Pub Date : 2025-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102782
Junxia Gao , Yan Liu , Ning Yang , Zeping Cao , Jing Zhao , Lin Wu , Wentian Xu , Binfeng Yan , Zhengyu Jia , Hongjun Mao
This study analyzed 2020–2022 remote sensing data from 33 stations in Tianjin, a Municipality in Northern China, to identify high-emitters. Rural areas showed higher CO/NO emissions, while urban areas had elevated HC levels. Heavy-duty trucks and special purpose vehicles emitted significantly more than passenger cars and light-duty trucks. Using a 95th percentile threshold, 12.4 % of vehicles were classified as high-emitters, contributing 41.81 % (HC), 29.33 % (NO), and 22.18 % (CO) to total pollution. Tianjin's “China 6 + old vehicle elimination” policy reduced high-emitters by 34 % in 2022 and increased China 6 vehicle adoption to 42 %, validating policy synergy. Diesel emissions exhibited “pollutant-independence,” with only 6.54 % overlap between HC and NO high-emitters. This necessitates a multi-pollutant approach: fuel system inspections for HC, SCR maintenance for NO, and catalytic converter checks for CO. These measures directly address emission hotspots, optimize monitoring accuracy, and guide policy to achieve regional air quality improvements.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal patterns of super-emitting diesel vehicles: A scalable remote sensing framework for urban emission hotspot mitigation","authors":"Junxia Gao , Yan Liu , Ning Yang , Zeping Cao , Jing Zhao , Lin Wu , Wentian Xu , Binfeng Yan , Zhengyu Jia , Hongjun Mao","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102782","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102782","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzed 2020–2022 remote sensing data from 33 stations in Tianjin, a Municipality in Northern China, to identify high-emitters. Rural areas showed higher CO/NO emissions, while urban areas had elevated HC levels. Heavy-duty trucks and special purpose vehicles emitted significantly more than passenger cars and light-duty trucks. Using a 95th percentile threshold, 12.4 % of vehicles were classified as high-emitters, contributing 41.81 % (HC), 29.33 % (NO), and 22.18 % (CO) to total pollution. Tianjin's “China 6 + old vehicle elimination” policy reduced high-emitters by 34 % in 2022 and increased China 6 vehicle adoption to 42 %, validating policy synergy. Diesel emissions exhibited “pollutant-independence,” with only 6.54 % overlap between HC and NO high-emitters. This necessitates a multi-pollutant approach: fuel system inspections for HC, SCR maintenance for NO, and catalytic converter checks for CO. These measures directly address emission hotspots, optimize monitoring accuracy, and guide policy to achieve regional air quality improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 3","pages":"Article 102782"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102781
Xuan Liu , Mansur Amonov , Jay R. Turner
Insufficient ground-based measurements are available to understand particulate matter (PM) in Central Asia, one of the major global dust source regions. Elemental characterization of PM is needed to examine dust contribution to PM and understand dust impacts in this region. We estimated dust concentrations using the first contemporary elemental composition data of PM2.5 and PM10 samples collected from an urban site in Uzbekistan during the 2023 dusty seasons and compared them to historical PM2.5 samples from the dusty seasons of 2008–2010. The mean dust contribution to PM2.5 during the 2023 dusty seasons was 33 % (7.7 μg/m3), comparable to 2008 (31 %) but higher than in 2009 (20 %) and 2010 (26 %). A large dust event originating from the Kyzylkum Desert in 2023 and another from the Aralkum Desert in 2008 were identified by time series analysis of dust concentration, backward trajectory analysis, and satellite images. The two dust event days show lower Fe but higher Ca fractions in PM2.5 than normal days. Compared to 2008–2010, elevated Zn concentrations were observed in 2023, likely driven by metalworking industries, transportation, and construction activities. These results provide insights into air pollution control in Central Asia and contribute to the understanding of dust composition, sources, and transport within the region.
