Pub Date : 2018-02-16DOI: 10.19080/apbij.2018.04.555634
Domingos-Souza Gean
Due to the popularity of energy drinks in the 1980s there was a growing consumption among young people [1,2] who started to use these substances for a variety of reasons, including to improve physical performance, memory, concentration or to alleviate drowsiness [3,4]. However, recent studies raise questions about their interaction with alcohol and their ability to mask the subjective effects of alcoholic beverages, leading young people to overestimate their level of commitment, drink more and favor engagement in risk behaviors [5-8]. In 2006, the global annual consumption of energy drinks increased by 17% over the previous year to 906 million gallons, although Thailand leads the ranking with the highest per capita consumption in the world, and the US leads the highest total sales volume [9], the consumption of this substance in Brazil has become a notorious public health problem. In the country, it was verified that the university students are quite exposed to this type of consumption. According to the “I National Survey on the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs among University Students of the 27 Brazilian Capitals,” the energy drink is the substance most frequently associated with alcohol, 74.3% reported use of this mixture in life, 53 % use in the last 12 months and 36% use in the last 30 days [10]. Negative Physiological Effects Associated with the Use of Energy Drinks
{"title":"The Negative Physiological Effects Associated with the Combination with Alcohol and Energy Drinks","authors":"Domingos-Souza Gean","doi":"10.19080/apbij.2018.04.555634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/apbij.2018.04.555634","url":null,"abstract":"Due to the popularity of energy drinks in the 1980s there was a growing consumption among young people [1,2] who started to use these substances for a variety of reasons, including to improve physical performance, memory, concentration or to alleviate drowsiness [3,4]. However, recent studies raise questions about their interaction with alcohol and their ability to mask the subjective effects of alcoholic beverages, leading young people to overestimate their level of commitment, drink more and favor engagement in risk behaviors [5-8]. In 2006, the global annual consumption of energy drinks increased by 17% over the previous year to 906 million gallons, although Thailand leads the ranking with the highest per capita consumption in the world, and the US leads the highest total sales volume [9], the consumption of this substance in Brazil has become a notorious public health problem. In the country, it was verified that the university students are quite exposed to this type of consumption. According to the “I National Survey on the Use of Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs among University Students of the 27 Brazilian Capitals,” the energy drink is the substance most frequently associated with alcohol, 74.3% reported use of this mixture in life, 53 % use in the last 12 months and 36% use in the last 30 days [10]. Negative Physiological Effects Associated with the Use of Energy Drinks","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80967369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-13DOI: 10.19080/apbij.2018.04.555633
Domingos-Souza Gean
From the beginnings of civilization music accompanies man throughout his life, and among other meanings it acts as a way of arousing feelings [1]. Music can also behave with a remedy for the mind and body as it affects the physical, emotional, cognitive and social needs of individuals of all ages. Research and clinical experience leave little doubt that music influences neural processing. Trained music therapists harness this ability to effect therapeutic change across multiple treatment domains [2]. Music therapy is a flexible treatment modality, able to promote wellness, facilitate symptom management, and improve the quality of life of those with mental illnesses. Qualified, credentialed music therapists use active and passive music therapy interventions to target specific objectives like improving mood, increasing compliance and motivation, and enhancing emotional expression. Data suggest that music therapy intervention results in clinical improvement in individuals with a range of mental health needs, and these benefits are seen among individuals with varying diagnoses, ages, and ethnicities. The data also suggest that music therapy is cost effective, has little adverse effects, and is well received by those with mental illnesses [3]. Music Therapy for Addiction
{"title":"Contributions of Music Therapy on Perceptive Physiological of Well-Being of Alcohol and Drug Users","authors":"Domingos-Souza Gean","doi":"10.19080/apbij.2018.04.555633","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/apbij.2018.04.555633","url":null,"abstract":"From the beginnings of civilization music accompanies man throughout his life, and among other meanings it acts as a way of arousing feelings [1]. Music can also behave with a remedy for the mind and body as it affects the physical, emotional, cognitive and social needs of individuals of all ages. Research and clinical experience leave little doubt that music influences neural processing. Trained music therapists harness this ability to effect therapeutic change across multiple treatment domains [2]. Music therapy is a flexible treatment modality, able to promote wellness, facilitate symptom management, and improve the quality of life of those with mental illnesses. Qualified, credentialed music therapists use active and passive music therapy interventions to target specific objectives like improving mood, increasing compliance and motivation, and enhancing emotional expression. Data suggest that music therapy intervention results in clinical improvement in individuals with a range of mental health needs, and these benefits are seen among individuals with varying diagnoses, ages, and ethnicities. The data also suggest that music therapy is cost effective, has little adverse effects, and is well received by those with mental illnesses [3]. Music Therapy for Addiction","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78998636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-08DOI: 10.19080/apbij.2017.03.555619
