As it is well known, there are an infinite number of primes in special forms such as Fermat's two squares form, p=x^2+y^2 or its generalization, p=x^2+y^4, where the unknowns x, y, and p represent integers. The main goal of this paper is to see if these forms still have an infinite number of solutions when the unknowns are derived from sequences with an infinite number of prime numbers in their terms. This paper focuses on the solutions to these forms where the unknowns represent terms in certain binary linear recurrence sequences known as the Lucas sequences of the first and second types.
众所周知，在特殊形式中存在着无限多个素数，例如费马二乘法形式 p=x^2+y^2 或其广义形式 p=x^2+y^4，其中未知数 x、y 和 p 代表整数。本文的主要目的是研究当未知数从其项中包含无限多个素数的序列中导出时，这些形式是否仍有无限多个解。本文主要研究当未知数代表某些二元线性递推序列（即第一和第二类卢卡斯序列）中的项时，这些形式的解。
{"title":"The Solution of Fermat’s Two Squares Equation and Its Generalization In Lucas Sequences","authors":"Ali S. Athab, H. Hashim","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8786","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8786","url":null,"abstract":"As it is well known, there are an infinite number of primes in special forms such as Fermat's two squares form, p=x^2+y^2 or its generalization, p=x^2+y^4, where the unknowns x, y, and p represent integers. The main goal of this paper is to see if these forms still have an infinite number of solutions when the unknowns are derived from sequences with an infinite number of prime numbers in their terms. This paper focuses on the solutions to these forms where the unknowns represent terms in certain binary linear recurrence sequences known as the Lucas sequences of the first and second types.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rivers became supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2), so they play an essential role in the global carbon budgets. To increase our understanding of the source of CO2 availability in rivers, we studied the role of climate-changed drivers of CO2 availability, which are ‘‘dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and warming’’. We sampled 45 locations of 3 parts within the Tigris River in Baghdad during autumn and winter. The results showed that all the studied variables (water temperature, pH, DOC, CO2) changed over time. The variations in CO2 availability are associated with changes in DOC concentration, not with water temperature. Overall, our results suggest that elevated CO2 in rivers could result from increased DOC inputs. Therefore, we can conclude that increased DOC concentration in rivers was required for microbial respiration and photo-mineralization, which are the primary sources of CO2 in river ecosystems.
{"title":"Carbon Dioxide Availability in Inlands Rivers Is Driven by Dissolved Organic Carbon, Not Warming: A Case Study of Tigris River","authors":"Batool Kadhim, Mohammed Hamdan","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.9009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9009","url":null,"abstract":"Rivers became supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2), so they play an essential role in the global carbon budgets. To increase our understanding of the source of CO2 availability in rivers, we studied the role of climate-changed drivers of CO2 availability, which are ‘‘dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and warming’’. We sampled 45 locations of 3 parts within the Tigris River in Baghdad during autumn and winter. The results showed that all the studied variables (water temperature, pH, DOC, CO2) changed over time. The variations in CO2 availability are associated with changes in DOC concentration, not with water temperature. Overall, our results suggest that elevated CO2 in rivers could result from increased DOC inputs. Therefore, we can conclude that increased DOC concentration in rivers was required for microbial respiration and photo-mineralization, which are the primary sources of CO2 in river ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nawras Farhan Ali, Wafaa R. Alfatlawi, Abdulnasser M. Algebori, Noor Thair Tahir
Hepcidin (Hep.) is a protein that maintains iron balance in the body. The Information about the role of Hep. in pathophysiology that is associated with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is scarce. This study evaluates the correlation of Hep. with some biochemical parameters: Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-Like Factor-1 (IGF-1), Iron, Vitamin D, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Calcium, Phosphorous, and Ferritin in growth hormone deficient children. Children with GHD (60) and healthy volunteers (60) participated in this study, and their serum samples are collected from National Diabetes Center- Almustansirya University from the period January to April 2022. Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELIZA) is used to measure Hep. while Chemiluminescence immunoassay is to measure GH and IGF-1.Results demonstrate significant decrease of p<0.01 in the Hep. level in the sera of GHD patients when compared to healthy individuals, and iron levels increase. This can be explain the inverse relationship between hepcidin and iron .It is an important regulator of iron absorption, this mechanism through Hep. preventive any impact against anemia by increasing the bioavailability of (Fe). Therefore, this study is carried out to give a better understanding about the parameters that affect the children with GHD and Hep. that can be a dependable parameter for better management of those children.
