Pub Date : 2023-11-27DOI: 10.1007/s42773-023-00280-4
Xiangying Li, Xiangyu Zhang, Peng Zhang, Xinhua Wang, Hongwen Sun, Yongyue Lu, Le Jiao, Chenglan Liu
The extensive use of neonicotinoids on food crops for pest management has resulted in substantial environmental contamination. It is imperative to develop an effective remediation material and technique as well as to determine the evolution pathways of products. Here, novel ball-milled nitrogen-doped biochar (NBC)-modified zero-valent iron (ZVI) composites (named MNBC-ZVI) were fabricated and applied to degrading neonicotinoids. Based on the characterization results, NBC incorporation introduced N-doped sites and new allying heterojunctions and achieved surface charge redistribution, rapid electron transfer, and higher hydrophobicity of ZVI particles. As a result, the interaction between ZVI particles and thiamethoxam (a typical neonicotinoid) was improved, and the adsorption–desorption and reductive degradation of thiamethoxam and ·H generation steps were optimized. MNBC-ZVI could rapidly degrade 100% of 10 mg·L−1 thiamethoxam within 360 min, its reduction rate constant was 12.1-fold greater than that of pristine ZVI, and the electron efficiency increased from 29.7% to 57.8%. This improved reactivity and selectivity resulted from increased electron transfer, enhanced hydrophobicity, and reduced accumulation of iron mud. Moreover, the degradation of neonicotinoids occurred mainly via nitrate reduction and dichlorination, and toxicity tests with degradation intermediates revealed that neonicotinoids undergo rapid detoxification. Remarkably, MNBC-ZVI also presented favorable tolerance to various anions, humic acid, wastewater and contaminated soil, as well as high reusability. This work offers an efficient and economic biochar-ZVI remediation technology for the rapid degradation and detoxification of neonicotinoids, significantly contributes to knowledge on the relevant removal mechanism and further advances the synthesis of highly reactive and environmentally friendly materials.
{"title":"Incorporation of N-doped biochar into zero-valent iron for efficient reductive degradation of neonicotinoids: mechanism and performance","authors":"Xiangying Li, Xiangyu Zhang, Peng Zhang, Xinhua Wang, Hongwen Sun, Yongyue Lu, Le Jiao, Chenglan Liu","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00280-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00280-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The extensive use of neonicotinoids on food crops for pest management has resulted in substantial environmental contamination. It is imperative to develop an effective remediation material and technique as well as to determine the evolution pathways of products. Here, novel ball-milled nitrogen-doped biochar (NBC)-modified zero-valent iron (ZVI) composites (named MNBC-ZVI) were fabricated and applied to degrading neonicotinoids. Based on the characterization results, NBC incorporation introduced N-doped sites and new allying heterojunctions and achieved surface charge redistribution, rapid electron transfer, and higher hydrophobicity of ZVI particles. As a result, the interaction between ZVI particles and thiamethoxam (a typical neonicotinoid) was improved, and the adsorption–desorption and reductive degradation of thiamethoxam and ·H generation steps were optimized. MNBC-ZVI could rapidly degrade 100% of 10 mg·L<sup>−1</sup> thiamethoxam within 360 min, its reduction rate constant was 12.1-fold greater than that of pristine ZVI, and the electron efficiency increased from 29.7% to 57.8%. This improved reactivity and selectivity resulted from increased electron transfer, enhanced hydrophobicity, and reduced accumulation of iron mud. Moreover, the degradation of neonicotinoids occurred mainly via nitrate reduction and dichlorination, and toxicity tests with degradation intermediates revealed that neonicotinoids undergo rapid detoxification. Remarkably, MNBC-ZVI also presented favorable tolerance to various anions, humic acid, wastewater and contaminated soil, as well as high reusability. This work offers an efficient and economic biochar-ZVI remediation technology for the rapid degradation and detoxification of neonicotinoids, significantly contributes to knowledge on the relevant removal mechanism and further advances the synthesis of highly reactive and environmentally friendly materials.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138516787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar has gained significant attention in agricultural and environmental research over the last two decades. This comprehensive review evaluates the effects of biochar on soil organic carbon (SOC), emission of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, and crop yield, including related mechanisms and major influencing factors. The impacts of biochar on SOC, methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and crop yield are controlled by biochar and soil properties and management practices. High-temperature biochar produced from lignin-rich feedstocks may decrease methane and nitrous oxide emissions in acidic soils and strengthen long-term carbon sequestration due to its stable aromatic structure. In contrast, low-temperature biochar from manure may increase crop yield in low-fertility soils. Applying biochar to farmlands in China can increase SOC content by 1.9 Pg C and reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions by 25 and 20 Mt CO2-eq year−1, respectively, while increasing crop yields by 19%. Despite the increasing evidence of the positive effects of biochar, future research needs to explore the potential factors that could weaken or hinder its capacity to address climate change and secure crop production. We conclude that biochar is not a universal solution for global cropland; however, targeted applications in fields, landscapes, or regional scales, especially in low fertility and sandy soils, could realize the benefits of biochar as a climate-smart measure.
Highlights
The findings of research on biochar's effects on soil C sequestration, GHG mitigation, and crop production were summarized.
The factors influencing the impact of biochar on soil functioning were reviewed.
The effects of biochar on soil C sequestration and GHG mitigation in farmlands of China were quantified.
