Pub Date : 2017-01-30DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000332
Xiaohong Li, N. Cooper, Y. Shyr, Dongfeng Wu, E. Rouchka, R. Gill, T. O’Toole, G. Brock, S. Rai
The high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology has become the popular method of choice for transcriptomics and the detection of differentially expressed genes. Sample size calculations for RNA-seq experimental design are an important consideration in biological research and clinical trials. Currently, the sample size formulas derived from the Wald and the likelihood ratio statistical tests with a Poisson distribution to model RNA-seq data have been developed. However, since the mean read counts in the real RNA-seq data are not equal to the variance, an extended method to calculate sample sizes based on a negative binomial distribution using an exact test statistic was proposed by Li et al. in 2013. In this study, we alternatively derive five sample size calculation methods based on the negative binomial distribution using the Wald test, the log-transformed Wald test and the log-likelihood ratio test statistics. A comparison of our five methods and an existing method was performed by calculating the sample sizes and the simulated power in different scenarios. We first calculated the sample sizes for testing a single gene using the six methods given a nominal significance level α at 0.05 and 80% power. Then, we calculated the sample sizes for testing multiple genes given a false discovery rate (FDR) at 0.05 and 0.10. The empirical power and true prognostic genes for differential gene expression analysis corresponding to the estimated sample sizes from the six methods are also estimated via the simulation studies. Using the sample size formulas derived from log-transformed and Wald-based tests, we observed smaller sample properties while maintaining the nominal power close to or higher than 80% in all the settings compared to other methods. Moreover, the Wald test based sample size calculation method is easier to compute and faster in an RNA-seq experimental design.
{"title":"Inference and Sample Size Calculations Based on Statistical Tests in aNegative Binomial Distribution for Differential Gene Expression in RNAseqData","authors":"Xiaohong Li, N. Cooper, Y. Shyr, Dongfeng Wu, E. Rouchka, R. Gill, T. O’Toole, G. Brock, S. Rai","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000332","url":null,"abstract":"The high throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology has become the popular method of choice for transcriptomics and the detection of differentially expressed genes. Sample size calculations for RNA-seq experimental design are an important consideration in biological research and clinical trials. Currently, the sample size formulas derived from the Wald and the likelihood ratio statistical tests with a Poisson distribution to model RNA-seq data have been developed. However, since the mean read counts in the real RNA-seq data are not equal to the variance, an extended method to calculate sample sizes based on a negative binomial distribution using an exact test statistic was proposed by Li et al. in 2013. In this study, we alternatively derive five sample size calculation methods based on the negative binomial distribution using the Wald test, the log-transformed Wald test and the log-likelihood ratio test statistics. A comparison of our five methods and an existing method was performed by calculating the sample sizes and the simulated power in different scenarios. We first calculated the sample sizes for testing a single gene using the six methods given a nominal significance level α at 0.05 and 80% power. Then, we calculated the sample sizes for testing multiple genes given a false discovery rate (FDR) at 0.05 and 0.10. The empirical power and true prognostic genes for differential gene expression analysis corresponding to the estimated sample sizes from the six methods are also estimated via the simulation studies. Using the sample size formulas derived from log-transformed and Wald-based tests, we observed smaller sample properties while maintaining the nominal power close to or higher than 80% in all the settings compared to other methods. Moreover, the Wald test based sample size calculation method is easier to compute and faster in an RNA-seq experimental design.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42416088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-09DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000330
G. Kiros
Despite widespread adoption of family planning in the developing world contraceptive use is still very low in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia and in other regions. The general objective of this study was identifying the socioeconomic factors of modern contraceptive methods usage among married women of reproductive ages (15-49 years old) in Hawassa city. From a total 990 sampled married women about 57.9% (573) were modern contraception methods users. Bayesian logistic regression procedure was adopted to make inference about the parameters of a logistic regression model. The purpose of this method is generating the posterior distribution of the unknown parameters given both the data and some prior density for the unknown parameters. Bayesian inference for logistic regression models is derived applying a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate from the joint posterior distribution of the regression and the link parameters.
