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Reversal of reserpine-induced depression and cognitive disorder in zebrafish by sertraline and Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). 舍曲林联合中药逆转利血平诱导的斑马鱼抑郁和认知障碍。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-06-14 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0145-8
Shuhui Zhang, Xiaodong Liu, Mingzhu Sun, Qiuping Zhang, Teng Li, Xiang Li, Jia Xu, Xin Zhao, Dongyan Chen, Xizeng Feng

Background: With increased social pressure, individuals face a high risk of depression. Subsequently, depression affects cognitive behaviour and negatively impacts daily life. Fortunately, the Traditional Chinese Medicine Jia Wei Xiao Yao (JWXY) capsule is effective in reducing depression and improving cognitive behaviour.

Methods: The constituents of JWXY capsule were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. We analysed behaviours of depression-like zebrafish in the novel tank with an automatic 3D video-tracking system and conducted the colour preference test, as well detected physiological changes after sertraline and JWXY capsule treatments.

Results: Both sertraline and JWXY capsule rescued the decreased locomotive behaviour and depression phenotype of zebrafish caused by reserpine. JWXY capsule especially improved the inhibited exploratory behaviour caused by reserpine. In addition, with the onset of depressive behaviour, zebrafish exhibited alterations in cognitive behaviour as indicated by colour preference changes. However, compared with sertraline, JWXY capsule was more efficaciously in rescuing this change in the colour preference pattern. Moreover, an increased level of cortisol, increased expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and decreased monoamine neurotransmitters, including serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline, were involved in the depressive behaviours. In addition, sertraline and JWXY capsule rescued the depressive phenotype and cognitive behaviour of zebrafish by altering the levels of endogenous cortisol and monoamine neurotransmitters.

Conclusions: JWXY capsule was more effectively than sertraline in rescuing reserpine-induced depression and cognitive disorder in zebrafish. Potentially, our study can provide new insights into the clinical treatment of depression and the mechanism of action of JWXY capsule.

背景:随着社会压力的增加,个体面临着较高的抑郁风险。随后,抑郁症会影响认知行为,对日常生活产生负面影响。幸运的是,中药加味逍遥胶囊(JWXY)在减少抑郁和改善认知行为方面有效。方法:采用超高效液相色谱法和四极杆飞行时间质谱法对JWXY胶囊进行成分鉴定。我们利用自动3D视频跟踪系统分析了新型水族箱中抑郁样斑马鱼的行为,进行了颜色偏好测试,并检测了舍曲林和JWXY胶囊处理后的生理变化。结果:舍曲林和JWXY胶囊均可挽救利血平引起的斑马鱼运动行为下降和抑郁表型。JWXY胶囊尤其能改善利血平引起的探索性抑制行为。此外,随着抑郁行为的发生,斑马鱼表现出认知行为的改变,如颜色偏好的变化所表明的那样。然而,与舍曲林相比,JWXY胶囊更有效地挽救了这种颜色偏好模式的变化。此外,皮质醇水平升高,酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达增加,单胺类神经递质(包括5-羟色胺(5-HT)和去甲肾上腺素)减少,都与抑郁行为有关。此外,舍曲林和JWXY胶囊通过改变内源性皮质醇和单胺类神经递质水平来拯救斑马鱼的抑郁表型和认知行为。结论:JWXY胶囊对利血平诱导的斑马鱼抑郁和认知障碍的治疗效果优于舍曲林。本研究可能为抑郁症的临床治疗及JWXY胶囊的作用机制提供新的见解。
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引用次数: 50
Differential responses of stressful elements to predatory exposure in behavior-lateralized mice. 行为侧化小鼠应激因素对掠食性暴露的差异反应。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-06-08 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0144-9
Jiacai Yang, Lin Zhang, Jian-Ping Dai, Jun Zeng, Xiao-Xuan Chen, Ze-Feng Xie, Kang-Sheng Li, Yun Su

Background: Predatory stress as a psychological stressor can elicit the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in the dialogue of the neuroimmunoendocrine network. The brain has been proven to regulate the activity of the HPA axis by way of lateralization. In the present study, we probed the pivotal elements of the HPA circuitry including CRH, GR and a multifunctional cytokine in behavior-lateralized mice to determine their changes when the animals were subjected to predator exposure.