{"title":"Benefits and limitations of biochar for climate-smart agriculture: a review and case study from China","authors":"Xiaomeng Bo, Zhiwei Zhang, Jinyang Wang, Shumin Guo, Zhutao Li, Haiyan Lin, Yawen Huang, Zhaoqiang Han, Yakov Kuzyakov, Jianwen Zou","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00279-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00279-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biochar has gained significant attention in agricultural and environmental research over the last two decades. This comprehensive review evaluates the effects of biochar on soil organic carbon (SOC), emission of non-CO<sub>2</sub> greenhouse gases, and crop yield, including related mechanisms and major influencing factors. The impacts of biochar on SOC, methane and nitrous oxide emissions, and crop yield are controlled by biochar and soil properties and management practices. High-temperature biochar produced from lignin-rich feedstocks may decrease methane and nitrous oxide emissions in acidic soils and strengthen long-term carbon sequestration due to its stable aromatic structure. In contrast, low-temperature biochar from manure may increase crop yield in low-fertility soils. Applying biochar to farmlands in China can increase SOC content by 1.9 Pg C and reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions by 25 and 20 Mt CO<sub>2</sub>-eq year<sup>−1</sup>, respectively, while increasing crop yields by 19%. Despite the increasing evidence of the positive effects of biochar, future research needs to explore the potential factors that could weaken or hinder its capacity to address climate change and secure crop production. We conclude that biochar is not a universal solution for global cropland; however, targeted applications in fields, landscapes, or regional scales, especially in low fertility and sandy soils, could realize the benefits of biochar as a climate-smart measure.</p><p><b>Highlights</b></p><ul>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The findings of research on biochar's effects on soil C sequestration, GHG mitigation, and crop production were summarized. </p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The factors influencing the impact of biochar on soil functioning were reviewed.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000<li>\u0000<p>The effects of biochar on soil C sequestration and GHG mitigation in farmlands of China were quantified.</p>\u0000</li>\u0000</ul><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138516766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar, as a potential CO2 adsorbent, is of great significance in addressing the problem of global warming. Previous studies have demonstrated that the CO2 adsorption performance of biochar can be improved by nitrogen and sulfur doping. Co-doping can integrate the structure and function of two elements. However, the physicochemical interaction of nitrogen and sulfur during doping and the CO2 adsorption process remains unclear in co-doped biochar. In this study, the heteroatom-doped biochar was prepared with different additives (urea, sodium thiosulfate, and thiourea) via hydrothermal carbonization, and the physicochemical interaction of nitrogen and sulfur in co-doped biochar was investigated extensively. The findings revealed that nitrogen and sulfur competed for limited doped active sites on the carbon skeleton during the co-doping process. Interestingly, thiourea retained the amino group on the surface of biochar to a great extent due to carbon–sulfur double bond breaking and bonding, which facilitated the formation of pore in the activation process. Significantly, co-doping had no significant improvement effect although nitrogen and sulfur doping separately enhanced the CO2 adsorption performance of biochar by 11.9% and 8.5%. The nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing functional groups in co-doped biochar exhibited mutual inhibition in the process of CO2 adsorption. The findings of this study will have pertinent implications in the application of N/S co-doped biochar for CO2 adsorption.
{"title":"Heteroatom-doped biochar devised from cellulose for CO2 adsorption: a new vision on competitive behavior and interactions of N and S","authors":"Yuxuan Sun, Jixiu Jia, Zhidan Liu, Ziyun Liu, Lili Huo, Lixin Zhao, Yanan Zhao, Zonglu Yao","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00275-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00275-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biochar, as a potential CO<sub>2</sub> adsorbent, is of great significance in addressing the problem of global warming. Previous studies have demonstrated that the CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption performance of biochar can be improved by nitrogen and sulfur doping. Co-doping can integrate the structure and function of two elements. However, the physicochemical interaction of nitrogen and sulfur during doping and the CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption process remains unclear in co-doped biochar. In this study, the heteroatom-doped biochar was prepared with different additives (urea, sodium thiosulfate, and thiourea) via hydrothermal carbonization, and the physicochemical interaction of nitrogen and sulfur in co-doped biochar was investigated extensively. The findings revealed that nitrogen and sulfur competed for limited doped active sites on the carbon skeleton during the co-doping process. Interestingly, thiourea retained the amino group on the surface of biochar to a great extent due to carbon–sulfur double bond breaking and bonding, which facilitated the formation of pore in the activation process. Significantly, co-doping had no significant improvement effect although nitrogen and sulfur doping separately enhanced the CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption performance of biochar by 11.9% and 8.5%. The nitrogen-containing and sulfur-containing functional groups in co-doped biochar exhibited mutual inhibition in the process of CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption. The findings of this study will have pertinent implications in the application of N/S co-doped biochar for CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138516788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Biochar wettability and ability to accumulate moisture inside the porous space are crucial for improving soil fertility, regulating soil water balance, and regulating nutrients. However, a long-term interaction of biochar with agricultural soils may drastically alter the wetting properties and, eventually, influence water holding capacity and the structure of soils. In this work, the structure and wetting properties of biochar samples after 6-year long exposure to a sandy loam Spodosol with a crop rotation and mineral fertilizers application were studied. It was found that the elemental composition of the aged biochars was richer and more "soil-like", which is explained by the presence of the mineral crust on the biochar surface. The temporal evolution of biochar in the soil without any mineral fertilizer application resulted in significant improvement of its surface wettability due to the effects of various environmental factors. The lateral surface of biochar after 6-year interaction with the soil changes into a loose porous layer in a form of grooved base filled with adherent mineral soil and clay particles. Contrary, the application of the mineral fertilizer to the soil resulted in decreased wettability of the biochar lateral surfaces due to a decrease in the polar component of surface energy and the crusting of the surface with fine material, which blocks the pore space of the biochar. As a result, water capacity of the biochar from the treatment with the fertilizer decreased compared to the biochar samples collected from the soil without the fertilizer application. The radial biochar surfaces of both types of samples collected from the soil were open vessels filled with soil particles that slow down complete wetting and water absorption. The treatment of the biochar samples with surfactants drastically increased wettability of lateral surface and water absorption capacity of control samples as compared to the samples collected from the soil. The obtained results support the idea that the hydrophilisation of biochar caused by the adhesion of soil particles and treatment of its pore surface with surfactants, can improve the water-holding capacity of the sandy loam Spodosol in the plant-available range of soil water.
