Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3566
J. Muthoni, H. Shimelis, J. Mashilo
Demand for potatoes has grown rapidly in eastern Africa due to rapid population growth, urbanisation and life style changes. This has made potato an important commodity crop in the region contributing to food security and enhanced livelihoods. However, potato productivity in the region is low; ranging from 6 to10 t/ha against potential yields of over 30 t/ha. One of the major causes of low yields is the chronic shortage of good quality seed potatoes for planting, which also limits adoption of new and improved varieties. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to highlight the opportunities and progresses in the production and availability of good quality seed potatoes in the East African region to bolster the productivity and commercial value of the crop. The first section of the paper discusses the status of good quality seed potatoes production and availability in the East African region. The second section looks at the farmer-based seed potato production technologies while the third section focuses on the efforts of both the private and public sector in production of good quality seed potatoes. Availability of good quality seed potatoes constitutes < 1% of the requirement in eastern Africa. These seeds are mainly produced by public research institutions as well as some private players. Consequently, most farmers opt to plant seed potatoes from informal sources. However, seeds from informal sources are mostly of poor quality and often accelerate the spread of tuber-borne diseases, especially viruses and bacterial wilt. To improve seeds from informal system, some technologies have been identified and promoted to enhance farmer-based seed production and distribution. These include seed plot technology (SPT), positive selection techniques (PST) and Quality Declared Seed (QDS) systems. In addition, there has been adoption and promotion of rapid multiplication techniques (RMT) such as stem/shoot cuttings, aeroponics, sandponics, and hydroponics among others. Other measures that have been taken include importing seeds of new potato varieties. The imports increase the quantity of seeds and the number of potato varieties available to farmers. Despite these efforts, the quantity of good quality seeds available is still far below the requirements. There is need for the governments, private sector players as well as farmers to enhance their efforts and save the situation. Governments need to invest seriously in local breeding activities and multiplication of early generation seeds. These and other measures may increase availability of good quality and affordable seed potatoes in East African region.
{"title":"Production and availability of good quality seed potatoes in the East African region: A review","authors":"J. Muthoni, H. Shimelis, J. Mashilo","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3566","url":null,"abstract":"Demand for potatoes has grown rapidly in eastern Africa due to rapid population growth, urbanisation and life style changes. This has made potato an important commodity crop in the region contributing to food security and enhanced livelihoods. However, potato productivity in the region is low; ranging from 6 to10 t/ha against potential yields of over 30 t/ha. One of the major causes of low yields is the chronic shortage of good quality seed potatoes for planting, which also limits adoption of new and improved varieties. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to highlight the opportunities and progresses in the production and availability of good quality seed potatoes in the East African region to bolster the productivity and commercial value of the crop. The first section of the paper discusses the status of good quality seed potatoes production and availability in the East African region. The second section looks at the farmer-based seed potato production technologies while the third section focuses on the efforts of both the private and public sector in production of good quality seed potatoes. Availability of good quality seed potatoes constitutes < 1% of the requirement in eastern Africa. These seeds are mainly produced by public research institutions as well as some private players. Consequently, most farmers opt to plant seed potatoes from informal sources. However, seeds from informal sources are mostly of poor quality and often accelerate the spread of tuber-borne diseases, especially viruses and bacterial wilt. To improve seeds from informal system, some technologies have been identified and promoted to enhance farmer-based seed production and distribution. These include seed plot technology (SPT), positive selection techniques (PST) and Quality Declared Seed (QDS) systems. In addition, there has been adoption and promotion of rapid multiplication techniques (RMT) such as stem/shoot cuttings, aeroponics, sandponics, and hydroponics among others. Other measures that have been taken include importing seeds of new potato varieties. The imports increase the quantity of seeds and the number of potato varieties available to farmers. Despite these efforts, the quantity of good quality seeds available is still far below the requirements. There is need for the governments, private sector players as well as farmers to enhance their efforts and save the situation. Governments need to invest seriously in local breeding activities and multiplication of early generation seeds. These and other measures may increase availability of good quality and affordable seed potatoes in East African region.