Pub Date : 2017-04-04DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555582
Prateek Sharda
Ectopic testis is one which has deviated from its usual path of descent and is not found in regions of usual descent into the scrotum. Testicular maldescent or cryptorchidism is the most common anomaly of the genitalia with an incidence of approximately 1% in male newborns. It is commoner on the right side, and in premature neonates [1,2]. It is reported that 5 % of maldescended testes are ectopic [3] Ectopic testis (Testicular ectopia) specifically describes inguinoscrotal descent outside the normal boundaries. The major sites of ectopic testes are the superficial inguinal pouch, femoral, suprapubic, penile, transverse (contralateral hemiscrotum), and perineal. Penile ectopic testis is a rare congenital anomaly in which the testis is abnormally situated along the penile shaft or around its root. These conditions present at birth or within two years of childhood, definitive treatment of this condition is thus usually done in childhood. In this case, the condition was present at birth but presented to hospital during adolescence.
{"title":"Pubo-Penile Ectopic Testis: A Rare Entity","authors":"Prateek Sharda","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555582","url":null,"abstract":"Ectopic testis is one which has deviated from its usual path of descent and is not found in regions of usual descent into the scrotum. Testicular maldescent or cryptorchidism is the most common anomaly of the genitalia with an incidence of approximately 1% in male newborns. It is commoner on the right side, and in premature neonates [1,2]. It is reported that 5 % of maldescended testes are ectopic [3] Ectopic testis (Testicular ectopia) specifically describes inguinoscrotal descent outside the normal boundaries. The major sites of ectopic testes are the superficial inguinal pouch, femoral, suprapubic, penile, transverse (contralateral hemiscrotum), and perineal. Penile ectopic testis is a rare congenital anomaly in which the testis is abnormally situated along the penile shaft or around its root. These conditions present at birth or within two years of childhood, definitive treatment of this condition is thus usually done in childhood. In this case, the condition was present at birth but presented to hospital during adolescence.","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78165834","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-28DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555578
Srilatha Bashetti
Pregnancy symptoms and complications can range from mild and annoying discomforts to severe, sometimes life-threatening illnesses. Problems during pregnancy may include physical and mental conditions that affect the health of the mother or the baby. One such complication is thyroid dysfunction noticed in pregnancy. Hypothyroidism is relatively common in pregnancy and is very important to treat. Estimated prevalence of overt hypothyroidism is 0.3-0.5%, subclinical hypothyroidism is 2-3% and 8-14% of women in child bearing age are positive to thyroid antibodies. Most common causes include chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and iodine deficiency. It may be also due to modifications in autoimmune regulation and placental deiodinase role. Folic acid an essential micronutrient in all stages of life, it plays an important role in the synthesis of DNA, methylation reactions, development and maintenance of healthy nervous system.
{"title":"Need of Assessment of Folic Acid and Vitamin B12 in Pregnancy","authors":"Srilatha Bashetti","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555578","url":null,"abstract":"Pregnancy symptoms and complications can range from mild and annoying discomforts to severe, sometimes life-threatening illnesses. Problems during pregnancy may include physical and mental conditions that affect the health of the mother or the baby. One such complication is thyroid dysfunction noticed in pregnancy. Hypothyroidism is relatively common in pregnancy and is very important to treat. Estimated prevalence of overt hypothyroidism is 0.3-0.5%, subclinical hypothyroidism is 2-3% and 8-14% of women in child bearing age are positive to thyroid antibodies. Most common causes include chronic autoimmune thyroiditis and iodine deficiency. It may be also due to modifications in autoimmune regulation and placental deiodinase role. Folic acid an essential micronutrient in all stages of life, it plays an important role in the synthesis of DNA, methylation reactions, development and maintenance of healthy nervous system.","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84457154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-28DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555579
M. Faried
The postmenopausal women have a considerable low level of estrogen hormone. The ovariectomized (OVX) rat is a good model to study the effects of estrogen decline that may cause interruption of the function of female organs, including the brain [1]. The estrogen’s effects on the brain are mediated by interaction of estrogen with two estrogen receptors α & β (ER α & β) [2]. Estrogen has neuroprotective and beneficial effects on the cognitive function of the brain. The hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered recently as the extra reproductive brain areas for the action of estrogen and the target for the neuromodulatory effects of estrogen [3]. At the same time the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus are implicated in learning and memory processes [4]. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative cognitive disorder with defect in learning and recalling, so estrogen deprivation is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease [5].