{"title":"Effect of biochar aging in agricultural soil on its wetting properties and surface structure","authors":"Natalia Ivanova, Gardoon Luqman Obaeed Obaeed, Farid Sulkarnaev, Natalya Buchkina, Alexey Gubin, Andrei Yurtaev","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00272-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00272-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biochar wettability and ability to accumulate moisture inside the porous space are crucial for improving soil fertility, regulating soil water balance, and regulating nutrients. However, a long-term interaction of biochar with agricultural soils may drastically alter the wetting properties and, eventually, influence water holding capacity and the structure of soils. In this work, the structure and wetting properties of biochar samples after 6-year long exposure to a sandy loam Spodosol with a crop rotation and mineral fertilizers application were studied. It was found that the elemental composition of the aged biochars was richer and more \"soil-like\", which is explained by the presence of the mineral crust on the biochar surface. The temporal evolution of biochar in the soil without any mineral fertilizer application resulted in significant improvement of its surface wettability due to the effects of various environmental factors. The lateral surface of biochar after 6-year interaction with the soil changes into a loose porous layer in a form of grooved base filled with adherent mineral soil and clay particles. Contrary, the application of the mineral fertilizer to the soil resulted in decreased wettability of the biochar lateral surfaces due to a decrease in the polar component of surface energy and the crusting of the surface with fine material, which blocks the pore space of the biochar. As a result, water capacity of the biochar from the treatment with the fertilizer decreased compared to the biochar samples collected from the soil without the fertilizer application. The radial biochar surfaces of both types of samples collected from the soil were open vessels filled with soil particles that slow down complete wetting and water absorption. The treatment of the biochar samples with surfactants drastically increased wettability of lateral surface and water absorption capacity of control samples as compared to the samples collected from the soil. The obtained results support the idea that the hydrophilisation of biochar caused by the adhesion of soil particles and treatment of its pore surface with surfactants, can improve the water-holding capacity of the sandy loam Spodosol in the plant-available range of soil water.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>\u0000","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138516796","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-16DOI: 10.1007/s42773-023-00276-0
Zhiyuan Liu, Yan Li, Zhiyuan He
Icing of wind turbine blades will seriously hinder the development of the wind power industry, and the use of biomass resources to solve the icing problem is conducive to promoting the synergistic development of biomass and wind energy. In this study, ice-phobic coatings with photothermal and anti-corrosion properties were prepared by surface modification pyrolysis and hydrothermal reaction with rice straw biogas residue as raw material. The erosion of KOH and the surface modification of MoS2 produced a rough structure of the material, and the high-temperature pyrolysis and hydrothermal reaction promoted the dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions, which reduced the number of oxygen-containing functional groups and decreased the surface energy of the material. The ice-phobic coating has superhydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 158.32°. Due to the small surface area in contact with water, the coating was able to significantly reduce the icing adhesion strength to 53.23 kPa. The icing wind tunnel test results showed that the icing area and mass were reduced by 10.54% and 30.08%, respectively, when the wind speed was 10 m s−1 and the temperature was − 10 °C. Photothermal performance tests showed that the MoS2-loaded material had light absorption properties, and the coating could rapidly warm up to 58.3 ℃ under xenon lamp irradiation with photothermal cycle stability. The loading of MoS2 acts as a physical barrier, reducing the contact of corrosive media with the substrate, thus improving the anti-corrosion of the coating. This study has practical application value and significance for the development of the anti-icing field under complex environmental conditions.