{"title":"Quantifying dust contribution to particulate matter in Central Asia: Insights from the elemental composition of PM2.5 and PM10 in Uzbekistan","authors":"Xuan Liu , Mansur Amonov , Jay R. Turner","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insufficient ground-based measurements are available to understand particulate matter (PM) in Central Asia, one of the major global dust source regions. Elemental characterization of PM is needed to examine dust contribution to PM and understand dust impacts in this region. We estimated dust concentrations using the first contemporary elemental composition data of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and PM<sub>10</sub> samples collected from an urban site in Uzbekistan during the 2023 dusty seasons and compared them to historical PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples from the dusty seasons of 2008–2010. The mean dust contribution to PM<sub>2.5</sub> during the 2023 dusty seasons was 33 % (7.7 μg/m<sup>3</sup>), comparable to 2008 (31 %) but higher than in 2009 (20 %) and 2010 (26 %). A large dust event originating from the Kyzylkum Desert in 2023 and another from the Aralkum Desert in 2008 were identified by time series analysis of dust concentration, backward trajectory analysis, and satellite images. The two dust event days show lower Fe but higher Ca fractions in PM<sub>2.5</sub> than normal days. Compared to 2008–2010, elevated Zn concentrations were observed in 2023, likely driven by metalworking industries, transportation, and construction activities. These results provide insights into air pollution control in Central Asia and contribute to the understanding of dust composition, sources, and transport within the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 3","pages":"Article 102781"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102772
Wenxin Cao , Xuran Li , Shuyang Xie , Jinyong Yang , Pengfei Liu , Chengtang Liu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Chenglong Zhang , Yujing Mu , Junfeng Liu
Carbonyl compounds are significant in atmospheric chemistry and human health, yet their sources, especially in rural areas, remain incompletely characterized. Long-term measurements (June 2020–July 2021) at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) identified formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone as the dominant carbonyls, collectively accounting for 71 % of the total. Concentrations exhibited distinct seasonal patterns, with the highest levels observed for all three compounds during autumn. Analysis of C1/C2 ratios and correlation analysis indicated anthropogenic emissions as the primary source overall. Notably, during autumn, strong mutual correlations among formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were observed, contrasting with weaker correlations to CO and O3. Supplementary experiments confirmed that mechanical corn stover crushing releases substantial amounts of carbonyls. These convergent findings demonstrate that large-scale seasonal agricultural activities, particularly corn stover crushing and agricultural machinery during harvest periods, constitute a major and previously underappreciated source of carbonyl emissions in the NCP region, necessitating greater attention in emission inventories and mitigation strategies. Furthermore, integrated lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) assessments indicated that formaldehyde concentrations pose a potential lifetime carcinogenic risk to the local population.
{"title":"Characterization and source analysis of carbonyl compounds in a rural area of north China Plain: Results from 1-year continuous observations","authors":"Wenxin Cao , Xuran Li , Shuyang Xie , Jinyong Yang , Pengfei Liu , Chengtang Liu , Yuanyuan Zhang , Chenglong Zhang , Yujing Mu , Junfeng Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102772","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102772","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbonyl compounds are significant in atmospheric chemistry and human health, yet their sources, especially in rural areas, remain incompletely characterized. Long-term measurements (June 2020–July 2021) at a rural site in the North China Plain (NCP) identified formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone as the dominant carbonyls, collectively accounting for 71 % of the total. Concentrations exhibited distinct seasonal patterns, with the highest levels observed for all three compounds during autumn. Analysis of C1/C2 ratios and correlation analysis indicated anthropogenic emissions as the primary source overall. Notably, during autumn, strong mutual correlations among formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone were observed, contrasting with weaker correlations to CO and O<sub>3</sub>. Supplementary experiments confirmed that mechanical corn stover crushing releases substantial amounts of carbonyls. These convergent findings demonstrate that large-scale seasonal agricultural activities, particularly corn stover crushing and agricultural machinery during harvest periods, constitute a major and previously underappreciated source of carbonyl emissions in the NCP region, necessitating greater attention in emission inventories and mitigation strategies. Furthermore, integrated lifetime cancer risk (ILTCR) and hazard quotient (HQ) assessments indicated that formaldehyde concentrations pose a potential lifetime carcinogenic risk to the local population.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102772"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-10DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102776