{"title":"Bayesian Regression Analysis of Correlates of Modern ContraceptiveMethod Usage: A Case Study in Hawassa City, Ethiopia","authors":"G. Kiros","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000330","url":null,"abstract":"Despite widespread adoption of family planning in the developing world contraceptive use is still very low in sub-Saharan Africa including Ethiopia and in other regions. The general objective of this study was identifying the socioeconomic factors of modern contraceptive methods usage among married women of reproductive ages (15-49 years old) in Hawassa city. From a total 990 sampled married women about 57.9% (573) were modern contraception methods users. Bayesian logistic regression procedure was adopted to make inference about the parameters of a logistic regression model. The purpose of this method is generating the posterior distribution of the unknown parameters given both the data and some prior density for the unknown parameters. Bayesian inference for logistic regression models is derived applying a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm to simulate from the joint posterior distribution of the regression and the link parameters.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":" ","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42447768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-09DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000329
Nating Wang, H. Tian, Yongci Li, R. Wu, Jiangtao Luo, Zhong Wang
Functional Mapping is a popular statistical method in QTL mapping studies for longitudinal data. The threshold for declaring statistical significance of a QTL is commonly obtained through permutation tests, which can be time consuming. To improve the computational efficiency of a permutation test of mixture models used in Functional Mapping, we first quantified the correlation between QTL and longitudinal data, using a curve clustering method. Then, the QTLs which are highly correlated with the outcome were computed in the improved permutation tests. As a result, it reduces the amount of computation in permutation tests and speeds up the computation for Functional Mapping analysis. Simulation studies and real data analysis were conducted to demonstrate that the proposed approach can greatly improve the computational efficiency of QTL mapping without loss of accuracy.
{"title":"Fast Computation of Significance Threshold in QTL Mapping of DynamicQuantitative Traits","authors":"Nating Wang, H. Tian, Yongci Li, R. Wu, Jiangtao Luo, Zhong Wang","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000329","url":null,"abstract":"Functional Mapping is a popular statistical method in QTL mapping studies for longitudinal data. The threshold for declaring statistical significance of a QTL is commonly obtained through permutation tests, which can be time consuming. To improve the computational efficiency of a permutation test of mixture models used in Functional Mapping, we first quantified the correlation between QTL and longitudinal data, using a curve clustering method. Then, the QTLs which are highly correlated with the outcome were computed in the improved permutation tests. As a result, it reduces the amount of computation in permutation tests and speeds up the computation for Functional Mapping analysis. Simulation studies and real data analysis were conducted to demonstrate that the proposed approach can greatly improve the computational efficiency of QTL mapping without loss of accuracy.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":" ","pages":"0-0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43053659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000368
N. Khan
A portion of youthful females may acknowledge unpredictable dietary patterns because of shameful problems about their body shape or weight, others utilize sustenance to comfort themselves as far as unforgiving conditions in their social or instructive lives. Different components can bring about these issues. This is on the grounds that specific perspectives are solid in one's choice to eat certain foodstuffs. Such solid components incorporate companion weight, family standards, social practices, accessibility of various foodstuffs, and desires.
{"title":"Body Image and Media","authors":"N. Khan","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000368","url":null,"abstract":"A portion of youthful females may acknowledge unpredictable dietary patterns because of shameful problems about their body shape or weight, others utilize sustenance to comfort themselves as far as unforgiving conditions in their social or instructive lives. Different components can bring about these issues. This is on the grounds that specific perspectives are solid in one's choice to eat certain foodstuffs. Such solid components incorporate companion weight, family standards, social practices, accessibility of various foodstuffs, and desires.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2155-6180.1000368","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70291698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000373
C. Qualls, C. Witt, Nicholas R. Wilson, Sebastian Restrepo Cruz, Emil Bautista, O. Appenzeller
Hummingbirds show remarkable adaptation to high altitude hypoxia whereas humans are imperfectly adapted to high altitude living. Here we compare hemoglobin levels and metabolism derived from growth rhythms in hummingbirds and humans. To compare growth rhythms, we analyzed growth intervals in hummingbird tail feathers and human growing tissues such as hair. We find that hemoglobin levels were higher in hummingbirds (P<0.001) than in humans, but the influence of altitude on hemoglobin was more pronounced in humans (slope, steeper with increasing altitude, P<0.001), and levels for both taxa converge at extreme elevations. The power spectra from growth intervals in growing tissues which reflect metabolism in both species, were not different (low frequency/high frequency ratios (LF/HF) in the two species) P>0.22 NS. In a comparison among hummingbird species, we found no evidence that metabolic demands (based on power spectra derived from growth intervals) changed with increasing altitude, even while body mass increased significantly (P>0.02). Our index of hummingbird metabolism (spectral LF/HF ratio) was consistent with estimates based on allometric conversion of mass for humans. These results support the notion that hummingbird hemoglobin levels and metabolism are useful models for biologically adaptive strategies to life at high altitude. Humans and hummingbirds exhibit convergent phenotypes for hemoglobin concentration at extreme altitudes. However, whereas human health suffers above 2500 m, hummingbirds are evolutionarily successful and physiologically robust at very high altitudes. Such different outcomes may be in part due to ancient versus recent high altitude colonization, but may also reflect greater altitude-specialization of hummingbird species, fundamental differences between avian and mammalian respiratory systems, or the very different demands of thermoregulation in hummingbirds versus humans.