A. W
Common bean (Vigna unguiculata) is a dicotyledon and belongs to the pea family [1]. Beans are available as the dry mature seeds or the green immature seeds which are wrapped in pods [2]. Both types are edible. There are many varieties of dry bean classes depending on the color, shape and size. Some of the commonly consumed varieties are navy, black, kidney and pinto beans. Bean are used as staple food in Nigeria and globally [3] and are a superb source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and many phenolic compounds [4]. Bean is a very nutritious food [5,6] and has been reported to exhibit that beans have ant carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic [7]. Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, depurative, cardio-protective and antioxidant effects [8].
{"title":"Learning and Memory Enhancing Activity of Cowpea Diet Ingestion in the Morris Water Maze Task","authors":"A. W","doi":"10.19080/apbij.2017.03.555619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/apbij.2017.03.555619","url":null,"abstract":"Common bean (Vigna unguiculata) is a dicotyledon and belongs to the pea family [1]. Beans are available as the dry mature seeds or the green immature seeds which are wrapped in pods [2]. Both types are edible. There are many varieties of dry bean classes depending on the color, shape and size. Some of the commonly consumed varieties are navy, black, kidney and pinto beans. Bean are used as staple food in Nigeria and globally [3] and are a superb source of protein, carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals, vitamins and many phenolic compounds [4]. Bean is a very nutritious food [5,6] and has been reported to exhibit that beans have ant carcinogenic, anti-mutagenic [7]. Anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, hypoglycemic, depurative, cardio-protective and antioxidant effects [8].","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89082835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-31DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555618
C. Badapanda
Before the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, data generation of uncultured species along with the analysis of microbial data was limited. Advancement in the sequencing technology has revolutionized the sequencing of individual genome as well as metagenome. NGS technology coupled with the development of algorithm for analysis of NGS data have increased our understanding of microbial community structure [1,2]. In met genomic study, the information of all genes are used to interpret microbial identities up to the species or strain level [3] whereas, metatranscriptomic study reveals the gene expression patterns of active genes and their functionality in different pathways [4,5]. In both the pipeline (met genomic and metatranscriptomic), it is important to assemble the reads into contigs which represents gene objects. However, there are various challenges associated with the assembly of metatranscriptome and metagenome data, which is addressed below:
{"title":"Analysis of the Metatranscriptome of Microbial Communities by Comparison of Different Assembly Tools Reveals Improved Functional Annotation","authors":"C. Badapanda","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555618","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555618","url":null,"abstract":"Before the advent of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology, data generation of uncultured species along with the analysis of microbial data was limited. Advancement in the sequencing technology has revolutionized the sequencing of individual genome as well as metagenome. NGS technology coupled with the development of algorithm for analysis of NGS data have increased our understanding of microbial community structure [1,2]. In met genomic study, the information of all genes are used to interpret microbial identities up to the species or strain level [3] whereas, metatranscriptomic study reveals the gene expression patterns of active genes and their functionality in different pathways [4,5]. In both the pipeline (met genomic and metatranscriptomic), it is important to assemble the reads into contigs which represents gene objects. However, there are various challenges associated with the assembly of metatranscriptome and metagenome data, which is addressed below:","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90160586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555616
M. Azeem