Shaibal Mukerjee , Carry Croghan , Luther Smith
Analyses of U.S. compliance benzene air databases from refinery fenceline sites were conducted using 2019 measurements. Annual averages of maximum minus minimum benzene values (Δc) and mean benzene were summarized and compared by Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs) for the country. Of the 104 refineries analyzed, thirteen refineries had annual average Δc values above an “action level” of 9 μg/m3 suggesting most refineries were in compliance. For Δc and benzene values, nonparametric paired comparisons of PADDs at the 5 % significance level indicated that the major oil-producing Gulf Coast was higher than other PADD regions, except for benzene at the East Coast. The West Coast was lower than each of the other PADDs at the 5 % significance level, except Δc in the East Coast and benzene in the Rocky Mountain region. No seasonal variation was found for the PADDs, except the West Coast for benzene. Overall results here present an opportunity to assess benzene fenceline impacts at specific U.S. refineries, such as those exceeding the annual average Δc action level.
{"title":"Examination of compliance refinery fenceline monitoring for benzene across the United States during 2019","authors":"Shaibal Mukerjee , Carry Croghan , Luther Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102776","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102776","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Analyses of U.S. compliance benzene air databases from refinery fenceline sites were conducted using 2019 measurements. Annual averages of maximum minus minimum benzene values (Δc) and mean benzene were summarized and compared by Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADDs) for the country. Of the 104 refineries analyzed, thirteen refineries had annual average Δc values above an “action level” of 9 μg/m<sup>3</sup> suggesting most refineries were in compliance. For Δc and benzene values, nonparametric paired comparisons of PADDs at the 5 % significance level indicated that the major oil-producing Gulf Coast was higher than other PADD regions, except for benzene at the East Coast. The West Coast was lower than each of the other PADDs at the 5 % significance level, except Δc in the East Coast and benzene in the Rocky Mountain region. No seasonal variation was found for the PADDs, except the West Coast for benzene. Overall results here present an opportunity to assess benzene fenceline impacts at specific U.S. refineries, such as those exceeding the annual average Δc action level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102776"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102774
Mahdi Boroughani , Mahnaz Naemi , Sima Pourhashemi , Mohammad Ali Zangane Asadi , Ali Al-Hemoud , Ghadeer Al-Qadeeri
The Middle East region, with its semi-arid and arid climate and position adjacent to the vast deserts, is highly prone to land degradation and dust storms. Land-use changes and urbanization over the last decades have added extra pressure on the environment at an ever-increasing pace. This study aimed to simulate future land-use changes for 2040, 2070, and 2100 using the CA-Markov model and to evaluate their impact on dust storm occurrence. Dust Storm Sensitivity Mapping (DSM) was conducted using three machine-learning models) BA, XGB, and CA) based on 1634 dust occurrence points and nine environmental factors. Validation results indicated that the BA model had better performance than the other models, with SPF = 83.55 % and AUC = 0.821. Statistical tests (Friedman and Wilcoxon) confirmed the existence of significant differences between the performances of models at the 95 % CI. Land use simulations project a substantial increase in barren lands and areas with no vegetation between 2040–2070 and 2070–2100, mainly caused by unsustainable land management, overgrazing, deforestation, and inefficient agricultural practices, which results in soil degradation and reduced capacity for vegetation cover. Further, urban expansion and population growth were determined to accelerate the degradation of agricultural plots. Sensitivity maps confirmed that significant parts of the Middle East lie in high to very high dust hazard zones, triggered by geomorphological factors, climatic change, socioeconomic pressures, and geopolitical tensions. Integration with machine-learning models accomplished high accuracy in DSM, offering reliable tools for regional planning. The study highlights that if there is no proper land management, future land-use patterns will significantly increase dust storm events. This study provides policymakers and planners with valuable insights for implementing sustainable land-use strategies and targeted mitigation measures to reduce dust-related hazards in the region.