{"title":"Correlation of Hepcidin with Some Biochemical Parameters in Iraqi Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency","authors":"Nawras Farhan Ali, Wafaa R. Alfatlawi, Abdulnasser M. Algebori, Noor Thair Tahir","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8047","url":null,"abstract":"Hepcidin (Hep.) is a protein that maintains iron balance in the body. The Information about the role of Hep. in pathophysiology that is associated with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is scarce. This study evaluates the correlation of Hep. with some biochemical parameters: Growth Hormone (GH), Insulin-Like Factor-1 (IGF-1), Iron, Vitamin D, Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Calcium, Phosphorous, and Ferritin in growth hormone deficient children. Children with GHD (60) and healthy volunteers (60) participated in this study, and their serum samples are collected from National Diabetes Center- Almustansirya University from the period January to April 2022. Enzyme Linked Immune Sorbent Assay (ELIZA) is used to measure Hep. while Chemiluminescence immunoassay is to measure GH and IGF-1.Results demonstrate significant decrease of p<0.01 in the Hep. level in the sera of GHD patients when compared to healthy individuals, and iron levels increase. This can be explain the inverse relationship between hepcidin and iron .It is an important regulator of iron absorption, this mechanism through Hep. preventive any impact against anemia by increasing the bioavailability of (Fe). Therefore, this study is carried out to give a better understanding about the parameters that affect the children with GHD and Hep. that can be a dependable parameter for better management of those children.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"37 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139259730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Amit Hasan Sadhin, Siti Zaiton Mohd Hashim, Hussein Samma, Nurulaqilla Khamis
Efficient identification of road defects is a critical concern for road safety and infrastructure upkeep. This research employs drone-captured imagery and advanced object detection algorithms to expedite defect recognition, with a specific focus on determining the optimal algorithm for prompt and precise detection. The importance of timely road defect detection, crucial for mitigating potential hazards, remains central. A comprehensive comparative analysis of contemporary object detection algorithms, encompassing YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l, YOLOv5x, and YOLOv7. The results of this study highlight YOLOv7 as the most efficient, with a notable mAP of 68.3%, closely followed by YOLOv5l (66.8%), YOLOv5m (66.3%), YOLOv5x (66%), and YOLOv5s (63%). The integration of drone-derived imagery, capturing distinct gradients, significantly enhances defect detection accuracy. Beyond road safety, this study offers valuable insights to computer vision and machine learning practitioners. By bridging technological innovation with practical implementation, it holds potential to advance road safety and transportation infrastructure quality and the use of revolutionary drone technology.
{"title":"YOLO: A Competitive Analysis of Modern Object Detection Algorithms for Road Defects Detection Using Drone Images","authors":"Amit Hasan Sadhin, Siti Zaiton Mohd Hashim, Hussein Samma, Nurulaqilla Khamis","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.9027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.9027","url":null,"abstract":"Efficient identification of road defects is a critical concern for road safety and infrastructure upkeep. This research employs drone-captured imagery and advanced object detection algorithms to expedite defect recognition, with a specific focus on determining the optimal algorithm for prompt and precise detection. The importance of timely road defect detection, crucial for mitigating potential hazards, remains central. A comprehensive comparative analysis of contemporary object detection algorithms, encompassing YOLOv5s, YOLOv5m, YOLOv5l, YOLOv5x, and YOLOv7. The results of this study highlight YOLOv7 as the most efficient, with a notable mAP of 68.3%, closely followed by YOLOv5l (66.8%), YOLOv5m (66.3%), YOLOv5x (66%), and YOLOv5s (63%). The integration of drone-derived imagery, capturing distinct gradients, significantly enhances defect detection accuracy. Beyond road safety, this study offers valuable insights to computer vision and machine learning practitioners. By bridging technological innovation with practical implementation, it holds potential to advance road safety and transportation infrastructure quality and the use of revolutionary drone technology.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"132 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139259909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work shows a new analytical method (ion pair HPLC) for the analysis of Bisoprolol Fumarate (BIS) and Carvedilol (CAR) in bulk and tablet. The developed analytical method has been carried out on an Inertsil ODS-3 5µL column 4.6 X 250 mm (w), as stationary phase using a mobile phase {Acetonitrile/ water 50/50 (v/v) containing sodium heptane sulfonic salt 0.001M as Ion pair agent}. The detection wavelength was 223 nm and the flow rate was 1.5 mL /min. Retention times were 3.5 min of BIS and 5.8 min of CAR. The analytical method has been validated by ICH guidelines. The developed method gave linearity in the concentration range of 20–60 µg/ mL accuracy with mean recovery values between 98-102 % (99.73% for BIS and 101.2% for CAR). The developed method is useful for separating and determining Bisoprolol Fumarate and Carvedilol in their pharmaceutical forms.
