Mycotoxins are secondary products of fungal metabolism that are toxic or have other negative biological effects on human or animal health. To date, about 650 different mycotoxins have been discovered, the most important of which are: alflatoxins, fumosins, ochratoxin, zearalenone, trichothecenes, patulin and others. The most important mycotoxigenic fungi are from the genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria. For each of the mentioned genera, certain, favorable conditions are needed for their growth and development: temperature, presence of moisture and carbon dioxide. As a result of global warming and changes in climatic conditions in some geographical areas, a greater amount of certain mycotoxins have appeared. In the last few decades, extremely hot and dry summers have led to an increase in the number of insects, which additionally contribute to the damage they cause by the settlement of mycotoxigenic fungi on agricultural products, and thus to an increase in the contamination of corn and other plant species with mycotoxins. Based on the knowledge so far, it is necessary to undertake a series of preventive measures to prevent and reduce contamination with Mycotoxins.
{"title":"The influence of climate changes on the significance of mycotoxins","authors":"Nikolina Arsenac","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2303503a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2303503a","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are secondary products of fungal metabolism that are toxic or have other negative biological effects on human or animal health. To date, about 650 different mycotoxins have been discovered, the most important of which are: alflatoxins, fumosins, ochratoxin, zearalenone, trichothecenes, patulin and others. The most important mycotoxigenic fungi are from the genera: Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria. For each of the mentioned genera, certain, favorable conditions are needed for their growth and development: temperature, presence of moisture and carbon dioxide. As a result of global warming and changes in climatic conditions in some geographical areas, a greater amount of certain mycotoxins have appeared. In the last few decades, extremely hot and dry summers have led to an increase in the number of insects, which additionally contribute to the damage they cause by the settlement of mycotoxigenic fungi on agricultural products, and thus to an increase in the contamination of corn and other plant species with mycotoxins. Based on the knowledge so far, it is necessary to undertake a series of preventive measures to prevent and reduce contamination with Mycotoxins.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81613209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The importance of corn (Zea mays) can be understood through its extensive implementation across the globe. It is grown on vast areas, and the number of hectares under this crop increases each year. In Serbia, corn represents the economically most important crop, and it is thus crucial to protect it from harmful insects, like the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), which represents the most destructive pest of this crop. Except yield decrease, occurrence of this pests can cause plant break, fall off cobs, and it creates suitable conditions for the development of fungal infections. Due to all these negative effects caused by the European Corn Borer, it's important to keep this pest under control. In the last couple of years integrated crop protection, which implies the reduction of the use of pesticides which have a negative effect on the environment and human health, is becoming more and more important. The use of beneficial organisms, predators and parasitoids, with the goal of reducing the amount of harmful insects in agriculture represent one of the most important measures of integrated crop protection which can be applied. One of the most successful biological methods for the suppression of the European Corn Borer is the use of Trichogramma wasps which parasitize the larvae of this pest and therefore reduce its number.
{"title":"Trichogramma wasps as a natural enemies of the European corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)","authors":"Ana Đurić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2303468d","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2303468d","url":null,"abstract":"The importance of corn (Zea mays) can be understood through its extensive implementation across the globe. It is grown on vast areas, and the number of hectares under this crop increases each year. In Serbia, corn represents the economically most important crop, and it is thus crucial to protect it from harmful insects, like the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), which represents the most destructive pest of this crop. Except yield decrease, occurrence of this pests can cause plant break, fall off cobs, and it creates suitable conditions for the development of fungal infections. Due to all these negative effects caused by the European Corn Borer, it's important to keep this pest under control. In the last couple of years integrated crop protection, which implies the reduction of the use of pesticides which have a negative effect on the environment and human health, is becoming more and more important. The use of beneficial organisms, predators and parasitoids, with the goal of reducing the amount of harmful insects in agriculture represent one of the most important measures of integrated crop protection which can be applied. One of the most successful biological methods for the suppression of the European Corn Borer is the use of Trichogramma wasps which parasitize the larvae of this pest and therefore reduce its number.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76269186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parastagonospora nodorum (teleomorph Leptosphaeria nodorum) is the causal agent of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). It was first discovered on wheat in 1845. and is common in regions with relatively high or periodically high rainfall. P. nodorum causes symptoms on all above-ground parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, glumes, and awns. The pathogen overwinters on wheat crop residues in the form of pseudothecia and pycnidia. Ascospores released from pseudothecia typically serve as the primary source of inoculum, but conidia released from pycnidia on crop residues can also infect seedlings. Additionally, the fungus is known to survive on seeds in the form of dormant mycelium, making infected seeds a potential source of primary infection. During the 2022/2023 growing season, precipitation totals in April (63.9 mm) and May (124.8 mm) exceeded seventeen-year averages, creating conditions conducive to occurence of SNB. Microscopic examination of lesions on leaves of wheat variety revealed the presence of the sexual stage (L. nodorum) for the first time in Serbia. The asexual stage (P. nodorum) was observed on infected ears of different varieties. This study highlights the need for more attention in monitoring conditions that could lead to outbreak SNB in wheat production areas in Serbia.