{"title":"Linking dust source susceptibility mapping and land use change in Middle East","authors":"Mahdi Boroughani , Mahnaz Naemi , Sima Pourhashemi , Mohammad Ali Zangane Asadi , Ali Al-Hemoud , Ghadeer Al-Qadeeri","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102774","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102774","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Middle East region, with its semi-arid and arid climate and position adjacent to the vast deserts, is highly prone to land degradation and dust storms. Land-use changes and urbanization over the last decades have added extra pressure on the environment at an ever-increasing pace. This study aimed to simulate future land-use changes for 2040, 2070, and 2100 using the CA-Markov model and to evaluate their impact on dust storm occurrence. Dust Storm Sensitivity Mapping (DSM) was conducted using three machine-learning models) BA, XGB, and CA) based on 1634 dust occurrence points and nine environmental factors. Validation results indicated that the BA model had better performance than the other models, with SPF = 83.55 % and AUC = 0.821. Statistical tests (Friedman and Wilcoxon) confirmed the existence of significant differences between the performances of models at the 95 % CI. Land use simulations project a substantial increase in barren lands and areas with no vegetation between 2040–2070 and 2070–2100, mainly caused by unsustainable land management, overgrazing, deforestation, and inefficient agricultural practices, which results in soil degradation and reduced capacity for vegetation cover. Further, urban expansion and population growth were determined to accelerate the degradation of agricultural plots. Sensitivity maps confirmed that significant parts of the Middle East lie in high to very high dust hazard zones, triggered by geomorphological factors, climatic change, socioeconomic pressures, and geopolitical tensions. Integration with machine-learning models accomplished high accuracy in DSM, offering reliable tools for regional planning. The study highlights that if there is no proper land management, future land-use patterns will significantly increase dust storm events. This study provides policymakers and planners with valuable insights for implementing sustainable land-use strategies and targeted mitigation measures to reduce dust-related hazards in the region.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102774"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102780
Yanhui Mao , Qiu Tu , Junjie He , Jianlin Ren
The creation of micro-pressure differences (MPDs) is an important strategy in indoor environments control, especially in medical isolation wards and residential buildings. To better understand the role of MPDs, this study systematically investigated the effect of MPDs on the control of particulate matter (PM) exposure in a full-scale experimental chamber, taking into account the pollutant source location, door opening and closing, and human walking factors. A negative pressure (NA) combined with positive pressure (PA) system was set up to further investigate the coupling effect of MPD and the ventilation system. Results showed that the creation of MPD significantly reduced the dispersion of PM, where the cumulative exposure level (CEL) was reduced by 61.5 % from the baseline when the source was located in NA. When the source was located in PA, the form of airflow organization had a significant effect on the performance of the coupling system. The side supply and side return airflows performed best, with relatively lower CEL value (6.06–7.29 × 107 particles cm−3) and the highest robustness (DR: 0.88) for door opening and closing and walking cases. In addition, the traditional metric (CEL, Welly-Riley equation) and new metric (robustness analysis: both PM removal efficiency and walking disturbance control effects) for evaluating ventilation systems were compared, and the Welly-Riley equation was used to correct the weights assigned to PM removal and walking disturbance in the robustness calculations. The highly stable ventilation configuration derived from the above metrics can provide design references for medical isolation wards and residential buildings.