{"title":"Human and Hummingbird Hemoglobin Concentrations and MetabolicRhythms at Altitude Determined with Statistical Modeling","authors":"C. Qualls, C. Witt, Nicholas R. Wilson, Sebastian Restrepo Cruz, Emil Bautista, O. Appenzeller","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000373","url":null,"abstract":"Hummingbirds show remarkable adaptation to high altitude hypoxia whereas humans are imperfectly adapted to high altitude living. Here we compare hemoglobin levels and metabolism derived from growth rhythms in hummingbirds and humans. To compare growth rhythms, we analyzed growth intervals in hummingbird tail feathers and human growing tissues such as hair. We find that hemoglobin levels were higher in hummingbirds (P<0.001) than in humans, but the influence of altitude on hemoglobin was more pronounced in humans (slope, steeper with increasing altitude, P<0.001), and levels for both taxa converge at extreme elevations. The power spectra from growth intervals in growing tissues which reflect metabolism in both species, were not different (low frequency/high frequency ratios (LF/HF) in the two species) P>0.22 NS. In a comparison among hummingbird species, we found no evidence that metabolic demands (based on power spectra derived from growth intervals) changed with increasing altitude, even while body mass increased significantly (P>0.02). Our index of hummingbird metabolism (spectral LF/HF ratio) was consistent with estimates based on allometric conversion of mass for humans. These results support the notion that hummingbird hemoglobin levels and metabolism are useful models for biologically adaptive strategies to life at high altitude. Humans and hummingbirds exhibit convergent phenotypes for hemoglobin concentration at extreme altitudes. However, whereas human health suffers above 2500 m, hummingbirds are evolutionarily successful and physiologically robust at very high altitudes. Such different outcomes may be in part due to ancient versus recent high altitude colonization, but may also reflect greater altitude-specialization of hummingbird species, fundamental differences between avian and mammalian respiratory systems, or the very different demands of thermoregulation in hummingbirds versus humans.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70291744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000376
Mahdi-Salim Saib
The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the data can yield biased or inconsistent point estimates when Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model is used inappropriately. Therefore, in this paper we try to assess the fit of the model taking into account the autocorrelation in analyze of voting behavior in the 2007 French Presidential Elections and the 2010 French Regional Elections. We find that the voter turnout in the Il de France region is spatially structured and that the Simultaneous Auto-Regressive (SAR) model clearly improves the quality of adjustment compared with the OLS model for the both elections.