{"title":"Comparative study on the effect of the pimpinella anisum and estradiol on the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of ovariectomized rats","authors":"M. Faried","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555579","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555579","url":null,"abstract":"The postmenopausal women have a considerable low level of estrogen hormone. The ovariectomized (OVX) rat is a good model to study the effects of estrogen decline that may cause interruption of the function of female organs, including the brain [1]. The estrogen’s effects on the brain are mediated by interaction of estrogen with two estrogen receptors α & β (ER α & β) [2]. Estrogen has neuroprotective and beneficial effects on the cognitive function of the brain. The hippocampus and dentate gyrus are considered recently as the extra reproductive brain areas for the action of estrogen and the target for the neuromodulatory effects of estrogen [3]. At the same time the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus are implicated in learning and memory processes [4]. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative cognitive disorder with defect in learning and recalling, so estrogen deprivation is considered as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease [5].","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"222 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75641814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-23DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555577
N. El-sherif
{"title":"The Possible Anti-fibrotic Effect of Artichoke on the Liver and Heart of Bile Duct Ligation Rat Model","authors":"N. El-sherif","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555577","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79791573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-22DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555576
Ioannis Delimaris
The “ergogenic” nutritional supplements are substances that supposedly improve the body’s work capacity and athletic performance. Dozens of “ergogenic” preparations are marketed today accompanied by nutrition and health claims. These products are commercially successful and consumed by athletes and exercisers. However, athletes who use supplements usually consume quantities much higher than those indicated, while a high supplement dosage does not necessarily leads to an increase of the athlete ́s performance. Overdose of supplements may cause multiple adverse effects in the body. The available literature is still lacking conclusive information, while there is a large heterogeneity in the reported scientific data. Moreover, evidence-based recommendations for ergogenic supplementation are lacking.
{"title":"The Role of Legally Available “Ergogenic” Nutritional Supplements in Exercise Performance: A Biochemical and Physiological Approach","authors":"Ioannis Delimaris","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.02.555576","url":null,"abstract":"The “ergogenic” nutritional supplements are substances that supposedly improve the body’s work capacity and athletic performance. Dozens of “ergogenic” preparations are marketed today accompanied by nutrition and health claims. These products are commercially successful and consumed by athletes and exercisers. However, athletes who use supplements usually consume quantities much higher than those indicated, while a high supplement dosage does not necessarily leads to an increase of the athlete ́s performance. Overdose of supplements may cause multiple adverse effects in the body. The available literature is still lacking conclusive information, while there is a large heterogeneity in the reported scientific data. Moreover, evidence-based recommendations for ergogenic supplementation are lacking.","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73893135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-22DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555575
Yonas B. Keleta
The ventral subiculum region of the hippocampus (vSUB) is involved in wide range of cognitive and neurological processes. Some of the most common processes that incorporate the vSUB include reinforcement learning, sensorimotor integration, context-reward associations, and addictive behaviors [1-5], stress, anxiety, fear, schizophrenia, psychosis, Parkinson’s disease [2], sleep [6], regulation of social behavior [7], other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s [8], ... etc. Dopamine (DA) neurons of the midbrain, both from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are critically important in reinforcement learning and the processing of information associated with reward [3,9]. Due to their unique and context dependent firing behaviors in response to the presence and absence of both expected and unexpected rewards, these neurons are among few of the most widely investigated cells in the CNS. Consequently, by exploiting this unique behavior, researchers have gotten the largest research grants to investigate some of the hottest topics in the area of neuroscience including reinforcement learning, reward processing and the prediction of reward values, addiction and
