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The Brooks‐Dyar Rule and Morphometrics of the Processionary Caterpillar Ochrogaster Zunifer Herrich‐Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopoeidae) 行进毛虫Ochrogaster Zunifer Herrich‐Schäffer的Brooks - Dyar规则和形态计量学研究(鳞翅目:沙蚤科)
Pub Date : 1996-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01402.x
G. Floater
Various insect species display a uniform geometric increase in size during the larval stage (that is they follow the Brooks‐Dyar rule). Here, results of larval development are presented for the bunny‐tailed moth, Ochrogaster lunifer. The processionary larvae of this species live in a communal cohort, and moult en masse in the silken nest spun at the base of their host tree (usually a phyllodinous acacia). The exuviae, which remain buried in the accumulated silk and frass of the nest, provide a life history record of the larval cohort. Larval exuviae were collected from 773 cohorts at 37 localities in southeastern Queensland between November 1993 and May 1994. The 6,948 exuviae examined were from cohorts feeding on Acacia concurrens Pedley. Head‐capsules showed a strongly uniform geometric increase in size through eight larval instars, supporting the Brooks‐Dyar rule. The number of instars did not vary between trees or localities. A bimodal distribution of final instar head‐capsule widths was shown to be a sexual dimorphism, and similar bimodal distributions were found for instars V‐VII. Pupal size was also sexually dimorphic. The geometric size increase from one larval instar to the next holds for both males and the larger females. The geometric rule was tested using larval cohorts reared on A. concurrens in the greenhouse through instars I‐IV; development was remarkably similar to that in the field. Larval growth patterns of O. lunifer are very different from the structurally similar bag‐shelter moth. The ability to distinguish different instars of O. lunifer with a high degree of precision from field‐collected exuviae will allow accurate comparisons of development, survival and dispersal of larvae in different group sizes, on different trees and in different localities.
不同种类的昆虫在幼虫阶段表现出均匀的几何尺寸增长(即它们遵循Brooks - Dyar规则)。本文介绍了兔尾蛾(Ochrogaster lunifer)幼虫发育的结果。这一物种的行进幼虫生活在一个群体中,在它们的宿主树(通常是叶状金合欢树)的底部纺成的丝巢中集体蜕皮。残留在巢中堆积的蚕丝和草叶中的蜕皮,提供了幼虫群体的生活史记录。1993年11月至1994年5月,在昆士兰州东南部37个地点收集了773组幼虫的蜕皮。6948份被检查的蜕皮来自于以金合欢为食的群体。通过8个幼虫龄期,头囊显示出强烈均匀的几何尺寸增长,支持Brooks - Dyar规则。星数在不同的树木或地点之间没有变化。最后龄期头囊宽度的双峰分布被证明是两性二态分布,在龄期V - VII也发现了类似的双峰分布。蛹的大小也是两性二形的。从一个幼虫龄到下一个幼虫龄的几何尺寸增长对雄性和较大的雌性都适用。通过第1 ~第4期在温室中饲养的幼虫群来检验几何规律;发展过程与实地非常相似。月牙蛾的幼虫生长模式与结构相似的袋笼蛾有很大的不同。从野外收集的腐皮中高度精确地区分不同阶段的O. lunifer的能力,将使不同群体大小、不同树木和不同地区的幼虫的发育、生存和传播得到准确的比较。
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引用次数: 23
Redistribution and Establishment of Neomolgus capillatus (Kramer) (Acarina: Bdellidae) for the Biological Control of Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola: Sminthuridae) in Tasmania 为防治塔斯马尼亚毒蝇(弹蝇目:弹蝇科),毛新螨(灰螨螨目:弹蝇科)重新分布及建立
Pub Date : 1996-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-6055.1996.TB01397.X
J. Ireson, W. Webb
A redistribution program for N. capillatus in Tasmania was undertaken by direct transfer of live predators from established sites. Acceleration of the slow natural dispersal rate was facilitated by field vacuum collections being possible for 8 months/year, excluding winter and early spring when active stages of N. capillatus were in low numbers or absent. Intermittent collections, mostly between October 1992 and May 1995, resulted in the release of 933,600 N. capillatus into 494 Tasmanian dairy pastures. The predator established at about 90% of these sites. Establishment of the predator on every dairy farm in Tasmania on which S. viridis is a pest is considered a relatively easy short‐term procedure.