Methods: Behavior-lateralized mice were classified into left-pawed and right-pawed mice through a paw-preference test. Thereafter, mice in the acute stress group received a single 60-min cat exposure, and mice in the chronic group received daily 60-min cat exposure for 14 consecutive days. The plasma CS and TNF-α were determined by ELISA, the hypothalamic CRH mRNA and hippocampal GR mRNA were detected by real-time PCR, and the hippocampal GR protein was detected by western blot analysis.

Results: The results revealed that the levels of plasma CS were significantly elevated after chronic predatory exposure in both right-pawed and left-pawed mice; the right-pawed mice exhibited a higher plasma CS level than the left-pawed mice. Similarly, the acute or chronic cat exposure could induce the release of plasma TNF-α, and the left-pawed mice tended to show a higher level after the acute stress. Chronic stress significantly upregulated the expression of hypothalamic CRH mRNA in both left-pawed and right-pawed mice. Normally, the left-pawed mice exhibited a higher GR expression in the hippocampus than the right-pawed mice. After the cat exposure, the expression of GR in both left-pawed and right-pawed mice was revealed to be greatly downregulated.

Conclusion: Our findings indicate that predatory stress can invoke a differential response of stressful elements in behavior-lateralized mice. Some of these responses shaped by behavioral lateralization might be helpful for facilitating adaption to various stimuli.

背景:掠食性应激作为一种心理应激源可引起下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(HPA)轴的激活,该轴参与神经免疫内分泌网络的对话。大脑已被证明通过侧化的方式调节下丘脑轴的活动。在本研究中,我们研究了行为侧化小鼠HPA回路的关键元件,包括CRH、GR和多功能细胞因子,以确定它们在捕食者暴露时的变化。方法:将行为偏侧小鼠分为左爪小鼠和右爪小鼠。此后,急性应激组小鼠接受单次60分钟猫暴露,慢性应激组小鼠连续14天每天接受60分钟猫暴露。ELISA法检测血浆CS和TNF-α, real-time PCR法检测下丘脑CRH mRNA和海马GR mRNA, western blot法检测海马GR蛋白。结果:右脚和左脚小鼠慢性掠食性暴露后血浆CS水平均显著升高;右撇子小鼠的血浆CS水平高于左撇子小鼠。同样,急性或慢性猫暴露均可诱导血浆TNF-α的释放,且左爪小鼠在急性应激后往往表现出更高的水平。慢性应激显著上调左、右脚小鼠下丘脑CRH mRNA的表达。正常情况下,左爪小鼠海马GR表达高于右爪小鼠。猫暴露后,左、右爪小鼠中GR的表达均明显下调。结论:我们的研究结果表明,掠夺性应激可以引起行为侧化小鼠应激因素的差异反应。其中一些由行为侧化形成的反应可能有助于促进对各种刺激的适应。
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引用次数: 0
Assessing ADHD symptoms in children and adults: evaluating the role of objective measures. 评估儿童和成人ADHD症状:评估客观测量的作用。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-05-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0143-x
Theresa S Emser, Blair A Johnston, J Douglas Steele, Sandra Kooij, Lisa Thorell, Hanna Christiansen

Background: Diagnostic guidelines recommend using a variety of methods to assess and diagnose ADHD. Applying subjective measures always incorporates risks such as informant biases or large differences between ratings obtained from diverse sources. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that ratings and tests seem to assess somewhat different constructs. The use of objective measures might thus yield valuable information for diagnosing ADHD. This study aims at evaluating the role of objective measures when trying to distinguish between individuals with ADHD and controls. Our sample consisted of children (n = 60) and adults (n = 76) diagnosed with ADHD and matched controls who completed self- and observer ratings as well as objective tasks. Diagnosis was primarily based on clinical interviews. A popular pattern recognition approach, support vector machines, was used to predict the diagnosis.

Results: We observed relatively high accuracy of 79% (adults) and 78% (children) applying solely objective measures. Predicting an ADHD diagnosis using both subjective and objective measures exceeded the accuracy of objective measures for both adults (89.5%) and children (86.7%), with the subjective variables proving to be the most relevant.

Conclusions: We argue that objective measures are more robust against rater bias and errors inherent in subjective measures and may be more replicable. Considering the high accuracy of objective measures only, we found in our study, we think that they should be incorporated in diagnostic procedures for assessing ADHD.