{"title":"Experimental study on the control effect of the coupling effect of micro-differential pressure and ventilation system on indoor particulate matter migration","authors":"Yanhui Mao , Qiu Tu , Junjie He , Jianlin Ren","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The creation of micro-pressure differences (MPDs) is an important strategy in indoor environments control, especially in medical isolation wards and residential buildings. To better understand the role of MPDs, this study systematically investigated the effect of MPDs on the control of particulate matter (PM) exposure in a full-scale experimental chamber, taking into account the pollutant source location, door opening and closing, and human walking factors. A negative pressure (NA) combined with positive pressure (PA) system was set up to further investigate the coupling effect of MPD and the ventilation system. Results showed that the creation of MPD significantly reduced the dispersion of PM, where the cumulative exposure level (CEL) was reduced by 61.5 % from the baseline when the source was located in NA. When the source was located in PA, the form of airflow organization had a significant effect on the performance of the coupling system. The side supply and side return airflows performed best, with relatively lower CEL value (6.06–7.29 × 10<sup>7</sup> particles cm<sup>−3</sup>) and the highest robustness (DR: 0.88) for door opening and closing and walking cases. In addition, the traditional metric (CEL, Welly-Riley equation) and new metric (robustness analysis: both PM removal efficiency and walking disturbance control effects) for evaluating ventilation systems were compared, and the Welly-Riley equation was used to correct the weights assigned to PM removal and walking disturbance in the robustness calculations. The highly stable ventilation configuration derived from the above metrics can provide design references for medical isolation wards and residential buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102780"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102773
Oyunerdene Boldsaikhan , Eun-Chae Im , Jae-In Lee , Chang-Gu Lee , Seong-Jik Park
Ammonia (NH3) emissions from vegetable cropping systems represent a significant pathway for nitrogen loss, leading to soil acidification and atmospheric pollution. This two-year field study (2022–2023) investigated the impacts of four nitrogen fertilizers—urea (UR), ammonium sulfate (AS), composite fertilizer (CMP), and latex-coated urea (LCU)—on NH3 emissions, crop yield, and economic viability in fields of potatoes and Chinese cabbage. NH3 fluxes were quantified using a static chamber method, and a Random Forest analysis identified fertilizer type, soil temperature, air temperature, and soil moisture as primary factors influencing daily emissions. Partial dependence analysis revealed that soil moisture had a dual effect on NH3 volatilization, with fluxes decreasing at 8–20 % but increasing again above 20 %. Compared to UR, AS and CMP significantly reduced cumulative NH3 losses by 35.8 % and 49.5 % in potatoes, and by 80.3 % and 52.5 % in cabbage, respectively. LCU reduced NH3 emissions in cabbage by 51.3 % but showed inconsistent effects in potatoes, likely due to soil moisture and coating degradation. Economic analysis revealed that AS provided the highest net benefit in potato production, increasing profitability by 24.9 % over UR; this was followed by CMP at 11.5 % and LCU at 5.8 %. In contrast, UR was the most profitable fertilizer for cabbage, while LCU (−31.9 %) and AS (−29.9 %) reduced net returns due to higher costs and lower yields. These results highlight the necessity of selecting nitrogen fertilizers based on crop type and field conditions to simultaneously minimize NH3 losses and optimize economic returns in vegetable production systems.