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"181 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75990126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3226
Wilson Henrique Tatto, A. B. Soares, T. S. Assmann, J. R. R. Campos, R. L. Missio, Pablo Antônio Beltran Barriga
This study aimed to evaluate the physical attributes of soil in an integrated crop-livestock system with winter pastures managed under different N fertilization timings and canopy heights after winter and the soybean crop. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with the treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two canopy heights and two N application timings), with three area replications. The canopy heights were 11 and 24 cm kept by continuous stocking grazing method since May to November (175 days). Fertilization timings as N-pasture fertilization and N-corn fertilization (phase before the winter pasture). Treatments characterized as N fertilization inversion were applied with fertilization timings as N-pasture fertilization and N-corn fertilization (phase before the winter pasture). Soil density, total porosity, and moisture content were evaluated after winter pasture (black oat + annual ryegrass) and after the subsequent summer soybean crop. The sampling spots were georeferenced and analyzed using geostatistics, considering the position in the slope of landscape. Soil physical attributes were not influenced by canopy height nor N fertilization timing (P>0.05). Soil density was reduced by 13.3% (from 1.11 to 0.98 g cm-3), whereas total porosity (from 0.58 to 0.62%) and moisture content (from 32.73 to 35.73%) increased by 6.9% and 9.2% after the soybean crop in relation to the values obtained in the winter pasture. The higher elevation areas had higher moisture content, total porosity, and lower density than the lower elevation areas, regardless of the time of evaluation. Well-drained soils were more resistant to compaction by animal trampling than moderately drained soils. In well-managed integrated crop-livestock systems in humid subtropical climate regions, the surface compaction of clayey soils in winter pastures is light, non-limiting, and disappears after the subsequent summer crop.
本研究旨在评价不同施氮时数和不同冠层高度管理下冬季牧场和大豆作物的作物-牲畜综合系统土壤的物理属性。试验设计采用2 × 2因子随机分组处理(2个冠层高度和2个施氮时间)，3个区域重复。5 ~ 11月(175 d)，连续放养法保持冠层高度为11 cm和24 cm。施肥时间为牧草施氮和玉米施氮(冬季牧草前阶段)。以氮肥倒置处理为特征，施肥时间分别为N-牧草施肥和N-玉米施肥(冬季牧草前阶段)。在冬季放牧(黑燕麦+一年生黑麦草)和随后的夏季大豆种植后，对土壤密度、总孔隙度和水分含量进行了评估。考虑到采样点在景观斜坡中的位置，对采样点进行了地理参考和地质统计学分析。土壤物理属性不受冠层高度和施氮时间的影响(P>0.05)。土壤密度降低13.3%(从1.11 g cm-3降至0.98 g cm-3)，土壤总孔隙度(从0.58 g cm-3降至0.62%)和水分含量(从32.73 g cm-3降至35.73%)分别比冬季牧场增加6.9%和9.2%。无论评价时间如何，高海拔地区的含水率、总孔隙率和密度均高于低海拔地区。排水良好的土壤比排水适中的土壤更能抵抗动物踩踏压实。在亚热带湿润气候地区管理良好的作物-牲畜综合系统中，冬季牧场黏性土壤的表面压实程度较轻，不受限制，并在随后的夏季作物种植后消失。
{"title":"Soil physical attributes in an integrated crop-livestock system with pasture managed under different sward canopy heights and different timings of nitrogen application","authors":"Wilson Henrique Tatto, A. B. Soares, T. S. Assmann, J. R. R. Campos, R. L. Missio, Pablo Antônio Beltran Barriga","doi":"10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3226","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the physical attributes of soil in an integrated crop-livestock system with winter pastures managed under different N fertilization timings and canopy heights after winter and the soybean crop. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with the treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two canopy heights and two N application timings), with three area replications. The canopy heights were 11 and 24 cm kept by continuous stocking grazing method since May to November (175 days). Fertilization timings as N-pasture fertilization and N-corn fertilization (phase before the winter pasture). Treatments characterized as N fertilization inversion were applied with fertilization timings as N-pasture fertilization and N-corn fertilization (phase before the winter pasture). Soil density, total porosity, and moisture content were evaluated after winter pasture (black oat + annual ryegrass) and after the subsequent summer soybean crop. The sampling spots were georeferenced and analyzed using geostatistics, considering the position in the slope of landscape. Soil physical attributes were not influenced by canopy