{"title":"The first report of the teleomorph stage of the septoria nodorum blotch, Leptosphaeria nodorum, in Serbia","authors":"Radivoje Jevtić, Vesna Župunski","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2305637j","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2305637j","url":null,"abstract":"Parastagonospora nodorum (teleomorph Leptosphaeria nodorum) is the causal agent of septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). It was first discovered on wheat in 1845. and is common in regions with relatively high or periodically high rainfall. P. nodorum causes symptoms on all above-ground parts of the plant, including leaves, stems, glumes, and awns. The pathogen overwinters on wheat crop residues in the form of pseudothecia and pycnidia. Ascospores released from pseudothecia typically serve as the primary source of inoculum, but conidia released from pycnidia on crop residues can also infect seedlings. Additionally, the fungus is known to survive on seeds in the form of dormant mycelium, making infected seeds a potential source of primary infection. During the 2022/2023 growing season, precipitation totals in April (63.9 mm) and May (124.8 mm) exceeded seventeen-year averages, creating conditions conducive to occurence of SNB. Microscopic examination of lesions on leaves of wheat variety revealed the presence of the sexual stage (L. nodorum) for the first time in Serbia. The asexual stage (P. nodorum) was observed on infected ears of different varieties. This study highlights the need for more attention in monitoring conditions that could lead to outbreak SNB in wheat production areas in Serbia.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135612090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The harmful entomofauna on apple, in East Sarajevo area was carried during the vegetation in 2022, in three localities. In two localities, Kasindo and Klek, the survey was done in extensive orchards, and in semi-intensive orchard (location Kula). Visuel rewieving method of trees, riddance of branches and taking a sample of infested plants organs, and rearing before adult stadium and determination of collected and reared insects was carried out. Total number of determined harmful insects species is 31, in extensive orchards, Kasindo 28 species and Klek 22 species, and in semi-intensive orchard (Kula), 15 species. The most number of species belong Lepidoptera order, among which dominate leafminers (7 species) and tortrix moths (6 species).
{"title":"The harmful entomofauna on apples in East Sarajevo area (Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina)","authors":"Dejana Stanić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2305673s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2305673s","url":null,"abstract":"The harmful entomofauna on apple, in East Sarajevo area was carried during the vegetation in 2022, in three localities. In two localities, Kasindo and Klek, the survey was done in extensive orchards, and in semi-intensive orchard (location Kula). Visuel rewieving method of trees, riddance of branches and taking a sample of infested plants organs, and rearing before adult stadium and determination of collected and reared insects was carried out. Total number of determined harmful insects species is 31, in extensive orchards, Kasindo 28 species and Klek 22 species, and in semi-intensive orchard (Kula), 15 species. The most number of species belong Lepidoptera order, among which dominate leafminers (7 species) and tortrix moths (6 species).","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135611746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mira Vojvodić, Brankica Tanović, Petar Mitrović, Ivana Vico, Aleksandra Bulajić
Waitea circinata var. zeae (anamorf Rhizoctonia zeae) is an important pathogen of mainly monocotyledonous plants characterized by its soil-borne nature and capability for the long-term preservation. The host range of W. circinata var. zeae recently expanded to several dicotyledonous crops. The latest research conducted in Serbia revealed this pathogen as the causal agent of root and root neck rot, as well as plant decay of cabbage and oilseed at the localities of Futog and Rimski Šančevi. In this paper the available data on the distribution, preservation, dissemination pattern and control of W. circinata var. zeae, as well as research in Serbia are discussed.