In modular teaching, spirals involve both the horizontal and vertical integration by uniting them across time and across disciplines Brauer and Ferguson [1]; Bandiera et al. [2] described it, in terms of curriculum, involving learning of basic and clinical sciences across both time and subject matter. Such modular teachings expose the students for professional thinking right from the beginning of their academics. While in conventional teaching, the student remains professionally away from clinical aspects during first two years of schooling. Although, there is no doubt about the validity and reliability of modular teaching but, this teaching system is yet not equivocally advocated for the best outcomes in different institutions. The critics are more vocal for a sound basic knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology & Biochemistry in the first two years instead of amalgamation with the Pharmacology, Pathology and Community Medicine or pure clinical ones. The bases for this un-equivocality to advocate modular integrated teaching is actually based on some odds in the planning & execution of this system. These are:
{"title":"Teaching Strategies: How A Modular Integrated System Can Become A Real Success in Medical Schools?","authors":"M. Azeem","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555616","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555616","url":null,"abstract":"In modular teaching, spirals involve both the horizontal and vertical integration by uniting them across time and across disciplines Brauer and Ferguson [1]; Bandiera et al. [2] described it, in terms of curriculum, involving learning of basic and clinical sciences across both time and subject matter. Such modular teachings expose the students for professional thinking right from the beginning of their academics. While in conventional teaching, the student remains professionally away from clinical aspects during first two years of schooling. Although, there is no doubt about the validity and reliability of modular teaching but, this teaching system is yet not equivocally advocated for the best outcomes in different institutions. The critics are more vocal for a sound basic knowledge of Anatomy, Physiology & Biochemistry in the first two years instead of amalgamation with the Pharmacology, Pathology and Community Medicine or pure clinical ones. The bases for this un-equivocality to advocate modular integrated teaching is actually based on some odds in the planning & execution of this system. These are:","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86665924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-17DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555617
Manal E. Elsawaf
Why do children dance when they hear music? Do you notice yourself involuntarily tapping with your fingers, nodding with your head or shaking your legs when there is music in the background, even when not consciously paying attention to it? How actually does music affect the brain? Music is the nourishment of our souls. There is an evidenced association between perception of music and movement. Many researchers have been done to investigate centres of the brain affected by music. Mapping the mental activity of the brain shows that music stimulates certain areas of it just as food, drugs and sex do. Moreover, music has the power to alter emotions and mood in the majority of people. Listening to music activates several areas of the cerebral cortex. The auditory cortex in the temporal lobe which is concerned with hearing has also the ability to figure out the rhythm, speed, melody, volume and pitch of heard music. The inferior frontal gyrus is concerned with recalling memories associated with the heard music [1].
{"title":"The Interaction between our Brains and Music","authors":"Manal E. Elsawaf","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555617","url":null,"abstract":"Why do children dance when they hear music? Do you notice yourself involuntarily tapping with your fingers, nodding with your head or shaking your legs when there is music in the background, even when not consciously paying attention to it? How actually does music affect the brain? Music is the nourishment of our souls. There is an evidenced association between perception of music and movement. Many researchers have been done to investigate centres of the brain affected by music. Mapping the mental activity of the brain shows that music stimulates certain areas of it just as food, drugs and sex do. Moreover, music has the power to alter emotions and mood in the majority of people. Listening to music activates several areas of the cerebral cortex. The auditory cortex in the temporal lobe which is concerned with hearing has also the ability to figure out the rhythm, speed, melody, volume and pitch of heard music. The inferior frontal gyrus is concerned with recalling memories associated with the heard music [1].","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78840064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-13DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555615
S. Kamineni
I am disheartened by the direction of medical education and its implementation at the grass roots level. Like so many other institutions, my own University teaching Hospital has recently discarded its cadaveric facility in favor of virtual teaching methodologies. This has been a visible trend for several years across universities and hospitals in North America and Europe. Although there is a significant cost saving in education with this departure from traditional methods, a loss of core knowledge from future medically related students is an unspoken price for all future generations to pay.