height nor N fertilization timing (P>0.05). Soil density was reduced by 13.3% (from 1.11 to 0.98 g cm-3), whereas total porosity (from 0.58 to 0.62%) and moisture content (from 32.73 to 35.73%) increased by 6.9% and 9.2% after the soybean crop in relation to the values obtained in the winter pasture. The higher elevation areas had higher moisture content, total porosity, and lower density than the lower elevation areas, regardless of the time of evaluation. Well-drained soils were more resistant to compaction by animal trampling than moderately drained soils. In well-managed integrated crop-livestock systems in humid subtropical climate regions, the surface compaction of clayey soils in winter pastures is light, non-limiting, and disappears after the subsequent summer crop.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"2013 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86229131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-06-01DOI: 10.21475/ajcs.22.16.07.p3604
J. A. D. Rosa, J. P. D. Silva, R. Vicenzi, Ana Paula Cecatto, Angélica Reolon Costa, C. L. Peter, N. Basso, I. Carvalho, F. Lautenchleger, J. Sgarbossa, D. D. R. Fraga, Willyan J. A. Bandeira
The adjustment of buckwheat density and sowing time in an organic growing system guarantees satisfactory productivity with better environmental quality. The objective of the study is to adjust the sowing density and the best growing season of buckwheat, comparing the organic and conventional growing system. In the study, two experiments were conducted in 2017 and 2018. Experiment one, in a randomized block design with eight replications in a 4 x 2 factorial, for sowing density (40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha-1) and growing location (Augusto Pestana and Três de Maio, RS, Brazil), respectively. Experiment two, in a randomized block design in a 2 x 2 factorial with eight replications, for sowing time (September and December) and growing system (conventional and organic), respectively, carried out in Augusto Pestana, RS. Grain yield and other characters of agronomic interest of the species were evaluated, with means analysis and regression adjustment. The sowing density around 110 kg ha-1 brings benefits in the buckwheat growing in reaching maximum grain yield in conventional and organic systems. Sowing in September and December is possible regardless of the production system. However, grain yield is maximized under the milder temperature conditions of September. The grain yield in an organic system, although statistically inferior to the conventional one, proves to be advantageous due to the reduced variation in yield due to add value of the product without the use of pesticides and fertilizers
在有机栽培系统中，调节荞麦密度和播期可以保证高产和良好的环境质量。研究的目的是调整荞麦的播种密度和最佳生长季节，比较有机和常规种植系统。在研究中，分别在2017年和2018年进行了两次实验。试验1采用4 × 2因子随机区组设计，8个重复，分别对播种密度(40、80、120和160 kg ha-1)和生长地点(巴西RS的奥古斯托·佩斯塔纳和Três de Maio)进行试验。试验二采用8个重复的2 × 2因子随机区组设计，分别对播种时间(9月和12月)和种植制度(常规和有机)进行了评价，采用均值分析和回归调整对该品种的籽粒产量和其他农艺性状进行了评价。在常规和有机系统中，播种密度在110 kg hm -1左右有利于荞麦的最大产量。无论生产制度如何，在9月和12月播种都是可能的。然而，粮食产量在九月较温和的温度条件下是最大的。有机系统的粮食产量虽然在统计上不如传统系统，但由于不使用农药和化肥而增加了产品的附加值，从而减少了产量的变化，因此证明是有利的
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Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2705
T. Campos, W. S. Sousa, Alan Abadio da Silva, Valdivino Domingos de Oliveira Júnior, Walter Pires Júnior, T. F. Jesus, L. P. Borges, F. S. Matos
The effect of different water regimes on Jatropha curcas seedling growth was investigated. The study was carried out in a greenhouse covered with transparent plastic. Seeds were sown in five-liter recipients containing substrate consisting of 3:1:0.5 soil, sand and manure, respectively. A completely randomized plot design was used with seven treatments and five replications. The plants were irrigated with 100% substrate retention capacity until 30 days of age when they were submitted to water volumes of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% and 175% substrate retention capacity for 30 days. The short duration of the research explains the slight decreases in the RMR and TRA but they were sufficient to support the assertion that excess water may have inhibited aquaporin activity and partially reduced soil solution absorption and TRA. Thus, both water deficit and excess water inhibited the growth of J. curcas plants, however, the water deficit inhibited more strongly the development of the species at the initial stages of the restriction, while excess water only caused damage after a longer period of exposure. The assessments were made when the plants were 60 days old. The J. curcas plants showed an isohydric mechanism of stomatal control and maintained turgidity under water shortage, and, under excess water, the alterations in the root system and relative water content preceded reduction in stomatal conductance. The initial growth of J. curcas plants was shown to be sensitive to water shortage and but not very vulnerable to water excess.