在塔斯马尼亚进行了一项重新分配计划,即从已建立的地点直接转移活捕食者。每年8个月的野外真空收集(不包括冬季和早春期间毛毛瓢虫数量较少或没有活动阶段)有助于加速其缓慢的自然扩散速度。1992年10月至1995年5月间的间歇性采集,导致93.36万头毛毛牛被释放到塔斯马尼亚的494个奶牛场。掠食者占据了90%的地盘。在塔斯马尼亚州的每个奶牛场建立这种捕食者被认为是一个相对容易的短期过程。
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引用次数: 6
A Method for Sampling Lucerne Flea, Sminthurus viridis L. (Collembola: Sminthuridae), in Annual Medic Pastures 一年生草场绿蚤(smminthurus viridis L.)取样方法研究
Pub Date : 1996-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01388.x
P. Taverner, D. Hopkins, K. Henry
A simple sticky‐trap method suitable for estimating the abundance of Srninthurus viridis on annual medic pastures was developed and compared to a standard coring method. The sticky‐trap was developed for sampling in newly established medic pastures when cores cannot be removed intact due to insufficient plant material, particularly on dry or sandy soils. This method provides a quick estimate of S. viridis population density in the field.
本文建立了一种简便的粘捕法,用于估计一年生牧草上绿头沙星的丰度,并与标准取芯法进行了比较。粘捕器是为在新建立的草场取样而开发的,当由于植物材料不足,特别是在干燥或沙质土壤上,不能完整地取出岩心时。该方法可快速估算出田间病毒链球菌的种群密度。
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引用次数: 2
Resistance to Organophosphorus Grain Protectants in Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) from Off‐farm Grain Storages in New South Wales 新南威尔士州农场外粮食储藏中苏里南稻瘟螨(鞘翅目:银蝇科)对有机磷谷物保护剂的抗性研究
Pub Date : 1996-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01386.x
B. Wallbank
Infestations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis, sawtoothed grain beetle, from consolidated off‐farm grain bulks in New South Wales were monitored for resistance to organophosphorus grain protectants by impregnated filter paper tests. Resistance to fenitrothion, pirimiphos‐methyl or chlorpyrifos‐methyl was detected in 95%, 95% and 67% of the infestations, and maximum resistance factors compared with a susceptible strain were 85, 55 and 32 times, respectively. Most strains were either resistant to all three insecticides or were resistant to fenitrothion and pirimiphos‐methyl only. Grain treated initially with chlorpyrifos‐methyl 10 mg/kg suppressed strains with strong resistance to fenitrothion or chlorpyrifos‐methyl by >90% after 4 months aging. The usefulness of chlorpyrifos‐methyl in a control strategy for effective grain protection is discussed.
通过浸渍滤纸试验,监测了新南威尔士州固结的农场外谷物堆中的稻瘟虫(Oryzaephilus surinamensis)对有机磷谷物保护剂的抗性。对杀虫磷、吡虫磷和毒死蜱的抗性分别为95%、95%和67%,最大抗性倍数分别为敏感品系的85倍、55倍和32倍。大多数菌株要么对所有三种杀虫剂都有抗性,要么只对杀虫磷和吡虫磷有抗性。最初用10 mg/kg甲基毒死蜱处理的谷物,在4个月后,对非硝硫磷或甲基毒死蜱具有较强抗性的菌株的抑制率达到90%。讨论了毒死蜱在有效保护粮食的防治策略中的作用。
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引用次数: 11
Immature Stages of Two Unusual Species of Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Australia 澳大利亚双翅目:手蛾科两种罕见种的未成熟阶段
Pub Date : 1996-08-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01401.x
P. Cranston
Two species of the chironomine genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, D. balciunasi Epler, 1988 and D. lindae Epler, 1988 are described, and the queried generic placement is confirmed. The subtropical to tropical distribution of both species is documented, and information provided on their larval ecology and responses to pollution.
