Under favorable environmental conditions, mites can represent a significant problem in apple production. Several types of mites are found on apples, only a few are of economic importance: Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, T. turkestani and Aculus schlechtendali. All the mentioned species have a high reproductive potential, which in warm and dry conditions leads to a rapid growth of populations. The period of activity and feeding of mites begins in spring and lasts until autumn, and the most pronounced symptoms are noticeable during the summer months. Nutrition and leaf tissue damages cause chlorosis and/or necrosis, photosynthetic disorders, increased transpiration, defoliation, fruits remain small, lose quality and decline, so yield losses can be extremely large.
{"title":"Economically important species of mite (Acari: Tetranychidae; Eriophyidae) in apple orchadrs","authors":"I. Ivanović, A. Petrovič, A. Popovic, M. Petrović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206592i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206592i","url":null,"abstract":"Under favorable environmental conditions, mites can represent a significant problem in apple production. Several types of mites are found on apples, only a few are of economic importance: Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae, T. turkestani and Aculus schlechtendali. All the mentioned species have a high reproductive potential, which in warm and dry conditions leads to a rapid growth of populations. The period of activity and feeding of mites begins in spring and lasts until autumn, and the most pronounced symptoms are noticeable during the summer months. Nutrition and leaf tissue damages cause chlorosis and/or necrosis, photosynthetic disorders, increased transpiration, defoliation, fruits remain small, lose quality and decline, so yield losses can be extremely large.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77014805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agriculture is the world's second largest source of employment, often involving long hours and heavy work in challenging climates and harsh conditions. The continued development of sustainable intensive agriculture is essential to maintain the quality and quantity of agricultural products for consumers, particularly with the scarcity of natural resources, climate change, a growing world population and the physical limitation of productive agricultural land. On farm best management practices (BMPs) during transport, storage and use of crop protection products (CPP) help to avoid the contamination of operators, soil and water bodies. Also, the correct disposal of empty CPP containers and remnants from spraying is crucial to avoid point source contamination of water bodies. BMPs include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment to prevent direct contact with crop protection products. When BMPs are in place for handling and using PPPs and product spills are managed properly, the risk of contamination both to humans and the environment will be reduced significantly. Farmers around the world should be aware that land and water management are critical for agriculture and ecosystems. On-farm water management optimizes water use for crops and other farm operations. Spray drift, drain flow, run off and leaching from fields may cause contamination of surface and ground water. The adoption of best management practices, such as field margins, optimized irrigation systems and best in class application technology, will help to prevent such contamination as well as improve agricultural productivity. Significant surface water contamination can also occur as a result of improper filling and cleaning of spray equipment. It is simple and easy to prevent by using separated based systems to collect this and other waste water. In separation based systems, waste water is put in a container. Crop protection products are then physically separated from the water, e.g. by evaporating the water into the atmosphere with the help of the wind and sun, which leaves the residues of crop protection products in the container.
{"title":"Good agricultural practice in the use of plant protection products","authors":"M. Ivanović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2203195i","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2203195i","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture is the world's second largest source of employment, often involving long hours and heavy work in challenging climates and harsh conditions. The continued development of sustainable intensive agriculture is essential to maintain the quality and quantity of agricultural products for consumers, particularly with the scarcity of natural resources, climate change, a growing world population and the physical limitation of productive agricultural land. On farm best management practices (BMPs) during transport, storage and use of crop protection products (CPP) help to avoid the contamination of operators, soil and water bodies. Also, the correct disposal of empty CPP containers and remnants from spraying is crucial to avoid point source contamination of water bodies. BMPs include wearing appropriate personal protective equipment to prevent direct contact with crop protection products. When BMPs are in place for handling and using PPPs and product spills are managed properly, the risk of contamination both to humans and the environment will be reduced significantly. Farmers around the world should be aware that land and water management are critical for agriculture and ecosystems. On-farm water management optimizes water use for crops and other farm operations. Spray drift, drain flow, run off and leaching from fields may cause contamination of surface and ground water. The adoption of best management practices, such as field margins, optimized irrigation systems and best in class application technology, will help to prevent such contamination as well as improve agricultural productivity. Significant surface water contamination can also occur as a result of improper filling and cleaning of spray equipment. It is simple and easy to prevent by using separated based systems to collect this and other waste water. In separation based systems, waste water is put in a container. Crop protection products are then physically separated from the water, e.g. by evaporating the water into the atmosphere with the help of the wind and sun, which leaves the residues of crop protection products in the container.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82487960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apples are the third most produced fruit in the world, behind bananas and oranges, in terms of volume. Over the past ten years, Serbia's apple production has nearly doubled. Apples are less subjected to viral and viroid attacks than other fruit species. Most viruses cause no visible symptoms on the plant's organs, and the trees either seem to be in good condition or, in the case of sensitive cultivars, their yield is reduced. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) are four apple economically important and widely distributed viruses. Among the viroids, the apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) is particularly destructive for apple production.