背景:诊断指南推荐使用多种方法来评估和诊断ADHD。应用主观度量总是包含风险,如信息者偏见或从不同来源获得的评级之间的巨大差异。此外,它已经证明,评级和测试似乎评估多少不同的构念。因此,使用客观的测量方法可能会为诊断多动症提供有价值的信息。本研究旨在评估客观测量在区分ADHD患者和对照组时的作用。我们的样本包括诊断为ADHD的儿童(n = 60)和成人(n = 76),以及匹配的对照组,他们完成了自我和观察者评分以及客观任务。诊断主要基于临床访谈。一种流行的模式识别方法,支持向量机,被用来预测诊断。结果:我们观察到单独使用客观测量的相对较高的准确率为79%(成人)和78%(儿童)。在成人(89.5%)和儿童(86.7%)中,使用主观和客观测量预测ADHD诊断的准确性都超过了客观测量的准确性,其中主观变量被证明是最相关的。结论:我们认为客观测量对主观测量中固有的偏见和错误更为稳健,并且可能更具可重复性。考虑到客观测量的高准确性,我们在研究中发现,我们认为它们应该被纳入评估ADHD的诊断程序中。
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引用次数: 42
Sex differences in associations between maternal deprivation and alterations in hippocampal calcium-binding proteins and cognitive functions in rats. 母性剥夺与大鼠海马钙结合蛋白和认知功能改变之间关系的性别差异。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-05-15 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0142-y
Hongyu Xu, Yuqin Ye, Yelu Hao, Fei Shi, Zhiqiang Yan, Guohao Yuan, Yuefan Yang, Zhou Fei, Xiaosheng He

Background and objective: Adverse early-life experiences have been suggested as one of the key contributors to neurodevelopmental disorders, such that these experiences influence brain development, cognitive ability and mental health. Previous studies indicated that hippocampal levels of the calcium-binding proteins calretinin (CALR) and calbindin-D28k (CALB) changed in response to maternal deprivation (MD), a model for adverse early-life experiences. We investigated the effects of MD on hippocampal CALR and CALB protein levels and cognitive behaviors, and explored whether these effects were sex-related.

Methods: From postnatal day 2 (PND-2) to PND-14, rat pups in the MD group were separated from their mothers for 3 h/day for comparison with pups raised normally (control). To determine hippocampal CALR and CALB levels, fluorescent immunostaining of hippocampal sections and Western blot analysis of hippocampal tissues were employed at various timepoints (PND-21, -25, -30, -35 and -40). Behavioral and cognitive changes were determined by open field test (PND-21) and Morris water maze (PND-25).

Results: Western blot analysis showed changes in the hippocampal CALR and CALB levels in both male and female MD groups, compared with controls. The open field test showed reduced exploration only in male MD groups but not female MD groups. The Morris water maze tests indicated that MD caused spatial memory impairment both in male and female rats, but there was a sex difference in CALR and CALB levels.

Conclusions: Male rats are relatively more vulnerable to MD stress than female rats, but both male and female rats demonstrate spatial learning impairment after exposure to MD stress. Sex difference in CALR and CALB levels may reveal the different mechanisms behind the behavioral observations.

背景与目的:不良的早期生活经历被认为是神经发育障碍的关键因素之一,这些经历会影响大脑发育、认知能力和心理健康。先前的研究表明,海马钙结合蛋白calretinin (CALR)和calbinin - d28k (CALB)水平在母亲剥夺(MD)(不良早期生活经历的一个模型)的反应中发生变化。我们研究了MD对海马CALR和CALB蛋白水平和认知行为的影响,并探讨了这些影响是否与性别有关。方法:从出生后第2天(PND-2)至第14天,MD组幼鼠与母鼠分离3 h/d,与正常饲养的幼鼠(对照组)进行比较。在不同时间点(PND-21、-25、-30、-35和-40)对海马组织进行荧光免疫染色和Western blot分析,以确定海马CALR和CALB水平。采用开阔场试验(PND-21)和Morris水迷宫(PND-25)测定行为和认知变化。结果:Western blot分析显示,与对照组相比,男性和女性MD组海马CALR和CALB水平均有变化。空旷场试验显示,只有男性MD组的探测减少,而女性MD组没有。Morris水迷宫实验表明,MD对雌雄大鼠均有空间记忆障碍的影响,但CALR和CALB水平存在性别差异。结论:雄性大鼠相对于雌性大鼠更易受到MD应激的影响,但雄性和雌性大鼠均表现出MD应激后的空间学习障碍。CALR和CALB水平的性别差异可能揭示了行为观察背后的不同机制。
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引用次数: 11
Magnitude processing of symbolic and non-symbolic proportions: an fMRI study. 符号和非符号比例的幅度处理:一项功能磁共振成像研究。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-05-10 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0141-z
Julia Mock, Stefan Huber, Johannes Bloechle, Julia F Dietrich, Julia Bahnmueller, Johannes Rennig, Elise Klein, Korbinian Moeller