这项工作展示了一种新的分析方法（离子对高效液相色谱法），用于分析散装和片剂中的富马酸比索洛尔（BIS）和卡维地洛尔（CAR）。该分析方法采用 Inertsil ODS-3 5µL 色谱柱 4.6 X 250 mm (w)为固定相，以{乙腈/水 50/50 (v/v), 含 0.001M 庚烷磺酸钠作为离子对剂}为流动相。检测波长为 223 nm，流速为 1.5 mL/min。BIS 的保留时间为 3.5 分钟，CAR 的保留时间为 5.8 分钟。该分析方法已通过 ICH 指南的验证。所开发的方法在 20-60 µg/ mL 的浓度范围内呈线性关系，平均回收率在 98-102 % 之间（BIS 为 99.73%，CAR 为 101.2%）。所开发的方法适用于富马酸比索洛尔和卡维地洛药剂的分离和测定。
{"title":"Development and Validation of a Novel Analytical Method (Ion Pair HPLC) For Separating and Determining Bisoprolol Fumarate and Carvedilol in Pure and Their Pharmaceutical Forms.","authors":"Duaa Alhuseen, Youssef Alahmad, Shoeb Alahmad","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8223","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8223","url":null,"abstract":"This work shows a new analytical method (ion pair HPLC) for the analysis of Bisoprolol Fumarate (BIS) and Carvedilol (CAR) in bulk and tablet. The developed analytical method has been carried out on an Inertsil ODS-3 5µL column 4.6 X 250 mm (w), as stationary phase using a mobile phase {Acetonitrile/ water 50/50 (v/v) containing sodium heptane sulfonic salt 0.001M as Ion pair agent}. The detection wavelength was 223 nm and the flow rate was 1.5 mL /min. Retention times were 3.5 min of BIS and 5.8 min of CAR. The analytical method has been validated by ICH guidelines. The developed method gave linearity in the concentration range of 20–60 µg/ mL accuracy with mean recovery values between 98-102 % (99.73% for BIS and 101.2% for CAR). The developed method is useful for separating and determining Bisoprolol Fumarate and Carvedilol in their pharmaceutical forms.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Hafidh, Zainab Oday Hamed, A. A. Awni, Manal N Jassas
Enterococcus faecalis is known to cause many serious infections with an upsurge in the development of antibiotic resistant strains, especially vancomycin. Lytic bacteriophage and its endolysin have the potential to affect and lyse specific bacterial cells making them a possible alternative therapy to antibiotic resistant strains. The study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of phage/ phage cocktail/ endolysin with vancomycin on E. faecalis isolated from urine samples. The antibioresistant profile 17 E. faecalis was done with an emphasis on the sensitivity to vancomycin. The lytic phages were isolated from the local environment. The infectivity and the coverage rate for the phage and phage cocktail were calculated. The enzyme of the lytic phage was isolated by chromatography. The synergistic effect was tested by turbidity reduction assay to evaluate the growth reduction level. It had been found that 6/17 E. faecalis isolates were resistant to vancomycin, 7/17 isolates were intermediate, and 4/17 were susceptible. Three lytic phages were identified with an infectivity rate of 100%, 76.4%, and 88.2%. The phage cocktail yielded 100% rate of infectivity and 91.6 % coverage rate. The reduction in the growth levels of the 17 E.faecalis after treatment with phage / phage cocktail/ vancomycin/ mixture of vancomycin and phage cocktail was effective. The synergistic effect of vancomcyin together with the phage cocktail significantly reduced the growth of 70.6% of the isolates. The antibacterial activity of vancomycin plus endolysin treatment was revealed in a time dependent manner. Thus, the synergistic effect of vancomycin with phage/ endoloysin illustrated an effective method to treat the antibiotic-resistant strains of E. faecalis to overcome this emerging clinical problem.