{"title":"Apple viruses and viroids","authors":"D. Jevremović, B. Vasilijević","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206509j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206509j","url":null,"abstract":"Apples are the third most produced fruit in the world, behind bananas and oranges, in terms of volume. Over the past ten years, Serbia's apple production has nearly doubled. Apples are less subjected to viral and viroid attacks than other fruit species. Most viruses cause no visible symptoms on the plant's organs, and the trees either seem to be in good condition or, in the case of sensitive cultivars, their yield is reduced. Apple stem pitting virus (ASPV), apple stem grooving virus (ASGV), apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV), and apple mosaic virus (ApMV) are four apple economically important and widely distributed viruses. Among the viroids, the apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd) is particularly destructive for apple production.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89073480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Dudaš, A. Todić, D. Budakov, M. Grahovac, Marta Loc, V. Stojsin
Blue mold, caused by the fungal species of genus Penicillium, is one of the most significant post harvest apple diseases. It is estimated that apple blue mold causes multimillion-dollar losses annually. It can affect any apple variety, due to mechanical damage, inadequate protection or storage conditions. Various Penicillium species can cause apple blue mold, but the most significant is Penicillium expansum. Besides economic losses, Penicillium species cause a threat to human health, due to mycotoxin production. To prevent the apple blue mold, the application of preventive measures is necessary, such as careful handling of fruits during harvest, and maintaining hygienic conditions in the storage. Most of the current preharvest fungicides are applied days before harvest and may not be effective in combating this disease, since Penicillium infections usually occur after the harvest. Therefore, post harvest fungicide applications remain the most effective chemical way to control blue mold. In addition to chemical protection, efforts are made to provide efficient biological solutions for the control of this disease. The incidence of apple blue mold is significantly reduced since controlled atmosphere storages are in use, but it still remains the most important post harvest disease of apple fruits.
{"title":"Penicillium: Species causing blue mold on stored apple fruits","authors":"T. Dudaš, A. Todić, D. Budakov, M. Grahovac, Marta Loc, V. Stojsin","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2202092d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2202092d","url":null,"abstract":"Blue mold, caused by the fungal species of genus Penicillium, is one of the most significant post harvest apple diseases. It is estimated that apple blue mold causes multimillion-dollar losses annually. It can affect any apple variety, due to mechanical damage, inadequate protection or storage conditions. Various Penicillium species can cause apple blue mold, but the most significant is Penicillium expansum. Besides economic losses, Penicillium species cause a threat to human health, due to mycotoxin production. To prevent the apple blue mold, the application of preventive measures is necessary, such as careful handling of fruits during harvest, and maintaining hygienic conditions in the storage. Most of the current preharvest fungicides are applied days before harvest and may not be effective in combating this disease, since Penicillium infections usually occur after the harvest. Therefore, post harvest fungicide applications remain the most effective chemical way to control blue mold. In addition to chemical protection, efforts are made to provide efficient biological solutions for the control of this disease. The incidence of apple blue mold is significantly reduced since controlled atmosphere storages are in use, but it still remains the most important post harvest disease of apple fruits.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80663640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Gajić-Umiljendić, M. Sarić-Krsmanović, L. Radivojević, L. Santric
In laboratory conditions 10 actinobacteria strains were screened for germination and seedling growth of maize and Johnson grass. Primary inoculum of actiobacteria were grown in starch casein broth for 7 days in a shaking incubator. Ten seeds from both species, were placed inside sterile Petri dishes and moinsted with 5ml of the culture filtrate of actinobacteria and incubated at 26°C. After the period of 7 days, the percentage of germination was calculated and coleoptile and radicle length were measured. Suspensions of all 10 actinobacteria strains had an effect on seed germination and early seedling growth of maize and Johnson grass. The A18 strain proved to be the best candidate for further testing because the inhibitions for maize were less than 35% and for Johnson grass they were higher than 90%.