Graphical Abstract
风力涡轮机叶片结冰将严重阻碍风电产业的发展，而利用生物质能资源解决结冰问题有利于促进生物质能与风能的协同发展。本研究以稻秆沼气渣为原料，通过表面改性热解和水热反应制备了具有光热和防腐性能的疏冰涂层。KOH的侵蚀和MoS2的表面改性使材料结构粗糙，高温热解和水热反应促进了脱氢和脱羧反应，减少了含氧官能团的数量，降低了材料的表面能。疏冰涂层具有超疏水性能，接触角为158.32°。由于涂层与水的接触面积较小，因此涂层能够显著降低结冰粘附强度至53.23 kPa。结冰风洞试验结果表明，风速为10 m s−1，温度为−10℃时，结冰面积和质量分别减小10.54%和30.08%。光热性能测试表明，负载mos2的材料具有良好的光吸收性能，涂层在氙灯照射下可快速升温至58.3℃，具有光热循环稳定性。二硫化钼的加载起到了物理屏障的作用，减少了腐蚀介质与基材的接触，从而提高了涂层的抗腐蚀能力。该研究对复杂环境条件下防冰领域的发展具有实际应用价值和意义。图形抽象
{"title":"Ice-phobic properties of MoS2-loaded rice straw biogas residue biochar-based photothermal and anti-corrosion coating with low oxygen to carbon ratio","authors":"Zhiyuan Liu, Yan Li, Zhiyuan He","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00276-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00276-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Icing of wind turbine blades will seriously hinder the development of the wind power industry, and the use of biomass resources to solve the icing problem is conducive to promoting the synergistic development of biomass and wind energy. In this study, ice-phobic coatings with photothermal and anti-corrosion properties were prepared by surface modification pyrolysis and hydrothermal reaction with rice straw biogas residue as raw material. The erosion of KOH and the surface modification of MoS<sub>2</sub> produced a rough structure of the material, and the high-temperature pyrolysis and hydrothermal reaction promoted the dehydrogenation and decarboxylation reactions, which reduced the number of oxygen-containing functional groups and decreased the surface energy of the material. The ice-phobic coating has superhydrophobic properties with a contact angle of 158.32°. Due to the small surface area in contact with water, the coating was able to significantly reduce the icing adhesion strength to 53.23 kPa. The icing wind tunnel test results showed that the icing area and mass were reduced by 10.54% and 30.08%, respectively, when the wind speed was 10 m s<sup>−1</sup> and the temperature was − 10 °C. Photothermal performance tests showed that the MoS<sub>2</sub>-loaded material had light absorption properties, and the coating could rapidly warm up to 58.3 ℃ under xenon lamp irradiation with photothermal cycle stability. The loading of MoS<sub>2</sub> acts as a physical barrier, reducing the contact of corrosive media with the substrate, thus improving the anti-corrosion of the coating. This study has practical application value and significance for the development of the anti-icing field under complex environmental conditions.</p><h3 data-test=\"abstract-sub-heading\">Graphical Abstract</h3>","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":12.7,"publicationDate":"2023-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138516789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Applying biochar amendment and manure in tea plantation ecosystems can diminish soil acidification and degradation. However, the impact of these practices on soil respiration and associated mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we combined a two-year field experiment and laboratory analyses based on soil properties, functional genes, and microbial co-occurrence networks to explore the determinants of soil respiration intensity in a subtropical tea plantation with biochar amendment and manure application. The results showed that the effect of biochar amendment on soil respiration was unconspicuous. Although biochar amendment increased bacterial richness and Shannon index, biochar amendment did not alter the abundance of species associated with C-cycling functional genes. Besides directly adding recalcitrant C to the soil, biochar also indirectly enhanced C sequestration by weakly increasing soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. However, replacing mineral fertilizer with manure significantly stimulated soil respiration in the tea plantation, resulting in a 36% increase in CO 2 emissions over two years. The increase in CO 2 emissions under the manure treatment was mainly attributed to the increased soil labile C pool, the activity of hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., cellobiohydrolase and acetylglucosaminidase), and the relative abundance of functional genes associated with the C-cycle. This may also be related to the application of manure that increased the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and altered ecological clusters in bacterial co-occurrence networks. Our correlation network analysis suggested that Gemmatimonadetes might be the potential hosts for C-cycling genes due to their strong positive correlation with the abundance of C-cycling genes. Overall, these findings provide new insights into soil respiration under biochar amendment and manure application in tea plantations and broaden the options for carbon sequestration in soils. Graphical Abstract