{"title":"Field evaluation of ammonia emissions, yield performance, and profitability under four nitrogen fertilizers in vegetable cultivation","authors":"Oyunerdene Boldsaikhan , Eun-Chae Im , Jae-In Lee , Chang-Gu Lee , Seong-Jik Park","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102773","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102773","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) emissions from vegetable cropping systems represent a significant pathway for nitrogen loss, leading to soil acidification and atmospheric pollution. This two-year field study (2022–2023) investigated the impacts of four nitrogen fertilizers—urea (UR), ammonium sulfate (AS), composite fertilizer (CMP), and latex-coated urea (LCU)—on NH<sub>3</sub> emissions, crop yield, and economic viability in fields of potatoes and Chinese cabbage. NH<sub>3</sub> fluxes were quantified using a static chamber method, and a Random Forest analysis identified fertilizer type, soil temperature, air temperature, and soil moisture as primary factors influencing daily emissions. Partial dependence analysis revealed that soil moisture had a dual effect on NH<sub>3</sub> volatilization, with fluxes decreasing at 8–20 % but increasing again above 20 %. Compared to UR, AS and CMP significantly reduced cumulative NH<sub>3</sub> losses by 35.8 % and 49.5 % in potatoes, and by 80.3 % and 52.5 % in cabbage, respectively. LCU reduced NH<sub>3</sub> emissions in cabbage by 51.3 % but showed inconsistent effects in potatoes, likely due to soil moisture and coating degradation. Economic analysis revealed that AS provided the highest net benefit in potato production, increasing profitability by 24.9 % over UR; this was followed by CMP at 11.5 % and LCU at 5.8 %. In contrast, UR was the most profitable fertilizer for cabbage, while LCU (−31.9 %) and AS (−29.9 %) reduced net returns due to higher costs and lower yields. These results highlight the necessity of selecting nitrogen fertilizers based on crop type and field conditions to simultaneously minimize NH<sub>3</sub> losses and optimize economic returns in vegetable production systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102773"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-01DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102769
Chuqi Guo , Martine E. Mathieu-Campbell , Thomas Blanchard , Lavrent Khachatryan , Md Abdullah Al-Mamun , Qingzhao Yu , Myron Lard , Oluwafeyikemi Ogunmusi , Brenda Vallee , Wilma Subra , Iriel Edwards , David Malone , Slawo Lomnicki , Stephania A. Cormier , Jennifer Richmond-Bryant
Colfax, an overburdened community in central Louisiana, hosts the last commercially-operated open-burn/open-detonation (OB/OD) hazardous waste thermal treatment facility in the United States. Until December 2023 when their permit disallowed OB/OD, the facility processed military waste, fireworks, propellants, soils excavated from Superfund sites, and other hazardous materials. This community-engaged study measured ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and metals using two high-volume PM2.5 samplers deployed 1.2 mi and 9.0 mi from the facility from April, 2022 through February, 2023. Elevated PM2.5 concentrations were recorded at both sites during spring and summer 2022. EPFR concentrations increased during fall and winter, coinciding with increases in PCDD/F but in contrast to PM2.5. Similarities between the 1.2 mi and 9.0 mi sites for both PM2.5 and EPFRs suggest a common emission source influencing concentrations at both sites. Regularized linear regression analyses indicated that EPFRs were significant predictors of PM2.5 at both sites, with a markedly stronger effect at the 9.0 mi site than at 1.2 mi. Among the metals, Zn was consistently the strongest and most significant predictor of EPFRs and PM2.5 across both sites and seasons, supported by both moderately high Pearson correlations and Elastic Net coefficients. Through this study, we aim to provide crucial information on exposure risks from an OB/OD facility with the goal of empowering exposed community members for mitigating their risks.