{"title":"Estimation of the In-Vitro Synergistic Effect of Vancomycin with Bacteriophage and its Endolysin on Iraqi Local Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis","authors":"R. Hafidh, Zainab Oday Hamed, A. A. Awni, Manal N Jassas","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8108","url":null,"abstract":"Enterococcus faecalis is known to cause many serious infections with an upsurge in the development of antibiotic resistant strains, especially vancomycin. Lytic bacteriophage and its endolysin have the potential to affect and lyse specific bacterial cells making them a possible alternative therapy to antibiotic resistant strains. The study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of phage/ phage cocktail/ endolysin with vancomycin on E. faecalis isolated from urine samples. The antibioresistant profile 17 E. faecalis was done with an emphasis on the sensitivity to vancomycin. The lytic phages were isolated from the local environment. The infectivity and the coverage rate for the phage and phage cocktail were calculated. The enzyme of the lytic phage was isolated by chromatography. The synergistic effect was tested by turbidity reduction assay to evaluate the growth reduction level. It had been found that 6/17 E. faecalis isolates were resistant to vancomycin, 7/17 isolates were intermediate, and 4/17 were susceptible. Three lytic phages were identified with an infectivity rate of 100%, 76.4%, and 88.2%. The phage cocktail yielded 100% rate of infectivity and 91.6 % coverage rate. The reduction in the growth levels of the 17 E.faecalis after treatment with phage / phage cocktail/ vancomycin/ mixture of vancomycin and phage cocktail was effective. The synergistic effect of vancomcyin together with the phage cocktail significantly reduced the growth of 70.6% of the isolates. The antibacterial activity of vancomycin plus endolysin treatment was revealed in a time dependent manner. Thus, the synergistic effect of vancomycin with phage/ endoloysin illustrated an effective method to treat the antibiotic-resistant strains of E. faecalis to overcome this emerging clinical problem.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"7 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139259745","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aimed to detect the relation of Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in obese patients, against oxidative stress. The study included 139 samples of people with age range of 35-65 years divided in two groups according gender (female and male) groups while four gropes according body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected from AL-Yarmouk Hospital at the period between September/2022 to January/2023. Some biochemical parameters were measured for all study groups, which include: -determination of serum HO-1 levels by using the ELISA-technique, lipid profile, GST activity, and fasting serum glucose (FSG) assessed manual. The BMI, waist hip ratio(WHR) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were found to be significant [(38.83±0.44b) (32.03±0.26a) (26.40±0.22d) (23.10±0.28c)],,[(1.01±0.03b) (0.92±0.02ab) (0.93±0.01ab) (0.88±0.01a)] ,[(80,42±7.47a) (99.74±6.63ab) (112.93±10.12b) (83.94±8.95ab)] respectively and not significant with other parameters of lipid profile, FSG, and Atherogenic index. Also, it appeared that the HO-1 levels were higher in obese groups compared with healthy groups [(2.06 ± 0.09b)(1.95 ± 0.04ab) (1.88 ± 0.04ab)(1.75 ± 0.05a)] ng/ml respectively . It was shown that the increasing of GST level in healthy compared with obese groups [(6.10± 0.57c)(4.120 ± 0.69b)(2.44 ± 0.21a)(2.71± 0.30ab)]IU/L respectively .The result showed that the increase in BMI,WHR and HO-1 in obese female and BMI,TG,HO-1 and VLDL in obese male ,compared with female and male healthy groups ,while the results showed an increase in GST levels in healthy female and male groups .We conclude from this study that high levels of heme oxygen-1 synchronized with low of glutathione-S- transferase , clearly indicating their primary role in detoxification, protection of the against oxidative stress, and prevention of the development of metabolic diseases.