Background: Recent research indicates that processing proportion magnitude is associated with activation in the intraparietal sulcus. Thus, brain areas associated with the processing of numbers (i.e., absolute magnitude) were activated during processing symbolic fractions as well as non-symbolic proportions. Here, we investigated systematically the cognitive processing of symbolic (e.g., fractions and decimals) and non-symbolic proportions (e.g., dot patterns and pie charts) in a two-stage procedure. First, we investigated relative magnitude-related activations of proportion processing. Second, we evaluated whether symbolic and non-symbolic proportions share common neural substrates.

Methods: We conducted an fMRI study using magnitude comparison tasks with symbolic and non-symbolic proportions, respectively. As an indicator for magnitude-related processing of proportions, the distance effect was evaluated.

Results: A conjunction analysis indicated joint activation of specific occipito-parietal areas including right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) during proportion magnitude processing. More specifically, results indicate that the IPS, which is commonly associated with absolute magnitude processing, is involved in processing relative magnitude information as well, irrespective of symbolic or non-symbolic presentation format. However, we also found distinct activation patterns for the magnitude processing of the different presentation formats.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that processing for the separate presentation formats is not only associated with magnitude manipulations in the IPS, but also increasing demands on executive functions and strategy use associated with frontal brain regions as well as visual attention and encoding in occipital regions. Thus, the magnitude processing of proportions may not exclusively reflect processing of number magnitude information but also rather domain-general processes.

背景:最近的研究表明,加工比例大小与顶叶内沟的激活有关。因此,在处理符号分数和非符号比例时,与处理数字(即绝对大小)相关的大脑区域被激活。在这里,我们系统地研究了象征性比例(如分数和小数)和非象征性比例(如圆点图案和饼状图)的认知加工。首先,我们研究了相对大小相关的比例处理激活。其次,我们评估了符号比例和非符号比例是否共享共同的神经基质。方法:我们分别使用符号和非符号比例的幅度比较任务进行了功能磁共振成像研究。作为与震级相关的比例处理的一个指标,对距离效应进行了评价。结果:联合分析表明,在比例幅度处理过程中,特定的枕顶叶区域包括右侧顶叶内沟(IPS)被联合激活。更具体地说,研究结果表明,通常与绝对震级处理有关的IPS也参与处理相对震级信息,而不考虑符号或非符号表示格式。然而,我们也发现不同呈现格式的大小处理有不同的激活模式。结论:我们的研究结果表明,对不同呈现格式的处理不仅与IPS的幅度操纵有关,而且还增加了与额叶脑区以及枕叶脑区视觉注意力和编码相关的执行功能和策略使用的需求。因此,比例的大小处理可能不仅反映了数字大小信息的处理,而且还反映了域一般处理。
{"title":"Magnitude processing of symbolic and non-symbolic proportions: an fMRI study.","authors":"Julia Mock,&nbsp;Stefan Huber,&nbsp;Johannes Bloechle,&nbsp;Julia F Dietrich,&nbsp;Julia Bahnmueller,&nbsp;Johannes Rennig,&nbsp;Elise Klein,&nbsp;Korbinian Moeller","doi":"10.1186/s12993-018-0141-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12993-018-0141-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Recent research indicates that processing proportion magnitude is associated with activation in the intraparietal sulcus. Thus, brain areas associated with the processing of numbers (i.e., absolute magnitude) were activated during processing symbolic fractions as well as non-symbolic proportions. Here, we investigated systematically the cognitive processing of symbolic (e.g., fractions and decimals) and non-symbolic proportions (e.g., dot patterns and pie charts) in a two-stage procedure. First, we investigated relative magnitude-related activations of proportion processing. Second, we evaluated whether symbolic and non-symbolic proportions share common neural substrates.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted an fMRI study using magnitude comparison tasks with symbolic and non-symbolic proportions, respectively. As an indicator for magnitude-related processing of proportions, the distance effect was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A conjunction analysis indicated joint activation of specific occipito-parietal areas including right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) during proportion magnitude processing. More specifically, results indicate that the IPS, which is commonly associated with absolute magnitude processing, is involved in processing relative magnitude information as well, irrespective of symbolic or non-symbolic presentation format. However, we also found distinct activation patterns for the magnitude processing of the different presentation formats.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings suggest that processing for the separate presentation formats is not only associated with magnitude manipulations in the IPS, but also increasing demands on executive functions and strategy use associated with frontal brain regions as well as visual attention and encoding in occipital regions. Thus, the magnitude processing of proportions may not exclusively reflect processing of number magnitude information but also rather domain-general processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8729,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral and Brain Functions","volume":"14 1","pages":"9"},"PeriodicalIF":5.1,"publicationDate":"2018-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1186/s12993-018-0141-z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36089764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 29
Neural correlates of interference resolution in the multi-source interference task: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. 多源干扰任务中干扰解决的神经相关因素:功能神经影像学研究的荟萃分析。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-04-10 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0140-0
Yuqin Deng, Xiaochun Wang, Yan Wang, Chenglin Zhou