{"title":"Morphophysiology of Jatropha curcas L. plants under different water regimes","authors":"T. Campos, W. S. Sousa, Alan Abadio da Silva, Valdivino Domingos de Oliveira Júnior, Walter Pires Júnior, T. F. Jesus, L. P. Borges, F. S. Matos","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2705","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of different water regimes on Jatropha curcas seedling growth was investigated. The study was carried out in a greenhouse covered with transparent plastic. Seeds were sown in five-liter recipients containing substrate consisting of 3:1:0.5 soil, sand and manure, respectively. A completely randomized plot design was used with seven treatments and five replications. The plants were irrigated with 100% substrate retention capacity until 30 days of age when they were submitted to water volumes of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, 150% and 175% substrate retention capacity for 30 days. The short duration of the research explains the slight decreases in the RMR and TRA but they were sufficient to support the assertion that excess water may have inhibited aquaporin activity and partially reduced soil solution absorption and TRA. Thus, both water deficit and excess water inhibited the growth of J. curcas plants, however, the water deficit inhibited more strongly the development of the species at the initial stages of the restriction, while excess water only caused damage after a longer period of exposure. The assessments were made when the plants were 60 days old. The J. curcas plants showed an isohydric mechanism of stomatal control and maintained turgidity under water shortage, and, under excess water, the alterations in the root system and relative water content preceded reduction in stomatal conductance. The initial growth of J. curcas plants was shown to be sensitive to water shortage and but not very vulnerable to water excess.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"12 1","pages":"348-353"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74428712","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2892
Samantha Hilborn, Michael Petersen, R. Pratt
Field production of organic fresh-market tomatoes in the U.S. Desert Southwest is desired by local producers and consumers. Tomato yield and fruit quality can be seriously impacted by heat stress (HS) and beet curly top virus (BCTV) infection of the main-season crop. We examined delayed planting of HS tolerant cultivars as a strategy for avoiding and mitigating these abiotic and biotic stressors. In 2016, seven putative HS tolerant cultivars, and one considered to be heat susceptible, were transplanted to the field in mid-summer to avoid peak populations of beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), the vector of BCTV. In 2017, seven HS tolerant cultivars, one heatsusceptible, and two hot-set hybrid cultivars were transplanted in mid-summer. Fruit set was above 75% for most entries, including the heat-susceptible checks. Open-pollinated (OP) and hybrid cultivars exhibited a range of yields from 21.3 to 148.6 Mg/ha and fruit quality ratings from poor to excellent. The OP check ‘Super Sioux’ displayed consistently good yield and quality across years. The correlation between fruit set and yield was low (R 2 = 0.29) and significant only at the 0.10 level (P<0.09). The incidence of curly top (incited by BCTV infection) was less than 10% in both years, indicating mid-summer planting aided disease avoidance. ‘Flamenco’, the earliest variety, and two later maturing varieties ‘Florida 91’ and ‘Skyway 687’, are recommended for further evaluation. Mid-summer planting of small and medium-fruited tomato cultivars appears to be a viable option for organic fresh-market tomato production for the fall market in the Southwest USA.
