Contemporary hypnosis : the journal of the British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis最新文献

In this presidential lecture research evidence is addressed for the effectiveness of clinical hypnosis as a psychotherapeutic and medical healing method. The state of the art is characterized by meta-analyses indicating the usefulness and effectiveness of clinical hypnosis and by neuroimaging data indicating hypnotic trance exists as a separate state of consciousness. Hypnosis research can profit from mainstream psychological research as well as inspire it by putting the research focus on the underlying processes of communication, rapport, attention and perception. In future developments, hypnosis is also seen as the home-base for research and the therapeutic usage of suggestions. A new paradigm for pharmaceutical research is envisioned in which efforts to maximize substance-effects by proper suggestive communication are to be enhanced, once the effectiveness of the medical drug has been demonstrated. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This case study is about hypnosis for intractable pain in the case of a patient who had trigeminal neuralgia, which through medical intervention had become anaesthesia dolorosa. The study will address the demand characteristics set up by the patient. Inherent in the demands were pitfalls and traps that ultimately resulted in a pyrrhic victory. This case illustrates the need to know the limits for the hypnodontist: of their jurisdictionally permitted scope of practice; their own abilities; whose goals are being met by the intervention; and what outcomes define success for the patient and the hypnodontist. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This research examines the concordance process of the visual modality of imaginative activity experienced by interactional partners, the Visual Imaginative Synchrony (VIS). It is proposed that VIS is an interactional synchrony phenomenon which involves a natural form of interpersonal adjustment, involving a harmonizing of imaginative activity which is identifiable by an external observer. Here VIS has been applied in the hypnotic as well as in the waking state. Stimulus words were obtained from a standardized process, and a VIS test applying a combination of drawing and description was developed. This was completed by the participants of the dyads after each of 5 stimulus words. We defined VIS values by the evaluation of the dyads' VIS tests by independent raters. Here we present the results from standardized hypnosis and waking contexts, as well as the relationship of VIS with psychological criteria measured with other tests: Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), Archaic Involvement Measure (AIM), Phenomenology of Consciousness Inventory (PCI), Dyadic Interaction Harmony Questionnaire (DIH), Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET). Based on the results we identify a new interactional synchronization phenomenon which can be reliably measured in both waking and hypnotic states. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Caregivers are particularly at risk of compassion fatigue and burnout. Empathy, activity of mirror neurons and mirroring increase the risks. Some research has been done on the relationship between hypnotizability and empathy. In the prevention of burnout and compassion fatigue a positive approach with increase of ‘compassion satisfaction’ and ‘resilience’ makes sense. Hypnosis with its emphasis on mobilizing positive resources and positive psychology is helpful at different levels of intervention. (Self) hypnosis is integrated in strategies for self care, setting boundaries and increasing inner strength and resilience. In hypnosis attitude changes can be made with promotion of compassion satisfaction and job engagement. Resource development is also part of the hypnotic work. After initial training in hypnosis, caregivers can help themselves further in remaining more resilient and keeping positively engaged, enjoying compassion satisfaction. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Response expectancies, or the expectation of one's own non-volitional reactions to situational cues, are hypothesized to be a psychological mechanism of both hypnotic and placebo responding (Kirsch, 1990). In this study, response expectancies were evaluated as a mediator of suggested and placebo analgesia using Baron and Kenny's (1986) classic method of testing mediation. One hundred and seventy-two volunteers were randomly assigned to hypnotic analgesia suggestion, imaginative analgesia suggestion, placebo analgesia, or no-treatment control conditions. The hypnotic, imaginative and placebo treatments were more effective than the no-treatment control condition in relieving finger pressure pain. The hypnotic treatment was also more effective than the placebo. Each of the three treatments was partially mediated by response expectancies, although the percentage of mediation varied across the hypnotic (25%), imaginative (29%) and placebo (41%) conditions. The findings support the position that response expectancies are one of the major psychological mechanisms of suggested and placebo analgesia. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The aim of the present review is to discuss two interesting hypotheses that explain the pathophysiology of pain: (1) Arthur Craig's hypothesis that the experience of pain, elicited by specific sensors projecting into the central nervous system through afferent pathways, is relevant for homeostasis and represents a specific emotion related to a homeostatic behavioural drive; and (2) Wilfrid Jänig's hypothesis that, in functional chronic pain syndromes, specific changes occur in autonomic, endocrine and somatic motor systems interactions which, then, result in dysregulation involving peripheral, spinal and brain mechanisms. Theoretically, on the basis of these two hypotheses, hypnotic suggestions for analgesia can affect pain at multiple levels, including its generation at the periphery, secondary sensory neurons sensitization, and modulation of endocrine/immune responses through the modulation of autonomic activity. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Scientific evidence for the viability of hypnosis as a treatment for pain has flourished over the past two decades (Rainville, Duncan, Price, Carrier and Bushnell, 1997; Montgomery, DuHamel and Redd, 2000; Lang and Rosen, 2002; Patterson and Jensen, 2003). However its widespread use has been limited by factors such as the advanced expertise, time and effort required by clinicians to provide hypnosis, and the cognitive effort required by patients to engage in hypnosis.