Background: Interference resolution refers to cognitive control processes enabling one to focus on task-related information while filtering out unrelated information. But the exact neural areas, which underlie a specific cognitive task on interference resolution, are still equivocal. The multi-source interference task (MSIT), as a particular cognitive task, is a well-established experimental paradigm used to evaluate interference resolution. Studies combining the MSIT with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have shown that the MSIT evokes the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and cingulate-frontal-parietal cognitive-attentional networks. However, these brain areas have not been evaluated quantitatively and these findings have not been replicated.

Methods: In the current study, we firstly report a voxel-based meta-analysis of functional brain activation associated with the MSIT so as to identify the localization of interference resolution in such a specific cognitive task. Articles on MSIT-related fMRI published between 2003 and July 2017 were eligible. The electronic databases searched included PubMed, Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar. Differential BOLD activation patterns between the incongruent and congruent condition were meta-analyzed in anisotropic effect-size signed differential mapping software.

Results: Robustness meta-analysis indicated that two significant activation clusters were shown to have reliable functional activity in comparisons between incongruent and congruent conditions. The first reliable activation cluster, which included the dACC, medial prefrontal cortex, supplementary motor area, replicated the previous MSIT-related fMRI study results. Furthermore, we found another reliable activation cluster comprising areas of the right insula, right inferior frontal gyrus, and right lenticular nucleus-putamen, which were not typically discussed in previous MSIT-related fMRI studies.

Conclusions: The current meta-analysis study presents the reliable brain activation patterns on MSIT. These findings suggest that the cingulate-frontal-striatum network and right insula may allow control demands to resolve interference on MSIT. These results provide new insights into the neural mechanisms underlying interference resolution.

背景:干扰消解是指将注意力集中在与任务相关的信息上,过滤掉与任务无关的信息的认知控制过程。但是,在干扰解决的特定认知任务的基础上,确切的神经区域仍然是模棱两可的。多源干扰任务(MSIT)作为一种特殊的认知任务,是一种成熟的用于评估干扰解决的实验范式。将MSIT与功能磁共振成像(fMRI)相结合的研究表明,MSIT唤醒了背前扣带皮层(dACC)和扣带-额-顶叶认知-注意网络。然而,这些大脑区域还没有被定量评估,这些发现也没有被复制。方法:在本研究中,我们首次报道了一项基于体素的脑功能激活与MSIT相关的meta分析,以确定干扰解决在这一特定认知任务中的定位。2003年至2017年7月期间发表的与msit相关的fMRI文章符合条件。搜索的电子数据库包括PubMed、Web of Knowledge和Google Scholar。在各向异性效应大小符号差分映射软件中对不一致和一致条件下不同的BOLD激活模式进行meta分析。结果:稳健性荟萃分析表明,在不一致和一致条件的比较中,两个显著的激活簇显示出可靠的功能活动。第一个可靠的激活簇,包括dACC、内侧前额叶皮层、辅助运动区,复制了之前与msit相关的fMRI研究结果。此外,我们还发现了另一个可靠的激活簇,包括右脑岛、右额下回和右荚状核-壳核区域,这些区域在之前的msit相关的fMRI研究中没有被典型地讨论过。结论:目前的荟萃分析研究提供了可靠的MSIT脑激活模式。这些发现表明,扣带-额叶-纹状体网络和右脑岛可能允许控制需求来解决对MSIT的干扰。这些结果为干扰解决的神经机制提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 24
Interaction of basolateral amygdala, ventral hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex regulates the consolidation and extinction of social fear. 杏仁核基底外侧、海马腹侧和前额叶内侧皮层的相互作用调节着社交恐惧的巩固和消退。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-03-19 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0139-6
Chu-Chu Qi, Qing-Jun Wang, Xue-Zhu Ma, Hai-Chao Chen, Li-Ping Gao, Jie Yin, Yu-Hong Jing

