems to be modified in the process of continuous backcrossing under the wild Solanum cytoplasms. It is suggested that complete nuclear substitution is difficult by continuous backcrossing with eggplant in the alloplasmic lines with S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium cytoplasm donors. Incompatibility between the normal eggplant cytoplasm and the modified eggplant nuclear genomes of the alloplasmic lines with S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium cytoplasms might be a cause for the low pollen fertility of the investigated progenies.
{"title":"Pollen fertility differences in the progenies obtained from a cross between eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) as a seed parent and eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents","authors":"S. Isshiki, I. Nakamura, K. Ureshino, Md. Mizanur Rahim Khan","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2785","url":null,"abstract":"To the best of our knowledge, there is no report about pollen fertility of the progenies developed using eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) as a seed parent and eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents. Pollen fertility of these progenies is very important to use as restorer line in the eggplant’s hybrid breeding program. In this study, pollen fertility was investigated for the progenies which were produced using S. melongena ‘Uttara’ as a seed parent and the eggplant cytoplasmic substitution lines as pollen parents. To assess pollen fertility, pollen stainability and in vitro germination ability were investigated. Although the nuclear and the cytoplasmic genome of the progenies were almost identical to eggplant ‘Uttara’, a clear difference was observed in the pollen fertility due to the difference in the pollen parents having different wild Solanum cytoplasms. The progenies produced using the functional cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines as a pollen parent, whose cytoplasm donor were S. kurzii, S. violaceum and S. virginianum, showed pollen release type and high pollen fertility almost equal to eggplant ‘Uttara’. It is considered that the characteristics of these progenies were almost the same as eggplant. On the other hand, the progenies that produced using the fertility restored lines of the pollen non-formation type CMS lines as a pollen parent, whose cytoplasm donors were S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium, showed pollen release type and low pollen fertility, i.e., pollen staining ability was about 54% and pollen germination ability were about 35%. It is considered that the cause of this low pollen fertility was the incompatibility between the eggplant cytoplasm and the eggplant nuclear genome, which seems to be modified in the process of continuous backcrossing under the wild Solanum cytoplasms. It is suggested that complete nuclear substitution is difficult by continuous backcrossing with eggplant in the alloplasmic lines with S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium cytoplasm donors. Incompatibility between the normal eggplant cytoplasm and the modified eggplant nuclear genomes of the alloplasmic lines with S. aethiopicum, S. anguivi and S. grandifolium cytoplasms might be a cause for the low pollen fertility of the investigated progenies.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73246909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2882
J. J. Nuvunga, Alessandra Querino da Silva, Cristian Tiago Erazo Mendes, Gabriel Cossa, Luciano Antonio de Oliveira, Carlos Pereira da Silva, Nelio Cândido, H. Inácio, J. S. S. B. Filho
Rice is one of the world’s most important crops. The search for genotypes that are more productive and have wide adaptation to different environments is paramount. One of the major breeder’s obstacles faced is identification of superior strains is the presence of Genotype × Environment Interaction (GEI), which motivated the development of countless statistical procedures aiming to offer more efficient studies. In this work we analysed adaptability and stability of 13 upland rice lineages as part of a genetic improvement program in nine different environments, resulting from local combination and years of agriculture. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design, with three replicates. The main variable is the grain storage in kg/ha. The model applied is the Bayesian Main Additive Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (Bayesian-AMMI). Our implementation implies an extra assumption of random effects from genotypes coming from a single population as opposed to previous works in the literature. Credibility regions with maximum posteriori density allowed identification of cultivars with higher average yield. Stable genotypes showed an initial evidence of adaptation to an environment in this rice breeding program. Bayesian-AMMI is flexible, and starts to be more widely used, but our suggestion is promising in making it a more powerful tool