{"title":"Spatial Autocorrelation in Voting Turnout","authors":"Mahdi-Salim Saib","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000376","url":null,"abstract":"The presence of spatial autocorrelation in the data can yield biased or inconsistent point estimates when Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model is used inappropriately. Therefore, in this paper we try to assess the fit of the model taking into account the autocorrelation in analyze of voting behavior in the 2007 French Presidential Elections and the 2010 French Regional Elections. We find that the voter turnout in the Il de France region is spatially structured and that the Simultaneous Auto-Regressive (SAR) model clearly improves the quality of adjustment compared with the OLS model for the both elections.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70291750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01Epub Date: 2017-11-27DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000381
Márcio Augusto Diniz, Quanlin-Li, Mourad Tighiouart
We describe a dose escalation algorithm for drug combinations in cancer phase I clinical trials. Parametric models for describing the association between the doses and the probability of dose limiting toxicity are used assuming univariate monotonicity of the dose-toxicity relationship. Trial design proceeds using the continual reassessment method, where at each stage of the trial, we seek the dose of one agent with estimated probability of toxicity closest to a target probability of toxicity given the current dose of the other agent. A Bayes estimate of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) curve is proposed at the conclusion of the trial for continuous doses or a set of MTDs is determined in the case of discrete dose levels. We evaluate design operating characteristics in terms of safety of the trial and percent of dose recommendation at dose combination neighborhoods around the true MTD under various model generated scenarios and misspecification. The method is further assessed for varying algorithms enrolling cohorts of two and three patients receiving different doses and compared to previous approaches such as escalation with overdose control and two-dimensional design.
{"title":"Dose Finding for Drug Combination in Early Cancer Phase I Trials using Conditional Continual Reassessment Method.","authors":"Márcio Augusto Diniz, Quanlin-Li, Mourad Tighiouart","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000381","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We describe a dose escalation algorithm for drug combinations in cancer phase I clinical trials. Parametric models for describing the association between the doses and the probability of dose limiting toxicity are used assuming univariate monotonicity of the dose-toxicity relationship. Trial design proceeds using the continual reassessment method, where at each stage of the trial, we seek the dose of one agent with estimated probability of toxicity closest to a target probability of toxicity given the current dose of the other agent. A Bayes estimate of the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) curve is proposed at the conclusion of the trial for continuous doses or a set of MTDs is determined in the case of discrete dose levels. We evaluate design operating characteristics in terms of safety of the trial and percent of dose recommendation at dose combination neighborhoods around the true MTD under various model generated scenarios and misspecification. The method is further assessed for varying algorithms enrolling cohorts of two and three patients receiving different doses and compared to previous approaches such as escalation with overdose control and two-dimensional design.</p>","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2155-6180.1000381","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"35924986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000372
O. Peter, Iornongo Ag
A sample of two hundred and seventy (270) women based on child delivery were randomly selected from General Hospital North-Bank Makurdi, Benue State. Data was analyzed using Chi-square (χ2) test of independence using SPSS Version 20. The result shows that Multiparous are most likely to have shorter labour durations that is between 0-4 hours than Primiparous women and both have equal chance of having prolonged duration of labour in Makurdi local government area of Benue State at 29.6% and 15.9%, 8.9% and 8.9% respectively. Multiparous women are most likely to present at the second stage of labour with a total of 30.0% than Primiparous women. Most Primiparous women with a total of 27.8% are most likely to present at first stage of labour. There is no association between Duration of labour and Social Status of women in Makurdi local government area of Benue State. However, the duration of labour is significantly associated with the stage of presentation of delivering women hence the higher the parity the shorter the duration of labour.
从贝努埃州马库尔迪北岸总医院随机抽取了270名分娩妇女的样本。使用SPSS Version 20对数据进行χ2独立性检验。结果显示，在贝努埃州马库尔迪地方政府地区，多产妇女比初产妇女的分娩时间更短，在0-4小时之间，两者的分娩时间延长的机会相同，分别为29.6%和15.9%，8.9%和8.9%。多胎妇女最有可能在产程第二阶段出现，比初产妇女占30.0%。大多数初产妇女最有可能在分娩的第一阶段出现，总数为27.8%。贝努埃州马库尔迪地方政府地区妇女的劳动时间与社会地位之间没有联系。但是，分娩持续时间与产妇的分娩阶段有很大关系，因此胎次越高，分娩持续时间越短。