美国西南部沙漠地区有机新鲜市场番茄的田间生产是当地生产者和消费者所希望的。热胁迫(HS)和甜菜卷顶病毒(BCTV)侵染会严重影响番茄产量和果实品质。我们研究了延迟种植耐HS品种作为避免和减轻这些非生物和生物胁迫的策略。2016年，为了避免BCTV病媒媒介甜菜叶蝉(cfler tenellus)的高峰发生，在仲夏时节将7个推定的HS耐候性品种和1个热易感品种移栽到田间。2017年，在仲夏移栽了7个耐高温品种、1个耐热品种和2个热结实杂交品种。包括热易感检查在内，大多数条目的果实结实率都在75%以上。开放授粉和杂交品种的产量在21.3 ~ 148.6 Mg/ha之间，果实品质等级从差到优。OP检查' Super Sioux '多年来一直表现出良好的产量和质量。坐果量与产量的相关性较低(r2 = 0.29)，仅在0.10水平上显著(P<0.09)。由BCTV感染引起的卷顶发病率均低于10%，说明仲夏种植有助于预防该病。最早的品种“弗拉门戈”和两个较晚成熟的品种“佛罗里达91”和“天空之路687”被推荐进行进一步评估。仲夏种植中小果番茄品种似乎是美国西南部秋季市场有机新鲜番茄生产的可行选择。
{"title":"Late summer organic tomato production with heat tolerant tomato cultivars","authors":"Samantha Hilborn, Michael Petersen, R. Pratt","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2892","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2892","url":null,"abstract":"Field production of organic fresh-market tomatoes in the U.S. Desert Southwest is desired by local producers and consumers. Tomato yield and fruit quality can be seriously impacted by heat stress (HS) and beet curly top virus (BCTV) infection of the main-season crop. We examined delayed planting of HS tolerant cultivars as a strategy for avoiding and mitigating these abiotic and biotic stressors. In 2016, seven putative HS tolerant cultivars, and one considered to be heat susceptible, were transplanted to the field in mid-summer to avoid peak populations of beet leafhopper (Circulifer tenellus), the vector of BCTV. In 2017, seven HS tolerant cultivars, one heatsusceptible, and two hot-set hybrid cultivars were transplanted in mid-summer. Fruit set was above 75% for most entries, including the heat-susceptible checks. Open-pollinated (OP) and hybrid cultivars exhibited a range of yields from 21.3 to 148.6 Mg/ha and fruit quality ratings from poor to excellent. The OP check ‘Super Sioux’ displayed consistently good yield and quality across years. The correlation between fruit set and yield was low (R 2 = 0.29) and significant only at the 0.10 level (P<0.09). The incidence of curly top (incited by BCTV infection) was less than 10% in both years, indicating mid-summer planting aided disease avoidance. ‘Flamenco’, the earliest variety, and two later maturing varieties ‘Florida 91’ and ‘Skyway 687’, are recommended for further evaluation. Mid-summer planting of small and medium-fruited tomato cultivars appears to be a viable option for organic fresh-market tomato production for the fall market in the Southwest USA.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"199 1","pages":"401-408"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72768407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2751
Marinho Rocho da Silva, J. Abreu, O. L. S. Weber, L. V. Barros, Edna M. B. Silva, A. Damasceno, W. M. Oliveira
The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of liquid swine manure (LSM) as fertilization in the implantation of Urochloa ruziziensis. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications, with the treatments being four doses of LSM (0; 100; 200 and 300 m 3 ha -1 ) and one dose of mineral fertilization. Seven cuts were carried out uniformly, after which plant height (PH), total dry mass yield (TDMY), crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), macromineral extraction (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and microminerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) of plants were evaluated every 30 days. Mineral fertilization provided higher PH, CP content and extraction of N and S, but lower NDF content. For ADF variable, there was no difference between treatments. The results of dry mass yield (DMY) and extractions of P, K, Ca and Mn showed that the effect of 300 m 3 ha -1 LSM was statistically equal to mineral fertilization. For extractions of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu doses of 200 and 300 m 3 ha -1 did not differ statistically from mineral fertilization. Among the doses of LSM, there was increasing linear effect, with increases in the variables DMY (30.89%), PH (14.94%), CP (17%), N (53.01%), P (40.79%), K (27.84%), Ca (35.17%), Mg (29.6%), S (47.13%), Fe (31.2%), Zn (31.6%) and Mn (23.04%). For Cu extraction, there was a quadratic effect with the highest extraction in the dose of 26.36 m 3 , obtaining an increase of 19.94% in relation to treatment without application. It is important to study different LSM dosages to avoid risk of heavy metal toxicity. The LSM is an alternative in place of mineral fertilization for Urochloa ruziziensis grass.