{"title":"Allelopathic potential of actinobacteria for weed control","authors":"J. Gajić-Umiljendić, M. Sarić-Krsmanović, L. Radivojević, L. Santric","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2202118g","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2202118g","url":null,"abstract":"In laboratory conditions 10 actinobacteria strains were screened for germination and seedling growth of maize and Johnson grass. Primary inoculum of actiobacteria were grown in starch casein broth for 7 days in a shaking incubator. Ten seeds from both species, were placed inside sterile Petri dishes and moinsted with 5ml of the culture filtrate of actinobacteria and incubated at 26°C. After the period of 7 days, the percentage of germination was calculated and coleoptile and radicle length were measured. Suspensions of all 10 actinobacteria strains had an effect on seed germination and early seedling growth of maize and Johnson grass. The A18 strain proved to be the best candidate for further testing because the inhibitions for maize were less than 35% and for Johnson grass they were higher than 90%.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76459079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
I. Jovičić, G. Andrić, Marijana Pražič-Golić, P. Kljajić
The article presents the results of investigation into the presence and frequency of some minor insect pests in storages with maize and wheat in Serbia. The research was conducted in period 2019-2021. The following minor pest species were analyzed: cadelle beetle, European meal worm, dried-fruit beetle, spider beetles, and carpet beetles. Data on their morphology, ecology, harmfulness and presence in Serbian storages are provided for each taxon.
{"title":"The presence of minor species of harmful insects in corn and wheat storages in Serbia","authors":"I. Jovičić, G. Andrić, Marijana Pražič-Golić, P. Kljajić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2205353j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2205353j","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of investigation into the presence and frequency of some minor insect pests in storages with maize and wheat in Serbia. The research was conducted in period 2019-2021. The following minor pest species were analyzed: cadelle beetle, European meal worm, dried-fruit beetle, spider beetles, and carpet beetles. Data on their morphology, ecology, harmfulness and presence in Serbian storages are provided for each taxon.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76281621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Apple is a temperate fruit from the Rosacea family. It is of great importance in fruit growing in the world, considering that it is the second fruit tree in terms of volume of production. In developed countries, apple production is at a high technological level, so the volume of production does not change or even increases, regardless of the reduction of the area under this fruit species. Intensifi cation of production is achieved primarily by increasing the number of trees per unit area and, accordingly, by reducing the dimensions of the crown. With the introduction of low-growing rootstocks and small-sized cultivation forms, apple production experienced a major transformation in the world, but also in Serbia. The volume of production and the area under apples in Serbia are constantly increasing. One of the reasons is the good agro-ecological conditions that prevail in Serbia, as well as the apple's adaptability, especially its relative resistance to low temperatures and spring frosts. Planting material for high-intensity apple plantations includes seedlings with premature twigs, so-called "Knip" seedlings, which produce the fi rst crop already in the year of planting, and can produce a full crop in the fourth year. In order to make the most of the potential of these seedlings, and to secure investments, the standard technology of raising seedlings implies the use of anti-hail nets and irrigation systems from the moment of planting. Also, care is taken of proper soil maintenance, fertilization, and quality and regular fertility are ensured by the use of bioregulators. Today, the leading apple varieties in Serbia are the same as in the leading apple-producing countries, while the M 9 substrate is almost the only one used in modern dense plantings. The apple is currently the leading fruit species in Serbia for the production of fresh fruit, and this position will not change for a long time.