描述了两种chironomine属Dicrotendipes Kieffer, D. balciunasi Epler, 1988和D. lindae Epler, 1988,并确认了所查询的属位。记录了这两种物种的亚热带到热带分布,并提供了它们的幼虫生态和对污染的反应的信息。
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引用次数: 2
Taxonomic Focus and Quality Control in Insect Surveys for Biodiversity Conservation 生物多样性保护昆虫调查的分类重点与质量控制
Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01369.x
T. New
The roles of detailed taxonomic interpretation in insect surveys are discussed, with emphasis on rapid biodiversity assessment, the levels of focus or penetration needed in particular contexts, and optimising the use of limited taxonomist expertise and resources. Quality control necessitates taxonomic accuracy and precision, and approaches to increasing these are noted. The complementary roles of taxonomists and ecologists in undertaking and analysing insect surveys are outlined, and a practical agenda linking their expertise is suggested as a means of improving capability in insect surveys for practical conservation.
讨论了详细分类解释在昆虫调查中的作用,重点讨论了快速生物多样性评估、在特定情况下需要的关注或渗透水平,以及优化利用有限的分类学家专业知识和资源。质量控制需要分类的准确性和精确性,并指出了提高这些的方法。概述了分类学家和生态学家在开展和分析昆虫调查方面的互补作用,并提出了一项将他们的专业知识联系起来的实用议程,作为提高昆虫调查能力以促进实际保护的手段。
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引用次数: 51
Confirmation of Host Plant of Cave‐Dwelling Cixiid Planthoppers (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) by Histological Sectioning of Fig Roots 用无花果根的组织学切片证实穴居慈蛾寄主植物
Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01372.x
G. Taylor, P. Weinstein
The food sources of cave‐dwelling insects are difficult to document, and those of root‐feeding cixiid nymphs (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) particularly so because of their tendency to jump from their substrates upon the slightest disturbance. By histologically staining the stylet sheath left by Oliarus sp. feeding on Ficus roots, we establish the host association beyond doubt. Histological sections also demonstrate that Oliarus feeds in the cells of the endoderm and within the xylem vessels. The technique we describe can be used to determine host relationships for cave‐dwelling Cixiidae in general, providing an additional angle for the study of the evolutionary history of cave adaptation in this group.
穴居昆虫的食物来源很难被记录下来,尤其是那些根食的水蛾若虫(半翅目:水蛾科),因为它们在最轻微的干扰下就会从基质上跳下来。通过对寄生榕树根部的柱鞘进行组织学染色,我们确定了寄主间的联系。组织学切片也表明,橄榄藻在内胚层细胞和木质部导管内取食。我们所描述的技术可用于确定一般穴居慈禧科的宿主关系,为研究该类群的洞穴适应进化史提供了一个额外的角度。
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引用次数: 1
Evaluation of a Laboratory Bioassay for Determining Resistance Levels to Sorghum Midge Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Grain Sorghum 室内生物测定法测定高粱蠓抗性水平(双翅目:蠓科)的评价
Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01373.x
B. Franzmann
The level of resistance to the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola, in a range of grain sorghum hybrids was assessed: in the laboratory, by measuring oviposition (eggs/spikelet and % spikelets infested); in the glasshouse, by measuring oviposition and seed set; and in the field, by measuring panicle weight loss per ovipositing female per day. The levels of oviposition and seed set determined in the laboratory and glasshouse trials were significantly correlated with the field parameter. Number of eggs per spikelet was the laboratory parameter most highly correlated with the field result (r = 0.93, P < 0.01). Studies on the rate of oviposition under the conditions of the bioassay confirmed 6 h as an appropriate interval to expose panicles to midges. A laboratory method based on estimating the number of eggs produced by 5 midge females on 50 flowering spikelets in 6 h at 25°C and 75%orh is suggested as a practical method of testing for level of resistance in those sorghum hybrids showing ovipositional antixenosis.