{"title":"Waitea circinata var. zeae: Causing root rot of cabbage and oilseed rape","authors":"Mira Vojvodić, Brankica Tanović, Petar Mitrović, Ivana Vico, Aleksandra Bulajić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2304585v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2304585v","url":null,"abstract":"Waitea circinata var. zeae (anamorf Rhizoctonia zeae) is an important pathogen of mainly monocotyledonous plants characterized by its soil-borne nature and capability for the long-term preservation. The host range of W. circinata var. zeae recently expanded to several dicotyledonous crops. The latest research conducted in Serbia revealed this pathogen as the causal agent of root and root neck rot, as well as plant decay of cabbage and oilseed at the localities of Futog and Rimski Šančevi. In this paper the available data on the distribution, preservation, dissemination pattern and control of W. circinata var. zeae, as well as research in Serbia are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"277 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136138669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nada Milutinović, M. Stević, Bojana Špirović-Trifunović, D. Brkić
Mefentrifluconazole is a new fungicidal active substance from the isopropanol-azoles, a new sub-class of triazoles. It inhibits sterols biosynthesis and is a very selective fungicide. It is a systemic fungicide with protective, curative, and eradicative activity. Its spectrum includes important pathogens of cereals (Septoria spp., Puccinia spp., Ramularia collocygni, Rhynchosporium secalis). Unlike most triazoles, withdrawn from use in the last 2-3 years, mainly due to reprotoxic and carcinogenic effects, mefentrifluconazole is neither carcinogenic, nor genotoxic or reprotoxic. In adition, it is not acutely toxic, is not irritant to skin or eyes and does not cause specific toxicity to target organs after single or repeated exposure. In contact with the skin, it can cause sensitization, and this is the only toxicological property on the basis of which it is classified and labeled. Acute and chronic dietary exposure of all population groups to this active substance is low, with a large margin of safety. Mefentrifluconazole is not acutely toxic to bees and earthworms. It is very toxic acutely and chronically for aquatic organisms, fish, invertebrates, and algae, while it is toxic for sediment organisms and aquatic macrophytes. The favourable toxicological properties of mefentrifluconazole, and good efficacy in control of important pathogens, recommend this active substance as a good substitute for withdrawn triazoles.
{"title":"Mefentrifluconazole: The novel triazole fungicide","authors":"Nada Milutinović, M. Stević, Bojana Špirović-Trifunović, D. Brkić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2304594m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2304594m","url":null,"abstract":"Mefentrifluconazole is a new fungicidal active substance from the isopropanol-azoles, a new sub-class of triazoles. It inhibits sterols biosynthesis and is a very selective fungicide. It is a systemic fungicide with protective, curative, and eradicative activity. Its spectrum includes important pathogens of cereals (Septoria spp., Puccinia spp., Ramularia collocygni, Rhynchosporium secalis). Unlike most triazoles, withdrawn from use in the last 2-3 years, mainly due to reprotoxic and carcinogenic effects, mefentrifluconazole is neither carcinogenic, nor genotoxic or reprotoxic. In adition, it is not acutely toxic, is not irritant to skin or eyes and does not cause specific toxicity to target organs after single or repeated exposure. In contact with the skin, it can cause sensitization, and this is the only toxicological property on the basis of which it is classified and labeled. Acute and chronic dietary exposure of all population groups to this active substance is low, with a large margin of safety. Mefentrifluconazole is not acutely toxic to bees and earthworms. It is very toxic acutely and chronically for aquatic organisms, fish, invertebrates, and algae, while it is toxic for sediment organisms and aquatic macrophytes. The favourable toxicological properties of mefentrifluconazole, and good efficacy in control of important pathogens, recommend this active substance as a good substitute for withdrawn triazoles.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75863280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
G. Babić, V. Trkulja, D. Budakov, R. Iličić, Rade Mališević, F. Bagi
Pepper is attacked by numerous plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, interfering normal growth and development, reducing the yield and quality of fruits. Among the mentioned groups of pathogens, phytopathogenic viruses reduce the yield of pepper every year. The most common and economically important, identified in Republic of Srpska, are: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The paper describes the distribution, economic importance, hosts, transmission, symptoms, as well as control measures for mentioned viruses.