The theory in developing virtual reality hypnosis was to apply three-dimensional, immersive, virtual reality technology to guide the patient through the same steps used when hypnosis is induced through an interpersonal process. Virtual reality replaces many of the stimuli that the patients have to struggle to imagine via verbal cueing from the therapist. The purpose of this paper is to explore how virtual reality may be useful in delivering hypnosis, and to summarize the scientific literature to date. We will also explore various theoretical and methodological issues that can guide future research.

In spite of the encouraging scientific and clinical findings, hypnosis for analgesia is not universally used in medical centres. One reason for the slow acceptance is the extensive provider training required in order for hypnosis to be an effective pain management modality. Training in hypnosis is not commonly offered in medical schools or even psychology graduate curricula. Another reason is that hypnosis requires far more time and effort to administer than an analgesic pill or injection. Hypnosis requires training, skill and patience to deliver in medical centres that are often fast-paced and highly demanding of clinician time. Finally, the attention and cognitive effort required for hypnosis may be more than patients in an acute care setting, who may be under the influence of opiates and benzodiazepines, are able to impart. It is a challenge to make hypnosis a standard part of care in this environment.

Over the past 25 years, researchers have been investigating ways to make hypnosis more standardized and accessible. There have been a handful of studies that have looked at the efficacy of using audiotapes to provide the hypnotic intervention (Johnson and Wiese, 1979; Hart, 1980; Block, Ghoneim, Sum Ping and Ali, 1991; Enqvist, Bjorklund, Engman and Jakobsson, 1997; Eberhart, Doring, Holzrichter, Roscher and Seeling, 1998; Perugini, Kirsch, Allen, et al., 1998; Forbes, MacAuley, Chiotakakou-Faliakou, 2000; Ghoneim, Block, Sarasin, Davis and Marchman, 2000). These studies have yielded mixed results. Generally, we can conclude that audio-taped hypnosis is more effective than no treatment at all, but less effective than the presence of a live hypnotherapist. Grant and Nash (1995) were the first to use computer-assisted hypnosis as a behavioural measure to assess hypnotizability. They used a digitized voice that guided subjects through a procedure and tailored software a

Sleep and pain negatively impact each other. Children in pain often have difficulty going to sleep and sustaining sleep. Anxiety often develops within this negative cycle. Hypnotherapy has been noted as an effective intervention for pain, sleep and anxiety. The case presented illustrates the use of hypnotherapy in contrast to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) to resolve an 11-year-old girl's cycle of persistent anxiety, abdominal pain and sleep interruption. Utilizing the child's favourite activity of baking a cake, a metaphor for successful sleep was developed. The hypnotherapeutic use of surprise and dissonance promoted a rapid resolution of this pre-teen's difficulties. An explication of this process is provided. Copyright © 2009 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.