本研究的目的是评价液体猪粪(LSM)在ruziziensis着床中的应用。试验设计为随机分组，5个处理和4个重复，处理为4个剂量的LSM (0;100;200和300平方米(3公顷-1)和一剂矿物施肥。均匀进行7次刈割后，每30 d对植株株高(PH)、总干质量产量(TDMY)、粗蛋白质含量(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、大量矿物质(N、P、K、Ca、Mg和S)和微量矿物质(Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu)进行测定。矿物肥提高了土壤PH、CP含量和氮、硫的提取，降低了NDF含量。对于ADF变量，处理间无差异。干质量产量(DMY)和P、K、Ca、Mn的提取结果表明，300 m 3 ha -1 LSM的效果在统计学上与矿质施肥相当。Mg、Fe、Zn和Cu的提取量分别为200和300 m 3 ha -1，与矿物施肥没有统计学差异。在不同剂量的LSM中，DMY(30.89%)、PH(14.94%)、CP(17%)、N(53.01%)、P(40.79%)、K(27.84%)、Ca(35.17%)、Mg(29.6%)、S(47.13%)、Fe(31.2%)、Zn(31.6%)和Mn(23.04%)呈递增的线性效应。铜的提取存在二次效应，在剂量为26.36 m3时，铜的提取率最高，比未施用的处理提高了19.94%。研究不同剂量的LSM对避免重金属中毒风险具有重要意义。LSM是一种替代矿物施肥的方法。
{"title":"Cultivation of ruziziensis grass (Urochloa ruziziensis) using swine liquid manure fertilization","authors":"Marinho Rocho da Silva, J. Abreu, O. L. S. Weber, L. V. Barros, Edna M. B. Silva, A. Damasceno, W. M. Oliveira","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2751","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of liquid swine manure (LSM) as fertilization in the implantation of Urochloa ruziziensis. The experimental design was randomized blocks with five treatments and four replications, with the treatments being four doses of LSM (0; 100; 200 and 300 m 3 ha -1 ) and one dose of mineral fertilization. Seven cuts were carried out uniformly, after which plant height (PH), total dry mass yield (TDMY), crude protein content (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), macromineral extraction (N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S) and microminerals (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) of plants were evaluated every 30 days. Mineral fertilization provided higher PH, CP content and extraction of N and S, but lower NDF content. For ADF variable, there was no difference between treatments. The results of dry mass yield (DMY) and extractions of P, K, Ca and Mn showed that the effect of 300 m 3 ha -1 LSM was statistically equal to mineral fertilization. For extractions of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu doses of 200 and 300 m 3 ha -1 did not differ statistically from mineral fertilization. Among the doses of LSM, there was increasing linear effect, with increases in the variables DMY (30.89%), PH (14.94%), CP (17%), N (53.01%), P (40.79%), K (27.84%), Ca (35.17%), Mg (29.6%), S (47.13%), Fe (31.2%), Zn (31.6%) and Mn (23.04%). For Cu extraction, there was a quadratic effect with the highest extraction in the dose of 26.36 m 3 , obtaining an increase of 19.94% in relation to treatment without application. It is important to study different LSM dosages to avoid risk of heavy metal toxicity. The LSM is an alternative in place of mineral fertilization for Urochloa ruziziensis grass.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"39 1","pages":"377-386"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81530073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2438
Caroline Farias Barreto, L. V. Ferreira, R. Navroski, Jorge Atílio Benati, R. Cantillano, M. Vizzotto, G. Nava, L. Antunes
Potassium (K) fertilization may affect peach quality and preservation. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of doses of K on physico-chemical and functional characteristics of "Sensacao" peaches in the postharvest period. Mass loss, pulp color, total solublesolids, titratable acidity, pH, pulp and skin firmness, total concentrations of phenolic compounds and carotenoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated in fruits. The experiment was a randomized block design in a 5x3 factorial scheme, five doses of fertilizers (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 Kg ha-1K2O) and three storage periods (harvest day, 10 days and 20 days in cold storage at 1±1oC, followed by a day of simulated commercialization at 20±1oC). Mass loss, pulp firmness, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and carotenoids decreased when fruit underwent cold storage, independent of the dosage of K fertilization. Doses of40 and160 kg ha-1K2O applied to the soil lead to a larger number of phenolic compoundsand higher antioxidant activity in fruits at harvest time. After cold storage, fertilization with160 kg ha-1K2O exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest mass loss in fruits. Increase in doses of K strengthened the color of peach pulp.