Background: Following a social defeat, the balanced establishment and extinction of aversive information is a beneficial strategy for individual survival. Abnormal establishment or extinction is implicated in the development of mental disorders. This study investigated the time course of the establishment and extinction of aversive information from acute social defeat and the temporal responsiveness of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in this process.

Methods: Mouse models of acute social defeat were established by using the resident-intruder paradigm. To evaluate the engram of social defeat, the intruder mice were placed into the novel context at designated time to test the social behavior. Furthermore, responses of BLA, vHIP and mPFC were investigated by analyzing the expression of immediate early genes, such as zif268, arc, and c-fos.

Results: The results showed after an aggressive attack, aversive memory was maintained for approximately 7 days before gradually diminishing. The establishment and maintenance of aversive stimulation were consistently accompanied by BLA activity. By contrast, vHIP and mPFC response was inhibited from this process. Additionally, injecting muscimol (Mus), a GABA receptor agonist, into the BLA alleviated the freezing behavior and social fear and avoidance. Simultaneously, Mus treatment decreased the zif268 and arc expression in BLA, but it increased their expression in vHIP.

Conclusion: Our data support and extend earlier findings that implicate BLA, vHIP and mPFC in social defeat. The time courses of the establishment and extinction of social defeat are particularly consistent with the contrasting BLA and vHIP responses involved in this process.

背景:在社会失败后,厌恶信息的平衡建立和消除是个体生存的有利策略。异常的建立或消失与精神障碍的发展有关。本研究探讨了急性社交失败中厌恶信息建立和消退的时间过程,以及基底外侧杏仁核(BLA)、腹侧海马(vHIP)和内侧前额叶皮质(mPFC)在此过程中的时间反应性。方法:采用“居民-入侵者”模式建立小鼠急性社会失败模型。为了评估社会失败的印记,在指定的时间将入侵者小鼠置于新的环境中,测试其社会行为。此外,通过分析zif268、arc和c-fos等即时早期基因的表达,研究了BLA、vHIP和mPFC的应答。结果:攻击性攻击后,厌恶记忆维持约7天,然后逐渐消退。厌恶刺激的建立和维持始终伴随着BLA活动。相比之下,vHIP和mPFC反应在这一过程中受到抑制。此外,将GABA受体激动剂muscimol (Mus)注射到BLA中,可以减轻冻结行为和社交恐惧和回避。同时,Mus处理降低了BLA中zif268和arc的表达,但增加了vHIP中的表达。结论:我们的数据支持并扩展了先前的研究结果,表明BLA、vHIP和mPFC与社会失败有关。社会失败的建立和消失的时间进程与这一过程中所涉及的对比BLA和vHIP反应特别一致。
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引用次数: 26
Left centro-parieto-temporal response to tool-gesture incongruity: an ERP study. 工具-手势不一致性左中顶叶-颞叶反应:ERP研究。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-03-13 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0138-7
Yi-Tzu Chang, Hsiang-Yu Chen, Yuan-Chieh Huang, Wan-Yu Shih, Hsiao-Lung Chan, Ping-Yi Wu, Ling-Fu Meng, Chen-Chi Chen, Ching-I Wang

Background: Action semantics have been investigated in relation to context violation but remain less examined in relation to the meaning of gestures. In the present study, we examined tool-gesture incongruity by event-related potentials (ERPs) and hypothesized that the component N400, a neural index which has been widely used in both linguistic and action semantic congruence, is significant for conditions of incongruence.

Methods: Twenty participants performed a tool-gesture judgment task, in which they were asked to judge whether the tool-gesture pairs were correct or incorrect, for the purpose of conveying functional expression of the tools. Online electroencephalograms and behavioral performances (the accuracy rate and reaction time) were recorded.