{"title":"Traditional Medical Teaching Methods May be a near Future Solution","authors":"S. Kamineni","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555615","url":null,"abstract":"I am disheartened by the direction of medical education and its implementation at the grass roots level. Like so many other institutions, my own University teaching Hospital has recently discarded its cadaveric facility in favor of virtual teaching methodologies. This has been a visible trend for several years across universities and hospitals in North America and Europe. Although there is a significant cost saving in education with this departure from traditional methods, a loss of core knowledge from future medically related students is an unspoken price for all future generations to pay.","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73907223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-05DOI: 10.19080/apbij.2017.03.555614
L. Gam
The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing particularly in the developing nation. It is also one of the major global public health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that over 330 million people worldwide will have DM and around 5-10% of national health care budget are estimated to be allocated for DM alone by 2030 WHO [1]. DM also is closely related to the increase of premature and preventable death. The number of death attributed directly or indirectly to DM has reached 3.7 million in 2012 WHO [2]. The chronic hyperglycaemia (an abnormally high amount of glucose level in blood) of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organsand other macro and microvascular diseases, such as end-stage renal failure, blindness, heart disease, stroke, dementia and leg amputation Cade [3]; WHO [2].
{"title":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","authors":"L. Gam","doi":"10.19080/apbij.2017.03.555614","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/apbij.2017.03.555614","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is increasing particularly in the developing nation. It is also one of the major global public health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that over 330 million people worldwide will have DM and around 5-10% of national health care budget are estimated to be allocated for DM alone by 2030 WHO [1]. DM also is closely related to the increase of premature and preventable death. The number of death attributed directly or indirectly to DM has reached 3.7 million in 2012 WHO [2]. The chronic hyperglycaemia (an abnormally high amount of glucose level in blood) of diabetes is associated with long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organsand other macro and microvascular diseases, such as end-stage renal failure, blindness, heart disease, stroke, dementia and leg amputation Cade [3]; WHO [2].","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"09 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85949726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-22DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555613
Domingos-Souza Gean
Arterial baroreceptor reflex system is one of the most efficient and accurate mechanisms for controlling the arterial pressure (AP) and autonomic nervous system activity [1]. Variations in AP lead to distend arteries, stretching of carotid and aortic baroreceptors. These responses generate action potentials that are conveyed to medullary brainstem nuclei via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Along these nerves, these signals are projected directly into the central nervous system (CNS) to contact with neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. After these signals arrive in the brainstem, the autonomic nervous system (via efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves) is recruited to compensate the change in AP. Thus, the baroreflex is an important short-term regulatory system for the control of AP and this reflex mechanism is maintained in a narrow range of oscillation [2,3]. Damage in afferents or efferent baroreceptors is known to result in baroreflex and autonomic failure [4]. Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves
{"title":"Carotid Baroreflex Stimulation in Rats: A Novel Approach to Investigate resistant Hypertension and Immunity Responses","authors":"Domingos-Souza Gean","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555613","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555613","url":null,"abstract":"Arterial baroreceptor reflex system is one of the most efficient and accurate mechanisms for controlling the arterial pressure (AP) and autonomic nervous system activity [1]. Variations in AP lead to distend arteries, stretching of carotid and aortic baroreceptors. These responses generate action potentials that are conveyed to medullary brainstem nuclei via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves. Along these nerves, these signals are projected directly into the central nervous system (CNS) to contact with neurons within the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) in the brainstem. After these signals arrive in the brainstem, the autonomic nervous system (via efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves) is recruited to compensate the change in AP. Thus, the baroreflex is an important short-term regulatory system for the control of AP and this reflex mechanism is maintained in a narrow range of oscillation [2,3]. Damage in afferents or efferent baroreceptors is known to result in baroreflex and autonomic failure [4]. Electrical Stimulation of Peripheral Nerves","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73549872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-19DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555612
Mohammed Ali Belilo
{"title":"Cadaveric Study of Anatomical Variations of Hepatic artery in Sudanese 2014","authors":"Mohammed Ali Belilo","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.03.555612","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82440446","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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