{"title":"Divergent effects of biochar amendment and replacing mineral fertilizer with manure on soil respiration in a subtropical tea plantation","authors":"Zhaoqiang Han, Pinshang Xu, Zhutao Li, Shumin Guo, Shuqing Li, Shuwei Liu, Shuang Wu, Jinyang Wang, Jianwen Zou","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00273-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00273-3","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Applying biochar amendment and manure in tea plantation ecosystems can diminish soil acidification and degradation. However, the impact of these practices on soil respiration and associated mechanisms remains unclear. In this study, we combined a two-year field experiment and laboratory analyses based on soil properties, functional genes, and microbial co-occurrence networks to explore the determinants of soil respiration intensity in a subtropical tea plantation with biochar amendment and manure application. The results showed that the effect of biochar amendment on soil respiration was unconspicuous. Although biochar amendment increased bacterial richness and Shannon index, biochar amendment did not alter the abundance of species associated with C-cycling functional genes. Besides directly adding recalcitrant C to the soil, biochar also indirectly enhanced C sequestration by weakly increasing soil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. However, replacing mineral fertilizer with manure significantly stimulated soil respiration in the tea plantation, resulting in a 36% increase in CO 2 emissions over two years. The increase in CO 2 emissions under the manure treatment was mainly attributed to the increased soil labile C pool, the activity of hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., cellobiohydrolase and acetylglucosaminidase), and the relative abundance of functional genes associated with the C-cycle. This may also be related to the application of manure that increased the abundance of Gemmatimonadetes and altered ecological clusters in bacterial co-occurrence networks. Our correlation network analysis suggested that Gemmatimonadetes might be the potential hosts for C-cycling genes due to their strong positive correlation with the abundance of C-cycling genes. Overall, these findings provide new insights into soil respiration under biochar amendment and manure application in tea plantations and broaden the options for carbon sequestration in soils. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"51 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136346563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.1007/s42773-023-00271-5
Lina Luo, Daniel S. Cohan, Caroline A. Masiello, Taras E. Lychuk, Xiaodong Gao
Abstract Fertilizer-intensive agriculture is a leading source of reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions that damage climate, air quality, and human health. Biochar has long been studied as a soil amendment, but its influence on Nr emissions remains insufficiently characterized. More recently, the pyrolysis of light hydrocarbons has been suggested as a source of hydrogen fuel, resulting in a solid zero-valent carbon (ZVC) byproduct whose impact on soil emissions has yet to be tested. We incorporate carbon amendment algorithms into an agroecosystem model to simulate emission changes in the year following the application of biochar or ZVC to the US. fertilized soils. Our simulations predicted that the impacts of biochar amendments on Nr emissions would vary widely (− 17% to + 27% under 5 ton ha −1 applications, − 38% to + 18% under 20 ton ha −1 applications) and depend mostly on how nitrification is affected. Low-dose biochar application (5 ton ha −1 ) stimulated emissions of all three nitrogen species in 75% of simulated agricultural areas, while high-dose applications (20 ton ha −1 ) mitigated emissions in 76% of simulated areas. Applying zero-valent carbon at 20 ton ha −1 exhibited similar effects on nitrogen emissions as biochar applications at 5 ton ha −1 . Biochar amendments are most likely to mitigate emissions if applied at high rates in acidic soils (pH < 5.84) with low organic carbon (< 55.9 kg C ha −1 ) and inorganic nitrogen (< 101.5 kg N ha −1 ) content. Our simulations could inform where the application of carbon amendments would most likely mitigate Nr emissions and their associated adverse impacts. Graphical Abstract
肥料密集型农业是活性氮(Nr)排放的主要来源，会损害气候、空气质量和人类健康。生物炭作为土壤改良剂研究已久，但其对Nr排放的影响尚未充分表征。最近，轻烃的热解被认为是氢燃料的一种来源，产生固体零价碳(ZVC)副产品，其对土壤排放的影响尚未得到测试。我们将碳修正算法纳入农业生态系统模型，以模拟生物炭或ZVC在美国应用后一年的排放变化。受精的土壤。我们的模拟预测，生物炭对Nr排放的影响差异很大(在5吨ha - 1施用下为- 17%至+ 27%，在20吨ha - 1施用下为- 38%至+ 18%)，主要取决于硝化作用如何受到影响。低剂量生物炭应用(5吨公顷- 1)在75%的模拟农业区刺激了所有三种氮的排放，而高剂量应用(20吨公顷- 1)减轻了76%的模拟农业区的排放。施用20吨公顷−1的零价碳对氮排放的影响与施用5吨公顷−1的生物炭相似。如果在酸性土壤(pH <5.84)与低有机碳(<55.9 kg cha - 1)和无机氮(<101.5 kg N ha−1)含量。我们的模拟可以告知在哪些地方应用碳修正最有可能减轻Nr排放及其相关的不利影响。图形抽象
{"title":"Agroecosystem modeling of reactive nitrogen emissions from U.S. agricultural soils with carbon amendments","authors":"Lina Luo, Daniel S. Cohan, Caroline A. Masiello, Taras E. Lychuk, Xiaodong Gao","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00271-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00271-5","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Fertilizer-intensive agriculture is a leading source of reactive nitrogen (Nr) emissions that damage climate, air quality, and human health. Biochar has long been studied as a soil amendment, but its influence on Nr emissions remains insufficiently characterized. More recently, the pyrolysis of light hydrocarbons has been suggested as a source of hydrogen fuel, resulting in a solid zero-valent carbon (ZVC) byproduct whose impact on soil emissions has yet to be tested. We incorporate carbon amendment algorithms into an agroecosystem model to simulate emission changes in the year following the application of biochar or ZVC to the US. fertilized soils. Our simulations predicted that the impacts of biochar amendments on Nr emissions would