{"title":"Production and assortment of apple in Serbia","authors":"N. Magazin, B. Milić, Z. Keserović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206411m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206411m","url":null,"abstract":"Apple is a temperate fruit from the Rosacea family. It is of great importance in fruit growing in the world, considering that it is the second fruit tree in terms of volume of production. In developed countries, apple production is at a high technological level, so the volume of production does not change or even increases, regardless of the reduction of the area under this fruit species. Intensifi cation of production is achieved primarily by increasing the number of trees per unit area and, accordingly, by reducing the dimensions of the crown. With the introduction of low-growing rootstocks and small-sized cultivation forms, apple production experienced a major transformation in the world, but also in Serbia. The volume of production and the area under apples in Serbia are constantly increasing. One of the reasons is the good agro-ecological conditions that prevail in Serbia, as well as the apple's adaptability, especially its relative resistance to low temperatures and spring frosts. Planting material for high-intensity apple plantations includes seedlings with premature twigs, so-called \"Knip\" seedlings, which produce the fi rst crop already in the year of planting, and can produce a full crop in the fourth year. In order to make the most of the potential of these seedlings, and to secure investments, the standard technology of raising seedlings implies the use of anti-hail nets and irrigation systems from the moment of planting. Also, care is taken of proper soil maintenance, fertilization, and quality and regular fertility are ensured by the use of bioregulators. Today, the leading apple varieties in Serbia are the same as in the leading apple-producing countries, while the M 9 substrate is almost the only one used in modern dense plantings. The apple is currently the leading fruit species in Serbia for the production of fresh fruit, and this position will not change for a long time.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80010570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aphids are often present in apple orchards in Serbia. They represent a significant group of pests for which insecticides are regularly used. The most important species are: Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola, Dysaphis devecta, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis spp., Rhopalosiphum insertum and Eriosoma lanigerum. The paper provides basic data on the development of aphids and the most important data on their morphology, biology, distribution and harmfulness on apple plants. A species identification key is attached.
{"title":"Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae): Pests of apple","authors":"O. Petrović-Obradović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206542p","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206542p","url":null,"abstract":"Aphids are often present in apple orchards in Serbia. They represent a significant group of pests for which insecticides are regularly used. The most important species are: Aphis pomi, Aphis spiraecola, Dysaphis devecta, Dysaphis plantaginea, Dysaphis spp., Rhopalosiphum insertum and Eriosoma lanigerum. The paper provides basic data on the development of aphids and the most important data on their morphology, biology, distribution and harmfulness on apple plants. A species identification key is attached.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87358651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bojana Špirović-Trifunović, G. Vuković, Aleksandar Ćurić, V. Bursić, A. Petrovič, D. Marinković
Occurrence of fungi from the genus Fusarium depends on the effects of various climatic factors, and the production of fumonisin depends on weather conditions and the location of plantation. Climate data show changes in temperature and precipitation and may provide insight into their impact on fungal development and fumonisin production (FB1 and FB2). LC-MS/MS method for FB1 and FB2 determination was developed. Linearity of the method was in the range 10-400 ng/mL for FB1 and 3-120 ng/mL for FB2 with correlation coefficients R2 > 0.99. Limits of quantification were 25 mg/kg for FB1 and 7.5 mg/kg for FB2. Recovery was in the range from 87 to 96.7%, with method precision lower than 16%. The method was applied for analysis 36 samples, and in 19 were detected fumonisines FB1 and FB2 in concentrations over the limit of quantification. In three samples concentrations of FB1 and FB2 were over MRL set by EC/1881/2006 (sum FB1 and FB2 2000 mg/ kg), but lower than MRL set by our National regulation (4000 mg/kg).