施钾对桃的品质和保鲜有一定影响。本研究旨在评价不同剂量钾对“Sensacao”桃采后理化特性和功能特性的影响。对果实的质量损失、果肉颜色、总可溶性固形物、可滴定酸度、pH值、果肉和果皮硬度、酚类化合物和类胡萝卜素的总浓度以及抗氧化活性进行了评价。试验采用5 × 3因子随机区组设计，施用5个施肥剂量(0、40、80、120和160 Kg ha-1K2O)， 3个贮藏期(收获日、1±1℃冷藏10天和20 d，随后在20±1℃模拟商业化1天)。果实经过冷藏后，质量损失、果肉硬度、酚类化合物、抗氧化活性和类胡萝卜素均下降，与施钾量无关。在土壤中施用40和160公斤的ha-1K2O会导致收获时水果中酚类化合物的数量增加和抗氧化活性提高。冷藏后，160 kg ha-1K2O处理的果实抗氧化活性最高，质量损失最小。施钾量的增加增强了桃果肉的颜色。
{"title":"Effect of potassium fertilizers associated with cold storage on peach (Prunus persica L.) quality","authors":"Caroline Farias Barreto, L. V. Ferreira, R. Navroski, Jorge Atílio Benati, R. Cantillano, M. Vizzotto, G. Nava, L. Antunes","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2438","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2438","url":null,"abstract":"Potassium (K) fertilization may affect peach quality and preservation. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of doses of K on physico-chemical and functional characteristics of \"Sensacao\" peaches in the postharvest period. Mass loss, pulp color, total solublesolids, titratable acidity, pH, pulp and skin firmness, total concentrations of phenolic compounds and carotenoids and antioxidant activity were evaluated in fruits. The experiment was a randomized block design in a 5x3 factorial scheme, five doses of fertilizers (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 Kg ha-1K2O) and three storage periods (harvest day, 10 days and 20 days in cold storage at 1±1oC, followed by a day of simulated commercialization at 20±1oC). Mass loss, pulp firmness, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and carotenoids decreased when fruit underwent cold storage, independent of the dosage of K fertilization. Doses of40 and160 kg ha-1K2O applied to the soil lead to a larger number of phenolic compoundsand higher antioxidant activity in fruits at harvest time. After cold storage, fertilization with160 kg ha-1K2O exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and the lowest mass loss in fruits. Increase in doses of K strengthened the color of peach pulp.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"319-324"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88030411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-05DOI: 10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2935
Mirella Basileu de Oliveira Lima, M. E. Nappo, K. L. Soares, R. Castro, E. P. Miguel, T. S. Soares, R. Gaspar, P. Aquino, Renan Augusto Miranda Matias
We evaluated the effect of initial spacing on the distribution of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla tree diameters in a Nelder wheel design. The study area was in west-central Brazil. A Nelder wheel design with three repetitions was used. This design provides 432 planting spots per plot/repetition. Planting density varied from 0.50 m2 to 41.25 m2. The diameter at breast height was measured for all plants every four months until 36 months of age, totaling eight measurements. The description of the diameter distribution was developed by fitting probability density functions for each spacing and age. The quality of fit was evaluated using the root mean square error percentage, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (α < 0.05). The spacings up to 1.17 m2 must be harvested in less than two years, since it is noted that in the third year the increment in diameter is static and the mortality rate increases. The spacing highly affects the diameter structure of the population, impelling the forester to consider different uses for the wood. For wood requiring larger diameters, spacing above 8.69 m2 per tree is recommended.
{"title":"Dynamics of initial spacing on the diameter of hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla in a systematic design","authors":"Mirella Basileu de Oliveira Lima, M. E. Nappo, K. L. Soares, R. Castro, E. P. Miguel, T. S. Soares, R. Gaspar, P. Aquino, Renan Augusto Miranda Matias","doi":"10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21475/AJCS.21.15.03.P2935","url":null,"abstract":"We evaluated the effect of initial spacing on the distribution of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla tree diameters in a Nelder wheel design. The study area was in west-central Brazil. A Nelder wheel design with three repetitions was used. This design provides 432 planting spots per plot/repetition. Planting density varied from 0.50 m2 to 41.25 m2. The diameter at breast height was measured for all plants every four months until 36 months of age, totaling eight measurements. The description of the diameter distribution was developed by fitting probability density functions for each spacing and age. The quality of fit was evaluated using the root mean square error percentage, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (α < 0.05). The spacings up to 1.17 m2 must be harvested in less than two years, since it is noted that in the third year the increment in diameter is static and the mortality rate increases. The spacing highly affects the diameter structure of the population, impelling the forester to consider different uses for the wood. For wood requiring larger diameters, spacing above 8.69 m2 per tree is recommended.","PeriodicalId":8581,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Crop Science","volume":"56 1","pages":"422-430"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78054833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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