vary widely (− 17% to + 27% under 5 ton ha −1 applications, − 38% to + 18% under 20 ton ha −1 applications) and depend mostly on how nitrification is affected. Low-dose biochar application (5 ton ha −1 ) stimulated emissions of all three nitrogen species in 75% of simulated agricultural areas, while high-dose applications (20 ton ha −1 ) mitigated emissions in 76% of simulated areas. Applying zero-valent carbon at 20 ton ha −1 exhibited similar effects on nitrogen emissions as biochar applications at 5 ton ha −1 . Biochar amendments are most likely to mitigate emissions if applied at high rates in acidic soils (pH < 5.84) with low organic carbon (< 55.9 kg C ha −1 ) and inorganic nitrogen (< 101.5 kg N ha −1 ) content. Our simulations could inform where the application of carbon amendments would most likely mitigate Nr emissions and their associated adverse impacts. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":" 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135242901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1007/s42773-023-00270-6
Md. Mezanur Rahman, Ashim Kumar Das, Sharmin Sultana, Protik Kumar Ghosh, Md. Robyul Islam, Sanjida Sultana Keya, Minhaz Ahmed, Sheikh Arafat Islam Nihad, Md. Arifur Rahman Khan, Mylea C. Lovell, Md. Abiar Rahman, S. M. Ahsan, Touhidur Rahman Anik, Pallavi Fnu, Lam-Son Phan Tran, Mohammad Golam Mostofa
Abstract Metalloid pollution, including arsenic poisoning, is a serious environmental issue, plaguing plant productivity and quality of life worldwide. Biochar, a carbon-rich material, has been known to alleviate the negative effects of environmental pollutants on plants. However, the specific role of biochar in mitigating arsenic stress in maize remains relatively unexplored. Here, we elucidated the functions of biochar in improving maize growth under the elevated level of sodium arsenate (Na 2 AsO 4 , As V ). Maize plants were grown in pot-soils amended with two doses of biochar (2.5% (B1) and 5.0% (B2) biochar Kg −1 of soil) for 5 days, followed by exposure to Na 2 AsO 4 ('B1 + As V 'and 'B2 + As V ') for 9 days. Maize plants exposed to As V only accumulated substantial amount of arsenic in both roots and leaves, triggering severe phytotoxic effects, including stunted growth, leaf-yellowing, chlorosis, reduced photosynthesis, and nutritional imbalance, when compared with control plants. Contrariwise, biochar addition improved the phenotype and growth of As V -stressed maize plants by reducing root-to-leaf As V translocation (by 46.56 and 57.46% in ‘B1 + As V’ and ‘B2 + As V’ plants), improving gas-exchange attributes, and elevating chlorophylls and mineral levels beyond As V -stressed plants. Biochar pretreatment also substantially counteracted As V -induced oxidative stress by lowering reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipoxygenase activity, malondialdehyde level, and electrolyte leakage. Less oxidative stress in ‘B1 + As V’ and ‘B2 + As V’ plants likely supported by a strong antioxidant system powered by biochar-mediated increased activities of superoxide dismutase (by 25.12 and 46.55%), catalase (51.78 and 82.82%), and glutathione S -transferase (61.48 and 153.83%), and improved flavonoid levels (41.48 and 75.37%, respectively). Furthermore, increased levels of soluble sugars and free amino acids also correlated with improved leaf relative water content, suggesting a better osmotic acclimatization mechanism in biochar-pretreated As V -exposed plants. Overall, our findings provided mechanistic insight into how biochar facilitates maize’s active recovery from As V -stress, implying that biochar application may be a viable technique for mitigating negative effects of arsenic in maize, and perhaps, in other important cereal crops. Graphical Abstract
包括砷中毒在内的类金属污染是一个严重的环境问题，困扰着全世界植物的生产力和生活质量。生物炭是一种富含碳的材料，可以减轻环境污染物对植物的负面影响。然而，生物炭在缓解玉米砷胁迫中的具体作用仍未得到充分研究。本文研究了在砷酸钠(Na 2 AsO 4, As V)浓度升高的条件下，生物炭对玉米生长的促进作用。玉米植株在两种生物炭(2.5% (B1)和5.0% (B2)生物炭Kg - 1土壤)改良的盆栽土壤中生长5 d，然后暴露于Na 2 AsO 4 ('B1 + As V '和'B2 + As V ') 9 d。与对照植株相比，暴露于砷胁迫下的玉米植株只在根系和叶片中积累了大量的砷，引发了严重的植物毒性效应，包括生长发育迟缓、叶片变黄、褪绿、光合作用减弱和营养失衡。相反，添加生物炭通过减少As V胁迫玉米植株的根到叶As V转运(B1 + As V和B2 + As V分别减少46.56%和57.46%)，改善气体交换属性，提高叶绿素和矿物质水平，改善了As V胁迫玉米植株的表型和生长。生物炭预处理还通过降低活性氧积累、脂加氧酶活性、丙二醛水平和电解质泄漏，显著抵消As V诱导的氧化应激。“B1 + As V”和“B2 + As V”植株的氧化胁迫减少，可能是由于生物炭提供了强大的抗氧化系统，介导了超氧化物歧化酶(25.12%和46.55%)、过氧化氢酶(51.78%和82.82%)和谷胱甘肽S -转移酶(61.48%和153.83%)活性的提高，以及类黄酮水平的提高(分别为41.48%和75.37%)。此外，可溶性糖和游离氨基酸水平的增加也与叶片相对含水量的提高有关，这表明生物炭预处理的砷暴露植物具有更好的渗透适应机制。总的来说，我们的研究结果为生物炭如何促进玉米从砷胁迫中主动恢复提供了机制上的见解，这意味着生物炭的应用可能是一种减轻砷对玉米的负面影响的可行技术，也许对其他重要的谷类作物也是如此。图形抽象
{"title":"Biochar potentially enhances maize tolerance to arsenic toxicity by improving physiological and biochemical responses to excessive arsenate","authors":"Md. Mezanur Rahman, Ashim Kumar Das, Sharmin Sultana, Protik Kumar Ghosh, Md. Robyul Islam, Sanjida Sultana Keya, Minhaz Ahmed, Sheikh Arafat Islam Nihad, Md. Arifur Rahman Khan, Mylea C. Lovell, Md. Abiar Rahman, S. M. Ahsan, Touhidur Rahman Anik, Pallavi Fnu, Lam-Son Phan Tran, Mohammad Golam Mostofa","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00270-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00270-6","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Metalloid pollution, including arsenic poisoning, is a serious environmental issue, plaguing plant productivity and quality of life worldwide. Biochar, a carbon-rich material, has been known to alleviate the negative