Results: The ERP analysis showed a left centro-parieto-temporal N300 effect (220-360 ms) for the correct condition. However, the expected N400 (400-550 ms) could not be differentiated between correct/incorrect conditions. After 700 ms, a prominent late negative complex for the correct condition was also found in the left centro-parieto-temporal area.

Conclusions: The neurophysiological findings indicated that the left centro-parieto-temporal area is the predominant region contributing to neural processing for tool-gesture incongruity in right-handers. The temporal dynamics of tool-gesture incongruity are: (1) firstly enhanced for recognizable tool-gesture using patterns, (2) and require a secondary reanalysis for further examination of the highly complicated visual structures of gestures and tools. The evidence from the tool-gesture incongruity indicated altered brain activities attributable to the N400 in relation to lexical and action semantics. The online interaction between gesture and tool processing provided minimal context violation or anticipation effect, which may explain the missing N400.

背景:动作语义学已经被研究与上下文违反有关,但与手势的意义有关的研究还很少。在本研究中,我们通过事件相关电位(ERPs)检测了工具-手势的不一致性,并假设N400成分(一个在语言和动作语义一致性中广泛使用的神经指标)对不一致性的条件具有重要意义。方法:20名参与者执行工具-手势判断任务,要求他们判断工具-手势对是否正确,目的是传达工具的功能表达。记录在线脑电图和行为表现(准确率和反应时间)。结果:ERP分析显示,在正确条件下,左侧中央-顶叶-颞叶N300效应(220 ~ 360 ms)存在。然而,预期的N400 (400-550 ms)无法区分正确/不正确的条件。在700 ms后,在左侧中顶叶颞叶区也发现了一个明显的晚期阴性复合体。结论:神经生理学研究结果表明,左中脑顶颞叶区是右利手工具手势不一致神经加工的主要区域。工具-手势不一致性的时间动态:(1)首先增强了可识别的工具-手势使用模式,(2)并且需要二次重新分析以进一步检查手势和工具的高度复杂的视觉结构。来自工具-手势不一致的证据表明,N400与词汇和动作语义相关的大脑活动发生了变化。手势和工具加工之间的在线交互提供了最小的上下文违反或预期效应,这可能解释了缺失的N400。
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引用次数: 2
The neural correlates of mental arithmetic in adolescents: a longitudinal fNIRS study. 青少年心算的神经关联:一项纵向近红外光谱研究。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-03-10 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0137-8
Christina Artemenko, Mojtaba Soltanlou, Ann-Christine Ehlis, Hans-Christoph Nuerk, Thomas Dresler

Background: Arithmetic processing in adults is known to rely on a frontal-parietal network. However, neurocognitive research focusing on the neural and behavioral correlates of arithmetic development has been scarce, even though the acquisition of arithmetic skills is accompanied by changes within the fronto-parietal network of the developing brain. Furthermore, experimental procedures are typically adjusted to constraints of functional magnetic resonance imaging, which may not reflect natural settings in which children and adolescents actually perform arithmetic. Therefore, we investigated the longitudinal neurocognitive development of processes involved in performing the four basic arithmetic operations in 19 adolescents. By using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, we were able to use an ecologically valid task, i.e., a written production paradigm.

Results: A common pattern of activation in the bilateral fronto-parietal network for arithmetic processing was found for all basic arithmetic operations. Moreover, evidence was obtained for decreasing activation during subtraction over the course of 1 year in middle and inferior frontal gyri, and increased activation during addition and multiplication in angular and middle temporal gyri. In the self-paced block design, parietal activation in multiplication and left angular and temporal activation in addition were observed to be higher for simple than for complex blocks, reflecting an inverse effect of arithmetic complexity.

Conclusions: In general, the findings suggest that the brain network for arithmetic processing is already established in 12-14 year-old adolescents, but still undergoes developmental changes.