{"title":"Determination of Association between Duration of Labour and Some Social Status Using Chi-Square Distribution (χ 2 )","authors":"O. Peter, Iornongo Ag","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000372","url":null,"abstract":"A sample of two hundred and seventy (270) women based on child delivery were randomly selected from General Hospital North-Bank Makurdi, Benue State. Data was analyzed using Chi-square (χ2) test of independence using SPSS Version 20. The result shows that Multiparous are most likely to have shorter labour durations that is between 0-4 hours than Primiparous women and both have equal chance of having prolonged duration of labour in Makurdi local government area of Benue State at 29.6% and 15.9%, 8.9% and 8.9% respectively. Multiparous women are most likely to present at the second stage of labour with a total of 30.0% than Primiparous women. Most Primiparous women with a total of 27.8% are most likely to present at first stage of labour. There is no association between Duration of labour and Social Status of women in Makurdi local government area of Benue State. However, the duration of labour is significantly associated with the stage of presentation of delivering women hence the higher the parity the shorter the duration of labour.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70291738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000380
C. Qualls, M. A. Costa, M. Paffett, O. Appenzeller
Tooth growth is essential to health and survival. In humans the growth rate can be inferred from the width of perikymata growth intervals. We hypothesized that in ancient times teeth grew faster than in modern humans. We measured the intervals between perikymata ridges on the surfaces of teeth and in thin sections of molars (which we used as standards) in ancient, prehistoric and modern humans. We compared statistically the results from ancient and modern specimens and assessed the impact of dietary factors and sociality on tooth growth. We found that ancient teeth grew faster than modern teeth (wider intervals) because of environmental, nutritional and life style influences. This apparently conferred evolutionary advantages for human survival. Our results gleaned from combining measurements of sections of teeth with modeling of web-available images suggest that life styles of modern humans have lead to smaller teeth.
{"title":"Tooth Growth in Ancient and Modern Times Inferred from Perikymata Growth Intervals; Modeled Statistically","authors":"C. Qualls, M. A. Costa, M. Paffett, O. Appenzeller","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000380","url":null,"abstract":"Tooth growth is essential to health and survival. In humans the growth rate can be inferred from the width of perikymata growth intervals. We hypothesized that in ancient times teeth grew faster than in modern humans. We measured the intervals between perikymata ridges on the surfaces of teeth and in thin sections of molars (which we used as standards) in ancient, prehistoric and modern humans. We compared statistically the results from ancient and modern specimens and assessed the impact of dietary factors and sociality on tooth growth. We found that ancient teeth grew faster than modern teeth (wider intervals) because of environmental, nutritional and life style influences. This apparently conferred evolutionary advantages for human survival. Our results gleaned from combining measurements of sections of teeth with modeling of web-available images suggest that life styles of modern humans have lead to smaller teeth.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70291857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-6180.1000377
Sagar Vegad, H. Patel, H. Zhuang, M. Naik
Protection of data integrity and person identity has been an active research area for many years. Among the techniques investigated, developing multi-modal recognition systems using audio and face signals for people authentication holds a promising future due to its ease of use. A challenge in developing such a multi-modal recognition system is to improve its reliability for a practical application. In this paper, an efficient audio-visual bimodal recognition system which uses Deep Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) as a primary model architecture. First, two separate Deep CNN models are trained with the help of audio and facial features, respectively. The outputs of these CNN models are then combined/fused to predict the identity of the subject. Implementation details with regard to data fusion are discussed in a great length in the paper. Through experimental verification, the proposed bimodal fusion approach is superior in accuracy performance when compared with any single modal recognition systems and with published results using the same data-set.
{"title":"Audio-Visual Person Recognition Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks","authors":"Sagar Vegad, H. Patel, H. Zhuang, M. Naik","doi":"10.4172/2155-6180.1000377","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6180.1000377","url":null,"abstract":"Protection of data integrity and person identity has been an active research area for many years. Among the techniques investigated, developing multi-modal recognition systems using audio and face signals for people authentication holds a promising future due to its ease of use. A challenge in developing such a multi-modal recognition system is to improve its reliability for a practical application. In this paper, an efficient audio-visual bimodal recognition system which uses Deep Convolution Neural Networks (CNNs) as a primary model architecture. First, two separate Deep CNN models are trained with the help of audio and facial features, respectively. The outputs of these CNN models are then combined/fused to predict the identity of the subject. Implementation details with regard to data fusion are discussed in a great length in the paper. Through experimental verification, the proposed bimodal fusion approach is superior in accuracy performance when compared with any single modal recognition systems and with published results using the same data-set.","PeriodicalId":87294,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biometrics & biostatistics","volume":"8 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2155-6180.1000377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70291783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：