{"title":"An Assessment of Heme Oxygenase-1 and Glutathione-S-transferase in Obese Iraqi Patients","authors":"Nabaa Adnan Mohammed, F. M. Khaleel","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8412","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8412","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to detect the relation of Heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in obese patients, against oxidative stress. The study included 139 samples of people with age range of 35-65 years divided in two groups according gender (female and male) groups while four gropes according body mass index (BMI). Blood samples were collected from AL-Yarmouk Hospital at the period between September/2022 to January/2023. Some biochemical parameters were measured for all study groups, which include: -determination of serum HO-1 levels by using the ELISA-technique, lipid profile, GST activity, and fasting serum glucose (FSG) assessed manual. The BMI, waist hip ratio(WHR) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were found to be significant [(38.83±0.44b) (32.03±0.26a) (26.40±0.22d) (23.10±0.28c)],,[(1.01±0.03b) (0.92±0.02ab) (0.93±0.01ab) (0.88±0.01a)] ,[(80,42±7.47a) (99.74±6.63ab) (112.93±10.12b) (83.94±8.95ab)] respectively and not significant with other parameters of lipid profile, FSG, and Atherogenic index. Also, it appeared that the HO-1 levels were higher in obese groups compared with healthy groups [(2.06 ± 0.09b)(1.95 ± 0.04ab) (1.88 ± 0.04ab)(1.75 ± 0.05a)] ng/ml respectively . It was shown that the increasing of GST level in healthy compared with obese groups [(6.10± 0.57c)(4.120 ± 0.69b)(2.44 ± 0.21a)(2.71± 0.30ab)]IU/L respectively .The result showed that the increase in BMI,WHR and HO-1 in obese female and BMI,TG,HO-1 and VLDL in obese male ,compared with female and male healthy groups ,while the results showed an increase in GST levels in healthy female and male groups .We conclude from this study that high levels of heme oxygen-1 synchronized with low of glutathione-S- transferase , clearly indicating their primary role in detoxification, protection of the against oxidative stress, and prevention of the development of metabolic diseases.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The current research aims to utilize the spent coffee ground as a feedstock which is a waste material with a negative effect on the environment to extract natural bioactive valuable caffeine and determine the effective parameters of the extraction process efficiency in terms of caffeine concentration. The key studied parameters included extraction time 0- 150 min, temperature 25-55˚C, mixing speed (180-450 rpm), pH of suspension (4-9), and solvent type. The results of the experimental work showed that changing the pH of the suspension has a significant impact on the recovery rate of caffeine. When only water was used as a solvent, the concentration of caffeine increased from 135.061 (mg/L) to 2478.179 (mg/L) by increasing the pH of the suspension to 9. Another promising finding is that by changing the solvent type to an aqueous organic solvent, where the recovery of caffeine augmented remarkably. When 20% ethanol-water was utilized as a solvent and at the pH of 6 (the original pH) of the suspension, the concentration of obtained caffeine increased from 135 mg/L to 213 mg/L. Furthermore, increasing the ethanol percentage to 80%, rising the caffeine concentration to 464 mg/L at the same pH. adjusting the pH of the suspension to 7, resulted in rising the obtained caffeine concentration to 2386.13 mg/l with a solvent concentration of 80% ethanol.
{"title":"Extraction of Caffeine from Spent Coffee Ground by Solid-liquid Extraction","authors":"Salsabeel R. Hassan, A. Al-Yaqoobi","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8721","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8721","url":null,"abstract":"The current research aims to utilize the spent coffee ground as a feedstock which is a waste material with a negative effect on the environment to extract natural bioactive valuable caffeine and determine the effective parameters of the extraction process efficiency in terms of caffeine concentration. The key studied parameters included extraction time 0- 150 min, temperature 25-55˚C, mixing speed (180-450 rpm), pH of suspension (4-9), and solvent type. The results of the experimental work showed that changing the pH of the suspension has a significant impact on the recovery rate of caffeine. When only water was used as a solvent, the concentration of caffeine increased from 135.061 (mg/L) to 2478.179 (mg/L) by increasing the pH of the suspension to 9. Another promising finding is that by changing the solvent type to an aqueous organic solvent, where the recovery of caffeine augmented remarkably. When 20% ethanol-water was utilized as a solvent and at the pH of 6 (the original pH) of the suspension, the concentration of obtained caffeine increased from 135 mg/L to 213 mg/L. Furthermore, increasing the ethanol percentage to 80%, rising the caffeine concentration to 464 mg/L at the same pH. adjusting the pH of the suspension to 7, resulted in rising the obtained caffeine concentration to 2386.13 mg/l with a solvent concentration of 80% ethanol.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"10 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aya Qasim Khanjar Khanjar, A. M. Farhan, A. Rheima
This research describes the environmentally friendly production of CuO nanoparticles utilizing watercress plant extract and calcination at 400 C for 3 hours. SEM and TEM were used to analyze the size of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine their crystal structure. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the created product's structure revealed just copper and oxygen constituents, demonstrating the purity of the synthetic material. The addition of CuO NPs improved the absorption of the dye Cibacron red. At 35 minutes of contact time, quicker adsorption of Cibacron red dye onto CuO nanoparticles was observed. The Freundlich isotherm and kinetic of pseudo-second order with R2 values more than 0.9785 and 0.999, respectively, were the most effective in describing the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated using thermodynamic analysis. It can be concluded that CuO NPs are an effective adsorbate surface for the Cibacron red dye.