{"title":"The Ventral Subiculum-VTA Loop: The Key Area of Reinforcement Learning and Memory Detection for a Rewarding Stimulus – A Personal View Point","authors":"Yonas B. Keleta","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555575","url":null,"abstract":"The ventral subiculum region of the hippocampus (vSUB) is involved in wide range of cognitive and neurological processes. Some of the most common processes that incorporate the vSUB include reinforcement learning, sensorimotor integration, context-reward associations, and addictive behaviors [1-5], stress, anxiety, fear, schizophrenia, psychosis, Parkinson’s disease [2], sleep [6], regulation of social behavior [7], other neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s [8], ... etc. Dopamine (DA) neurons of the midbrain, both from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) are critically important in reinforcement learning and the processing of information associated with reward [3,9]. Due to their unique and context dependent firing behaviors in response to the presence and absence of both expected and unexpected rewards, these neurons are among few of the most widely investigated cells in the CNS. Consequently, by exploiting this unique behavior, researchers have gotten the largest research grants to investigate some of the hottest topics in the area of neuroscience including reinforcement learning, reward processing and the prediction of reward values, addiction and","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81295978","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-20DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555573
S. Malik
{"title":"Treatment of Breast Cancer by Activation of Pineal as a Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine Transducer and a Circadian Clock Gene Modifier through Behavioral Stimuli and Light Therapy","authors":"S. Malik","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555573","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80079504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-16DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555572
Heshmat S W Haroun
{"title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction","authors":"Heshmat S W Haroun","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555572","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88161292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-03-10DOI: 10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555571
M. Nasim
The earth’s surface is abundant in aluminum compounds and there is a growing realization that excessive exposure to aluminum can produce aluminum accumulation and toxic syndromes under certain conditions [1]. Use of aluminum saucepans, aluminum-lined cooking utensils and containers may increase the content of aluminum in food. This is particularly true when acidic food stuffs are stored in aluminum utensils. Rhubarb cooked in an aluminum saucepan contained 25 mg per portion compared to 0.1 mg aluminum per portion if rhubarb is cooked in a stainless steel saucepan. Normally, the addition of aluminum to the diet from cooking utensils is minimal and has been assumed to have no toxicological significance. Daily intake of aluminum containing antacids could increase approximately 100 times the normal intake from foodstuffs. Daily doses of several grams of aluminum are not unusual in individuals using antacids. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that maternal intoxication with lead, cadmium and mercury, both in man and laboratory animals may adversely affect health of pregnant mothers and the development of conceptus [2].
{"title":"Effects of Aluminum Sulfate on Some Maternal Variables in Pregnant Mice","authors":"M. Nasim","doi":"10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.19080/APBIJ.2017.01.555571","url":null,"abstract":"The earth’s surface is abundant in aluminum compounds and there is a growing realization that excessive exposure to aluminum can produce aluminum accumulation and toxic syndromes under certain conditions [1]. Use of aluminum saucepans, aluminum-lined cooking utensils and containers may increase the content of aluminum in food. This is particularly true when acidic food stuffs are stored in aluminum utensils. Rhubarb cooked in an aluminum saucepan contained 25 mg per portion compared to 0.1 mg aluminum per portion if rhubarb is cooked in a stainless steel saucepan. Normally, the addition of aluminum to the diet from cooking utensils is minimal and has been assumed to have no toxicological significance. Daily intake of aluminum containing antacids could increase approximately 100 times the normal intake from foodstuffs. Daily doses of several grams of aluminum are not unusual in individuals using antacids. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that maternal intoxication with lead, cadmium and mercury, both in man and laboratory animals may adversely affect health of pregnant mothers and the development of conceptus [2].","PeriodicalId":8778,"journal":{"name":"Biochemistry international","volume":"117 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74372288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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