对一系列高粱杂交种对高粱蠓的抗性水平进行了评估:在实验室中,通过测量产卵量(卵/小穗和被侵染小穗百分比);在温室中,通过测定产卵量和结实率;在田间,通过测量每只产卵雌蜂每天的穗重损失。在实验室和温室试验中测定的产卵和结实率与田间参数显著相关。每穗卵数与田间结果相关性最高(r = 0.93, P < 0.01)。在生物测定条件下对其产卵率进行研究,确定6 h为适宜的暴露时间。在25°C和75%的温度条件下,用5只雌蠓在50颗开花小穗上6 h内产卵数的实验方法,可作为测定抗异卵症高粱杂交种抗性水平的实用方法。
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引用次数: 10
Distribution, Abundance and Field Host‐Range of Hydrellia balciunasi Bock (Diptera: Ephydridae) a Biological Control Agent for the Aquatic Weed Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle 水草水螅的生物防治剂——balciunasi Bock(双翅目:水螅科)的分布、丰度及寄主范围罗伊尔
Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/J.1440-6055.1996.TB01375.X
J. Balciunas, DAMIEN W. Burrows
During a project to detect and evaluate potential biological control agents for the submersed aquatic weed, hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata), the distribution, abundance and field host‐range of a recently described aquatic fly, Hydrellia balciunasi were studied in Australia from 1985‐1992. A total of 17,729 specimens were collected at 55 sites in Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern Territory. H. balciunasi was found to be relatively common, being collected in 57% of 550 collections of hydrilla. Although larvae were collected from 17 aquatic plant species, hydrilla was the preferred host for this fly, with 97% of the specimens collected from it. Based on these field data, H. balciunasi was exported to quarantine in the United States of America in 1988 for laboratory evaluation of its host‐range. Quarantine studies confirmed its safety as a biological control agent, allowing its release in the field in Florida in 1989. This is the first endemic Australian insect released as a biological control agent for a weed in the U.S.A.
1985年至1992年,在澳大利亚进行了一项检测和评估水生水生水螅(hydrilla verticillata)潜在生物防治剂的项目,研究了一种新发现的水生蝇(Hydrellia balciunasi)的分布、丰度和野外宿主范围。在昆士兰、新南威尔士州和北领地的55个地点共收集了17729个标本。发现balciunasi相对常见,在550个水螅标本中有57%采集到。虽然采集了17种水生植物的幼虫,但水螅是该蝇的首选寄主,97%的标本采集自水螅。根据这些实地数据,balciunasi于1988年出口到美国进行检疫,以便对其宿主范围进行实验室评估。检疫研究证实了其作为生物防治剂的安全性,并于1989年在佛罗里达州的田间释放。这是在美国释放的第一个澳大利亚特有昆虫作为一种杂草的生物防治剂
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引用次数: 12
Snow‐Melt Alpine Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in New South Wales 新南威尔士州高山融雪蚊(双翅目:库蚊科)
Pub Date : 1996-05-01 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1996.tb01371.x
R. Russell, R. Brust
Snow‐melt pools at a number of localities in the upper altitudes of the Kosciusko National Park were searched for mosquito larvae during October through December 1994. The only species found in pools above 1,600 m was Aedes (Ochlerotatus) nivalis Edwards. Dry‐ice‐baited light traps were used to sample adult mosquitoes in the same areas but no Aedes species other than Ae. nivalis were collected. Both larvae and adults showed minor morphological variation from published descriptions.
1994年10月至12月,在Kosciusko国家公园高海拔地区的许多地方的融雪池中寻找蚊子幼虫。在海拔1600米以上的池塘中发现的唯一种类是伊蚊(Ochlerotatus) nivalis Edwards。用干冰诱蚊灯诱蚊法在同一地区捕获成蚊,但除伊蚊外未捕获其他伊蚊种。尼瓦利斯被收集。幼虫和成虫的形态与已发表的描述有轻微的差异。
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引用次数: 1
期刊
Australian Journal of Entomology
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