{"title":"The Adsorption Ability of Cibacron Red Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Copper Oxide Nanoparticles","authors":"Aya Qasim Khanjar Khanjar, A. M. Farhan, A. Rheima","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.7881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.7881","url":null,"abstract":"This research describes the environmentally friendly production of CuO nanoparticles utilizing watercress plant extract and calcination at 400 C for 3 hours. SEM and TEM were used to analyze the size of nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine their crystal structure. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis of the created product's structure revealed just copper and oxygen constituents, demonstrating the purity of the synthetic material. The addition of CuO NPs improved the absorption of the dye Cibacron red. At 35 minutes of contact time, quicker adsorption of Cibacron red dye onto CuO nanoparticles was observed. The Freundlich isotherm and kinetic of pseudo-second order with R2 values more than 0.9785 and 0.999, respectively, were the most effective in describing the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated using thermodynamic analysis. It can be concluded that CuO NPs are an effective adsorbate surface for the Cibacron red dye.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein with well-known immunomodulatory characteristics. It is also believed to be an important sign of immune tolerance in cancer cells. Immune Escape. HLA-G is also associated with disease development and prognosis in cancer patients. The goal of this study was to compare soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels before and after radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry was used to examine HLA-G protein expression in thyroid tissues from patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to investigate the relationship between HLA-G expression and patients' clinical variables. Prospective research included 138 blood samples from patients and controls, as well as 25 thyroid paraffin-embedded tissues from individuals suffering from papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and controls. Our findings demonstrated a significant difference in the means of people who had radioactive iodine therapy against those who did not (Mean SE = 4.19 0.31, 2.216 0.08, respectively). HLA-G staining, on the other hand, was identified in tumor cells in papillary thyroid cancer, all sections were positive, strongly stained and completely membranous, indicating the presence of HLA-G protein in the tested material. These findings suggest that HLA-G may be involved in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer.
{"title":"Investigation the role of Human Leukocyte Antigen-G in Iraqi patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma","authors":"Noor H. Aljanabi, R. Abed","doi":"10.21123/bsj.2023.8695","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2023.8695","url":null,"abstract":"Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein with well-known immunomodulatory characteristics. It is also believed to be an important sign of immune tolerance in cancer cells. Immune Escape. HLA-G is also associated with disease development and prognosis in cancer patients. The goal of this study was to compare soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) levels before and after radioactive iodine therapy (RAI) by enzyme immunoassay (ELISA). Immunohistochemistry was used to examine HLA-G protein expression in thyroid tissues from patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) to investigate the relationship between HLA-G expression and patients' clinical variables. Prospective research included 138 blood samples from patients and controls, as well as 25 thyroid paraffin-embedded tissues from individuals suffering from papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and controls. Our findings demonstrated a significant difference in the means of people who had radioactive iodine therapy against those who did not (Mean SE = 4.19 0.31, 2.216 0.08, respectively). HLA-G staining, on the other hand, was identified in tumor cells in papillary thyroid cancer, all sections were positive, strongly stained and completely membranous, indicating the presence of HLA-G protein in the tested material. These findings suggest that HLA-G may be involved in the pathogenesis of papillary thyroid cancer.","PeriodicalId":8687,"journal":{"name":"Baghdad Science Journal","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139260572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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