{"title":"Persistent chemicals in particulate matter (PM) near a hazardous waste thermal treatment facility","authors":"Chuqi Guo , Martine E. Mathieu-Campbell , Thomas Blanchard , Lavrent Khachatryan , Md Abdullah Al-Mamun , Qingzhao Yu , Myron Lard , Oluwafeyikemi Ogunmusi , Brenda Vallee , Wilma Subra , Iriel Edwards , David Malone , Slawo Lomnicki , Stephania A. Cormier , Jennifer Richmond-Bryant","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102769","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102769","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Colfax, an overburdened community in central Louisiana, hosts the last commercially-operated open-burn/open-detonation (OB/OD) hazardous waste thermal treatment facility in the United States. Until December 2023 when their permit disallowed OB/OD, the facility processed military waste, fireworks, propellants, soils excavated from Superfund sites, and other hazardous materials. This community-engaged study measured ambient fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>), environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and metals using two high-volume PM<sub>2.5</sub> samplers deployed 1.2 mi and 9.0 mi from the facility from April, 2022 through February, 2023. Elevated PM<sub>2.5</sub> concentrations were recorded at both sites during spring and summer 2022. EPFR concentrations increased during fall and winter, coinciding with increases in PCDD/F but in contrast to PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Similarities between the 1.2 mi and 9.0 mi sites for both PM<sub>2.5</sub> and EPFRs suggest a common emission source influencing concentrations at both sites. Regularized linear regression analyses indicated that EPFRs were significant predictors of PM<sub>2.5</sub> at both sites, with a markedly stronger effect at the 9.0 mi site than at 1.2 mi. Among the metals, Zn was consistently the strongest and most significant predictor of EPFRs and PM<sub>2.5</sub> across both sites and seasons, supported by both moderately high Pearson correlations and Elastic Net coefficients. Through this study, we aim to provide crucial information on exposure risks from an OB/OD facility with the goal of empowering exposed community members for mitigating their risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102769"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145628200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This research involved the analysis of monthly dry-deposited particulate matter systematically collected from January 1 to December 30, 2020 across urban, suburban, and rural-agricultural environments in Sfax region (southern Tunisia). Temporal changes in selected water-soluble ions (Fe2+/Fe3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, NH4+, Na+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Cu) were systematically examined. Urban deposits showed the highest enrichment in trace metals, with rates fluctuating between 39 and 70 %, significantly surpassing suburban and rural ones. Rural deposits were notably enriched in NH4+ and SO42− (more than 100 %), compared to suburban ones. To investigate spatial pollution trends and identify emission sources of such chemical constituents, the study employed inter-site comparisons, enrichment factor analysis, and multivariate statistical tools. The findings revealed that, alongside natural influences such as Saharan dust intrusions and marine breezes, anthropogenic inputs and local dynamics significantly shaped the observed pollutant patterns. Additionally, multiple linear regression models revealed that site-specific deposition flows to both natural (crustal and marine) and anthropogenic contributions, indicating localized turbulence overrides regional meteorological effects. This study is among the first in southern Tunisia to integrate chemical composition, spatial source attribution, and meteorological parameters to comprehensively characterize dry particulate deposition across a land-use gradient. The local turbulence and dust resuspension processes highlighted challenges in generalizing predictive models across varying environmental contexts. The results obtained from this research emphasize the critical need to implement effective mesoscale air quality management and mitigation strategies to reduce particulate deposition and heavy metal contamination.
{"title":"Spatio-temporal patterns and source attribution of dry-deposited particulates in Sfax, Tunisia","authors":"Fatma Sellami , Houda Baati , Sneha Gautam , Chafai Azri","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research involved the analysis of monthly dry-deposited particulate matter systematically collected from January 1 to December 30, 2020 across urban, suburban, and rural-agricultural environments in Sfax region (southern Tunisia). Temporal changes in selected water-soluble ions (Fe<sup>2+</sup>/Fe<sup>3+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Na<sup>+</sup>, Cl<sup>−</sup>, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup>, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Cu) were systematically examined. Urban deposits showed the highest enrichment in trace metals, with rates fluctuating between 39 and 70 %, significantly surpassing suburban and rural ones. Rural deposits were notably enriched in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> and SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (more than 100 %), compared to suburban ones. To investigate spatial pollution trends and identify emission sources of such chemical constituents, the study employed inter-site comparisons, enrichment factor analysis, and multivariate statistical tools. The findings revealed that, alongside natural influences such as Saharan dust intrusions and marine breezes, anthropogenic inputs and local dynamics significantly shaped the observed pollutant patterns. Additionally, multiple linear regression models revealed that site-specific deposition flows to both natural (crustal and marine) and anthropogenic contributions, indicating localized turbulence overrides regional meteorological effects. This study is among the first in southern Tunisia to integrate chemical composition, spatial source attribution, and meteorological parameters to comprehensively characterize dry particulate deposition across a land-use gradient. The local turbulence and dust resuspension processes highlighted challenges in generalizing predictive models across varying environmental contexts. The results obtained from this research emphasize the critical need to implement effective mesoscale air quality management and mitigation strategies to reduce particulate deposition and heavy metal contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102771"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145962808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.apr.2025.102770
Nobchonnee Nim , Perapong Tekasakul , Racha Dejchanchaiwong , Thaneeya Chetiyanukornkul , Manya Nakpon , John Morris
Fires from deciduous dipterocarp forests (DDF) and mixed deciduous forests (MDF) in northern Thailand during haze episodes remarkably affect the ambient fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM), along with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. Average mass concentrations of atmospheric fine and ultrafine particles during haze periods were 2.0–4.8 and 1.7–3.7 times higher than those during normal and transition periods, respectively. Dominant PAHs emitted from forest fires were pyrene (Pyr; 4-rings), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF; 5-rings), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiPe; 6-rings). High molecular weight PAHs constituted a large proportion of total PAHs across all particle sizes. Size distribution of 4-ring PAHs from major vegetation fires in DDF and MDF peaked in the accumulation mode (1.75 μm), whereas 5- and 6-ring PAHs peaked at 0.75 μm. Emission factors were 0.01–0.35 g/kg for PM0.1, 0.16–1.4 g/kg for PM1, and 0.24–1.55 g/kg for PM2.5; for PM-bound PAHs, they were 18–276 μg/kg, 165–874 μg/kg, and 199–989 μg/kg, respectively. A new binary PAH diagnostic ratio—BbF/(BbF + indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IDP)) = 0.45–0.76 vs IDP/(IDP + BghiPe) = 0.23–0.45—was an effective indicator for PM0.1, PM1, and PM2.5 in fires from DDF and MDF forests. This was verified using a chemical mass balance model and backward trajectory analysis. Results obtained improve understanding of fine and ultrafine particle emission sources from forest fires in upper Southeast Asia.
{"title":"Sources of atmospheric fine and ultrafine particulate matter and novel PAH diagnostic ratios from northern Thailand forest fires","authors":"Nobchonnee Nim , Perapong Tekasakul , Racha Dejchanchaiwong , Thaneeya Chetiyanukornkul , Manya Nakpon , John Morris","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fires from deciduous dipterocarp forests (DDF) and mixed deciduous forests (MDF) in northern Thailand during haze episodes remarkably affect the ambient fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM), along with associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. Average mass concentrations of atmospheric fine and ultrafine particles during haze periods were 2.0–4.8 and 1.7–3.7 times higher than those during normal and transition periods, respectively. <em>Dominant</em> PAHs emitted from forest fires were pyrene (Pyr; 4-rings), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF; 5-rings), and benzo[g,h,i]perylene (BghiPe; 6-rings). High molecular weight PAHs constituted a large proportion of total PAHs across all particle sizes. Size distribution of 4-ring PAHs from major vegetation fires in DDF and MDF peaked in the accumulation mode (1.75 μm), whereas 5- and 6-ring PAHs peaked at 0.75 μm. Emission factors were 0.01–0.35 g/kg for PM<sub>0.1</sub>, 0.16–1.4 g/kg for PM<sub>1</sub>, and 0.24–1.55 g/kg for PM<sub>2.5</sub>; for PM-bound PAHs, they were 18–276 μg/kg, 165–874 μg/kg, and 199–989 μg/kg, respectively. A new binary PAH diagnostic ratio—BbF/(BbF + indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IDP)) = 0.45–0.76 <em>vs</em> IDP/(IDP + BghiPe) = 0.23–0.45—was an effective indicator for PM<sub>0.1</sub>, PM<sub>1</sub>, and PM<sub>2.5</sub> in fires from DDF and MDF forests. This was verified using a chemical mass balance model and backward trajectory analysis. Results obtained improve understanding of fine and ultrafine particle emission sources from forest fires in upper Southeast Asia.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"17 2","pages":"Article 102770"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963399","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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