{"title":"Influence of climate change on fumonizine production","authors":"Bojana Špirović-Trifunović, G. Vuković, Aleksandar Ćurić, V. Bursić, A. Petrovič, D. Marinković","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2202127s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2202127s","url":null,"abstract":"Occurrence of fungi from the genus Fusarium depends on the effects of various climatic factors, and the production of fumonisin depends on weather conditions and the location of plantation. Climate data show changes in temperature and precipitation and may provide insight into their impact on fungal development and fumonisin production (FB1 and FB2). LC-MS/MS method for FB1 and FB2 determination was developed. Linearity of the method was in the range 10-400 ng/mL for FB1 and 3-120 ng/mL for FB2 with correlation coefficients R2 > 0.99. Limits of quantification were 25 mg/kg for FB1 and 7.5 mg/kg for FB2. Recovery was in the range from 87 to 96.7%, with method precision lower than 16%. The method was applied for analysis 36 samples, and in 19 were detected fumonisines FB1 and FB2 in concentrations over the limit of quantification. In three samples concentrations of FB1 and FB2 were over MRL set by EC/1881/2006 (sum FB1 and FB2 2000 mg/ kg), but lower than MRL set by our National regulation (4000 mg/kg).","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79574384","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alternaria leaf blotch is a widespread disease of apple and is caused by multiple species with different taxonomic status. The most frequent are species Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens species complex. Due to complex taxonomy, collecting and discussing data on the presence and distribution, significance and especially quarantine status is complicated. Currently, recommended name for pathogen causing apple leaf blotch is A. alternata apple pathotype or Alternaria spp. with small spores, while quarantine regulation is limited to the isolates capable of biosynthesis of host-specific AM-toxin. In Serbia in some years leaf and fruit spot of apples can be observed. After a multi-year sampling of diseased plants, isolates belonging to small spored Alternaria were obtained. Nevertheless, after a five year long extensive research, the presence of quarantine producing AM-toxin pathotypes (previously A. mali) was not confirmed and thus A. alternata apple pathotype is not present in Serbia.
互花斑病是一种广泛存在于苹果上的病害，是由具有不同分类地位的多物种引起的。最常见的种是互花竹属(Alternaria alternata)和arborescens复合种。由于分类复杂，收集和讨论存在和分布、意义，特别是检疫状况的数据是复杂的。目前，引起苹果叶斑病的病原菌推荐命名为A. alternata apple pathotype或孢子较小的Alternaria spp.，而检疫规定仅限于能够生物合成寄主特异性am毒素的分离株。在塞尔维亚，某些年份可以观察到苹果的叶子和果实斑点。经过多年的病株取样，获得了属于小孢子交替孢的分离株。然而，经过长达五年的广泛研究，未证实检疫产生am毒素致病型(以前的马利弧菌)的存在，因此在塞尔维亚不存在交流弧菌苹果致病型。
{"title":"Alternaria spp. and A. mali causal agents of apple leaf blotch","authors":"A. Bulajić, M. Vojvodić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206446b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206446b","url":null,"abstract":"Alternaria leaf blotch is a widespread disease of apple and is caused by multiple species with different taxonomic status. The most frequent are species Alternaria alternata and A. arborescens species complex. Due to complex taxonomy, collecting and discussing data on the presence and distribution, significance and especially quarantine status is complicated. Currently, recommended name for pathogen causing apple leaf blotch is A. alternata apple pathotype or Alternaria spp. with small spores, while quarantine regulation is limited to the isolates capable of biosynthesis of host-specific AM-toxin. In Serbia in some years leaf and fruit spot of apples can be observed. After a multi-year sampling of diseased plants, isolates belonging to small spored Alternaria were obtained. Nevertheless, after a five year long extensive research, the presence of quarantine producing AM-toxin pathotypes (previously A. mali) was not confirmed and thus A. alternata apple pathotype is not present in Serbia.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78865686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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