effects of environmental pollutants on plants. However, the specific role of biochar in mitigating arsenic stress in maize remains relatively unexplored. Here, we elucidated the functions of biochar in improving maize growth under the elevated level of sodium arsenate (Na 2 AsO 4 , As V ). Maize plants were grown in pot-soils amended with two doses of biochar (2.5% (B1) and 5.0% (B2) biochar Kg −1 of soil) for 5 days, followed by exposure to Na 2 AsO 4 ('B1 + As V 'and 'B2 + As V ') for 9 days. Maize plants exposed to As V only accumulated substantial amount of arsenic in both roots and leaves, triggering severe phytotoxic effects, including stunted growth, leaf-yellowing, chlorosis, reduced photosynthesis, and nutritional imbalance, when compared with control plants. Contrariwise, biochar addition improved the phenotype and growth of As V -stressed maize plants by reducing root-to-leaf As V translocation (by 46.56 and 57.46% in ‘B1 + As V’ and ‘B2 + As V’ plants), improving gas-exchange attributes, and elevating chlorophylls and mineral levels beyond As V -stressed plants. Biochar pretreatment also substantially counteracted As V -induced oxidative stress by lowering reactive oxygen species accumulation, lipoxygenase activity, malondialdehyde level, and electrolyte leakage. Less oxidative stress in ‘B1 + As V’ and ‘B2 + As V’ plants likely supported by a strong antioxidant system powered by biochar-mediated increased activities of superoxide dismutase (by 25.12 and 46.55%), catalase (51.78 and 82.82%), and glutathione S -transferase (61.48 and 153.83%), and improved flavonoid levels (41.48 and 75.37%, respectively). Furthermore, increased levels of soluble sugars and free amino acids also correlated with improved leaf relative water content, suggesting a better osmotic acclimatization mechanism in biochar-pretreated As V -exposed plants. Overall, our findings provided mechanistic insight into how biochar facilitates maize’s active recovery from As V -stress, implying that biochar application may be a viable technique for mitigating negative effects of arsenic in maize, and perhaps, in other important cereal crops. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"49 13","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135432487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1007/s42773-023-00269-z
Yiting Mao, Bo Cai, Ming Huang, Xiaohuan Liu, Wenbiao Zhang, Zhongqing Ma
Abstract Biochar is a potential porous carbon to remove the contaminants from aquatic environments. Herein, N-doped hierarchical biochar was produced by the combined approach of ammonia torrefaction pretreatment (ATP) and alkali activation. ATP could not only incorporate N element into poplar wood, but obtain the loose structure of poplar wood. The highest surface area of N-doped hierarchical biochar was 2324.61 m 2 g −1 after ammonia wet torrefaction pretreatment, which was higher than that of activation carbon (1401.82 m 2 g −1 ) without torrefaction pretreatment, the hierarchical biochar (2111.03 m 2 g −1 ) without ammonia atmosphere. The N-doped hierarchical biochar presented the highest adsorption capacity (564.7 mg g −1 ) of methyl orange (MO), which was 14.64-fold of that on biochar without N doping. In addition, the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir model fitted well with the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the N-doped hierarchical biochar. The incorporation of nitrogen element could not only tune the distribution of surface electrons on biochar, but optimize the ambient condition of adsorption active sites as well. The adsorption of MO might occur on the N-/O-containing functional groups through the electrostatic interaction, the π-π dispersion interaction, and the hydrogen bonding. The density functional theory showed that the graphitic-N and pyridinic-N were the dominant adsorption active sites. Graphical Abstract
生物炭是一种潜在的多孔碳，可以去除水生环境中的污染物。本文采用氨热解预处理(ATP)和碱活化相结合的方法制备了n掺杂层次化生物炭。ATP不仅能将N元素掺入杨木中，还能获得杨木的松散结构。氨湿焙烧预处理后n掺杂层次化生物炭的最高比表面积为2324.61 m 2 g−1，高于未焙烧预处理的活性炭(1401.82 m 2 g−1)和无氨气氛的层次化生物炭(2111.03 m 2 g−1)。N掺杂生物炭对甲基橙(MO)的吸附量最高(564.7 mg g−1)，是未掺杂生物炭的14.64倍。此外，拟二阶模型和Langmuir模型与n掺杂层次化生物炭的吸附动力学和等温线吻合良好。氮元素的加入不仅可以调节生物炭表面电子的分布，还可以优化吸附活性位点的环境条件。MO的吸附可能通过静电相互作用、π-π色散相互作用和氢键作用在含N / o的官能团上发生。密度泛函理论表明石墨- n和吡啶- n是主要的吸附活性位点。图形抽象
{"title":"A sustainable preparation strategy for the nitrogen-doped hierarchical biochar with high surface area for the enhanced removal of organic dye","authors":"Yiting Mao, Bo Cai, Ming Huang, Xiaohuan Liu, Wenbiao Zhang, Zhongqing Ma","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00269-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00269-z","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Biochar is a potential porous carbon to remove the contaminants from aquatic environments. Herein, N-doped hierarchical biochar was produced by the combined approach of ammonia torrefaction pretreatment (ATP) and alkali activation. ATP could not only incorporate N element into poplar wood, but obtain the loose structure of poplar wood. The highest surface area of N-doped hierarchical biochar was 2324.61 m 2 g −1 after ammonia wet torrefaction pretreatment, which was higher than that of activation carbon (1401.82 m 2 g −1 ) without torrefaction pretreatment, the hierarchical biochar (2111.03 m 2 g −1 ) without ammonia atmosphere. The N-doped hierarchical biochar presented the highest adsorption capacity (564.7 mg g −1 ) of methyl orange (MO), which was 14.64-fold of that on biochar without N doping. In addition, the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir model fitted well with the adsorption kinetics and isotherms of the N-doped hierarchical biochar. The incorporation of nitrogen element could not only tune the distribution of surface electrons on biochar, but optimize the ambient condition of adsorption active sites as well. The adsorption of MO might occur on the N-/O-containing functional groups through the electrostatic interaction, the π-π dispersion interaction, and the hydrogen bonding. The density functional theory showed that the graphitic-N and pyridinic-N were the dominant adsorption active sites. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135584762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Herein, we report the synthesis of interconnected hierarchical pore biochar (HTB) via an ice-templating strategy using bio-waste (tofukasu). The abundance of N- and O-containing functional groups in tofukasu makes it easy to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and water clusters, resulting in nano-micro structures like ice clusters and snow crystals during freezing process. More importantly, tofukasu will be squeezed by micron-scale snow crystals to form coiled sheet-like structures, and its surface and interior will be affected by needle-like ice nanocrystals from several nanometers to tens of nanometers to form transverse groove needles and mesopores. The ice crystals are then removed by sublimation with tofukasu, leaving the interconnected pore structure intact. Therefore, the ice template synthesis strategy endowed the interconnected hierarchical pore structure of HTB with a large specific surface area (S BET , 733 m 2 ⋅g −1 ) and hierarchical porosity (30.30% for mesopores/total pore volume ratio), which is significantly higher than the normal dry treated tofukasu biochar (TB), which had a S BET of 436 m 2 ⋅g −1 and contained 1.53% mesopores. In addition, the sheet-like structure with interconnected pores of HTB favors high exposure of active sites (N- and O-containing functional groups), and a fast electron transport rate. As a result, HTB had an excellent adsorption capacity of 159.65 mg⋅g −1 , which is 4.7 times that of typical block biochar of TB (33.89 mg⋅g −1 ) according to Langmuir model. Electrochemical characterization, FTIR and XPS analysis showed that the mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by HTB included electrostatic attraction, pore filling, reduction and surface complexation. Graphical Abstract
摘要本文报道了利用生物垃圾(tofukasu)通过冰模板策略合成相互连接的分层孔生物炭(HTB)。富饭团中含有丰富的含N、o官能团，容易与水分子和水团形成氢键，在冷冻过程中形成冰团、雪晶等纳米微观结构。更重要的是，tofukasu会受到微米尺度雪晶的挤压，形成盘绕的片状结构，其表面和内部会受到针状冰纳米晶的影响，从几纳米到几十纳米，形成横向槽状针状和介孔。然后，冰晶通过tofukasu升华去除，使相互连接的孔结构保持完整。因此，冰模板合成策略使HTB具有较大的比表面积(S BET, 733 m 2⋅g−1)和分层孔隙率(介孔/总孔容比30.30%)，显著高于常规干法处理的tofukasu生物炭(TB)， S BET为436 m 2⋅g−1，含1.53%介孔。此外，HTB的片状结构具有相互连接的孔隙，有利于活性位点(含N和o的官能团)的高暴露和快速的电子传递速率。根据Langmuir模型，HTB的吸附量为159.65 mg⋅g−1，是典型结核块状生物炭(33.89 mg⋅g−1)的4.7倍。电化学表征、FTIR和XPS分析表明，HTB去除Cr(VI)的机理包括静电吸引、孔隙填充、还原和表面络合。图形抽象
{"title":"Tofukasu-derived biochar with interconnected and hierarchical pores for high efficient removal of Cr (VI)","authors":"Liang Fang, Wei Yang, Jianhua Hou, kewang Zheng, Asif Hussain, Yongcai Zhang, Zhenhua Hou, Xiaozhi Wang","doi":"10.1007/s42773-023-00268-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00268-0","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Herein, we report the synthesis of interconnected hierarchical pore biochar (HTB) via an ice-templating strategy using bio-waste (tofukasu). The abundance of N- and O-containing functional groups in tofukasu makes it easy to form hydrogen bonds with water molecules and water clusters, resulting in nano-micro structures like ice clusters and snow crystals during freezing process. More importantly, tofukasu will be squeezed by micron-scale snow crystals to form coiled sheet-like structures, and its surface and interior will be affected by needle-like ice nanocrystals from several nanometers to tens of nanometers to form transverse groove needles and mesopores. The ice crystals are then removed by sublimation with tofukasu, leaving the interconnected pore structure intact. Therefore, the ice template synthesis strategy endowed the interconnected hierarchical pore structure of HTB with a large specific surface area (S BET , 733 m 2 ⋅g −1 ) and hierarchical porosity (30.30% for mesopores/total pore volume ratio), which is significantly higher than the normal dry treated tofukasu biochar (TB), which had a S BET of 436 m 2 ⋅g −1 and contained 1.53% mesopores. In addition, the sheet-like structure with interconnected pores of HTB favors high exposure of active sites (N- and O-containing functional groups), and a fast electron transport rate. As a result, HTB had an excellent adsorption capacity of 159.65 mg⋅g −1 , which is 4.7 times that of typical block biochar of TB (33.89 mg⋅g −1 ) according to Langmuir model. Electrochemical characterization, FTIR and XPS analysis showed that the mechanism of Cr(VI) removal by HTB included electrostatic attraction, pore filling, reduction and surface complexation. Graphical Abstract","PeriodicalId":8789,"journal":{"name":"Biochar","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136103137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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