背景:已知成人的算术处理依赖于额-顶叶网络。然而,尽管算术技能的习得伴随着发育中的大脑额顶叶网络的变化,但专注于算术发展的神经和行为相关性的神经认知研究却很少。此外,实验程序通常根据功能磁共振成像的限制进行调整,这可能无法反映儿童和青少年实际进行算术的自然环境。因此,我们研究了19名青少年在执行四种基本算术运算过程中的纵向神经认知发展。通过使用功能性近红外光谱,我们能够使用生态有效的任务,即书面生产范式。结果:在所有基本的算术运算中,双侧额顶叶网络都有一个共同的激活模式。此外,在1年的时间里,有证据表明,在减法过程中,额中下回的激活减少,在加法和乘法过程中,角回和颞中回的激活增加。在自定节奏的块设计中,简单块的顶叶激活、左角激活和颞叶激活均高于复杂块,这反映了算术复杂性的反作用。结论:总的来说,研究结果表明,12-14岁的青少年已经建立了用于算术处理的大脑网络,但仍在经历发育变化。
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引用次数: 39
Mitochondrial dysfunction and autism: comprehensive genetic analyses of children with autism and mtDNA deletion. 线粒体功能障碍与自闭症:自闭症儿童与mtDNA缺失的综合遗传分析。
IF 5.1 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2018-02-20 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-018-0135-x
Noémi Ágnes Varga, Klára Pentelényi, Péter Balicza, András Gézsi, Viktória Reményi, Vivien Hársfalvi, Renáta Bencsik, Anett Illés, Csilla Prekop, Mária Judit Molnár

Background: The etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is very heterogeneous. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described in ASD; however, primary mitochondrial disease has been genetically proven in a small subset of patients. The main goal of the present study was to investigate correlations between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) changes and alterations of genes associated with mtDNA maintenance or ASD.

Methods: Sixty patients with ASD and sixty healthy individuals were screened for common mtDNA mutations. Next generation sequencing was performed on patients with major mtDNA deletions (mtdel-ASD) using two gene panels to investigate nuclear genes that are associated with ASD or are responsible for mtDNA maintenance. Cohorts of healthy controls, ASD patients without mtDNA alterations, and patients with mitochondrial disorders (non-ASD) harbouring mtDNA deletions served as comparison groups.

Results: MtDNA deletions were confirmed in 16.6% (10/60) of patients with ASD (mtdel-ASD). In 90% of this mtdel-ASD children we found rare SNVs in ASD-associated genes (one of those was pathogenic). In the intergenomic panel of this cohort one likely pathogenic variant was present. In patients with mitochondrial disease in genes responsible for mtDNA maintenance pathogenic mutations and variants of uncertain significance (VUS) were detected more frequently than those found in patients from the mtdel-ASD or other comparison groups. In healthy controls and in patients without a mtDNA deletion, only VUS were detected in both panel.

Conclusions: MtDNA alterations are more common in patients with ASD than in control individuals. MtDNA deletions are not isolated genetic alterations found in ASD; they coexist either with other ASD-associated genetic risk factors or with alterations in genes responsible for intergenomic communication. These findings indicate that mitochondrial dysfunction is not rare in ASD. The occurring mtDNA deletions in ASD may be mostly a consequence of the alterations of the causative culprit genes for autism or genes responsible for mtDNA maintenance, or because of the harmful effect of environmental factors.

背景:自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)的病因非常复杂。线粒体功能障碍已被描述为ASD;然而,原发性线粒体疾病已在一小部分患者中得到遗传学证实。本研究的主要目的是研究线粒体DNA (mtDNA)变化与mtDNA维持或ASD相关基因改变之间的相关性。方法:筛选60例ASD患者和60例健康人的常见mtDNA突变。对主要mtDNA缺失(mtdel-ASD)患者进行下一代测序,使用两个基因面板来研究与ASD相关或负责mtDNA维持的核基因。健康对照组、无mtDNA改变的ASD患者和mtDNA缺失的线粒体疾病(非ASD)患者作为对照组。结果:16.6%(10/60)的ASD (mtdel-ASD)患者证实MtDNA缺失。在90%的mtdel-ASD儿童中,我们在asd相关基因中发现了罕见的snv(其中一个是致病的)。在该队列的基因组间小组中,存在一种可能的致病变异。在负责mtDNA维持的基因中,线粒体疾病患者比mtdel-ASD患者或其他对照组更频繁地检测到致病突变和不确定意义变异(VUS)。在健康对照组和没有mtDNA缺失的患者中,两组中仅检测到VUS。结论:MtDNA改变在ASD患者中比在对照组中更常见。在ASD中发现的MtDNA缺失并不是孤立的遗传改变;它们要么与其他自闭症相关的遗传风险因素共存,要么与负责基因组间交流的基因改变共存。这些发现表明线粒体功能障碍在ASD中并不罕见。ASD中发生的mtDNA缺失可能主要是自闭症的致病基因或负责mtDNA维持的基因发生改变的结果,或者是因为环境因素的有害影响。
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引用次数: 37
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Behavioral and Brain Functions
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