{"title":"Stability and adaptability of elite upland rice lines using Bayesian-AMMI model","authors":"J. J. Nuvunga, Alessandra Querino da Silva, Cristian Tiago Erazo Mendes, Gabriel Cossa, Luciano Antonio de Oliveira, Carlos Pereira da Silva, Nelio Cândido, H. Inácio, J. S. S. B. Filho","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2882","url":null,"abstract":"Rice is one of the world’s most important crops. The search for genotypes that are more productive and have wide adaptation to different environments is paramount. One of the major breeder’s obstacles faced is identification of superior strains is the presence of Genotype × Environment Interaction (GEI), which motivated the development of countless statistical procedures aiming to offer more efficient studies. In this work we analysed adaptability and stability of 13 upland rice lineages as part of a genetic improvement program in nine different environments, resulting from local combination and years of agriculture. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design, with three replicates. The main variable is the grain storage in kg/ha. The model applied is the Bayesian Main Additive Effects and Multiplicative Interaction (Bayesian-AMMI). Our implementation implies an extra assumption of random effects from genotypes coming from a single population as opposed to previous works in the literature. Credibility regions with maximum posteriori density allowed identification of cultivars with higher average yield. Stable genotypes showed an initial evidence of adaptation to an environment in this rice breeding program. Bayesian-AMMI is flexible, and starts to be more widely used, but our suggestion is promising in making it a more powerful tool","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81767398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-03DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2735
Ruth Artemisa Aguilera Hernández, Manuel Darío Salas Araiza, Adriana Saldaña Robles, A. Robles, Mónica Trejo Durán, N. S. Robles
This paper aims to study the reflectance signature information of infested and non-infested sorghum leaves (Sorghum vulgare L.) by sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) to discriminate infested sorghum. The study treatments were 0 (0 aphids/leaf), 1 (1-20 aphids/leaf), 2 (21-50 aphids/leaf), 3 (> = 51 aphids/leaf), 4 (> = 51 aphids/leaf + visible damage), 5 (abiotic stress) and 6 (> = 51 aphids/leaf + abiotic stress). An Ocean Optics TM HR4000 spectrometer was used. The multifactor ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests at 95% confidence indicated that the reflectance at 402.95, 528.43, 658.36, 788.13, and 965.14 nm wavelengths have significant differences between treatments and with the control. Also Kernel Discriminant analysis was carried out and the combination of the wavelengths centered at 788.17 and 965.14 nm allows 70 % of correct classification of treatments. The results indicate that it is possible to detect M. sacchari infested sorghum by using the spectral information of some specific wavelengths. This study may enable the research of an aerial sensor to make recommendation maps of application pesticides.
{"title":"Remote hyperspectral sensing for the early detection of Melanaphis sacchari Zehntner, 1897 (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infestations in sorghum leaves","authors":"Ruth Artemisa Aguilera Hernández, Manuel Darío Salas Araiza, Adriana Saldaña Robles, A. Robles, Mónica Trejo Durán, N. S. Robles","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2735","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.02.P2735","url":null,"abstract":"This paper aims to study the reflectance signature information of infested and non-infested sorghum leaves (Sorghum vulgare L.) by sugarcane aphid (Melanaphis sacchari) to discriminate infested sorghum. The study treatments were 0 (0 aphids/leaf), 1 (1-20 aphids/leaf), 2 (21-50 aphids/leaf), 3 (> = 51 aphids/leaf), 4 (> = 51 aphids/leaf + visible damage), 5 (abiotic stress) and 6 (> = 51 aphids/leaf + abiotic stress). An Ocean Optics TM HR4000 spectrometer was used. The multifactor ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests at 95% confidence indicated that the reflectance at 402.95, 528.43, 658.36, 788.13, and 965.14 nm wavelengths have significant differences between treatments and with the control. Also Kernel Discriminant analysis was carried out and the combination of the wavelengths centered at 788.17 and 965.14 nm allows 70 % of correct classification of treatments. The results indicate that it is possible to detect M. sacchari infested sorghum by using the spectral information of some specific wavelengths. This study may enable the research of an aerial sensor to make recommendation maps of application pesticides.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77017574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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