{"title":"Economicly important viruses of pepper identified in the area of the Republic of Srpska","authors":"G. Babić, V. Trkulja, D. Budakov, R. Iličić, Rade Mališević, F. Bagi","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2303488b","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2303488b","url":null,"abstract":"Pepper is attacked by numerous plant diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria and viruses, interfering normal growth and development, reducing the yield and quality of fruits. Among the mentioned groups of pathogens, phytopathogenic viruses reduce the yield of pepper every year. The most common and economically important, identified in Republic of Srpska, are: Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). The paper describes the distribution, economic importance, hosts, transmission, symptoms, as well as control measures for mentioned viruses.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"143 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91471160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In recent years, biodegradable biopolymer materials have been increasingly used, especially for active technology for fruits and vegetables, and for controlled release of drugs and biopesticides. Due to the growing interest to produce fresh and healthy food with an extended shelf life, environmentally safe antimicrobial active systems based on biopolymers are being developed. The use of biodegrad-able biopolymers for the controlled release of antimicrobial components is still quite limited on the market due to the lack of legal regulations. Once this problem is overcome, the use of this type of antimicrobial protection to reduce the use of environmentally harmful materials will become more accessible to consumers to prevent the transmission of pathogens.
{"title":"Biodegradable biopolymers with controlled release of antimicrobial agents","authors":"Nemanja Simović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2304613s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2304613s","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, biodegradable biopolymer materials have been increasingly used, especially for active technology for fruits and vegetables, and for controlled release of drugs and biopesticides. Due to the growing interest to produce fresh and healthy food with an extended shelf life, environmentally safe antimicrobial active systems based on biopolymers are being developed. The use of biodegrad-able biopolymers for the controlled release of antimicrobial components is still quite limited on the market due to the lack of legal regulations. Once this problem is overcome, the use of this type of antimicrobial protection to reduce the use of environmentally harmful materials will become more accessible to consumers to prevent the transmission of pathogens.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80436212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Provides an overview of Sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata Say) and Oak lace bug (C. arcuata Say) based on literature data and monitoring during the period 2018-2022. The species have been present in insect fauna of Serbia over the past fifty years and ten years, respectively. Lace bugs are significant pests of sycamore and oak trees. Their damage manifests itself as premature desiccation and drop of leaf mass (premature defoliation), reducing air quality benefits of trees in urban areas and diminishing aesthetic function. Additionally, tissue injury and loss of nutrients can affect longevity of mature trees and reduce woody mass yield. Presents information on origin and geographic range, biology, damage and control of lace bugs.
{"title":"Sycamore and oak lace bugs","authors":"S. Stamenković, T. Kereši","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2303455s","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2303455s","url":null,"abstract":"Provides an overview of Sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata Say) and Oak lace bug (C. arcuata Say) based on literature data and monitoring during the period 2018-2022. The species have been present in insect fauna of Serbia over the past fifty years and ten years, respectively. Lace bugs are significant pests of sycamore and oak trees. Their damage manifests itself as premature desiccation and drop of leaf mass (premature defoliation), reducing air quality benefits of trees in urban areas and diminishing aesthetic function. Additionally, tissue injury and loss of nutrients can affect longevity of mature trees and reduce woody mass yield. Presents information on origin and geographic range, biology, damage and control of lace bugs.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74700567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Đina Konstantin, Igor Jajić, Renata Iličić, Ferenc Bagi
Mycotoxins are secondary chemical metabolites of different fungi. The most important mycotoxigenic fungi are from the genera: Aspergillus, Penicilli-um, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria. Fusarium fungi are the most wide-spread in cereal-growing areas of the planet. Fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone are the most commonly occurring Fusarium mycotoxins in cereal grains and animal feed. The occurrence of toxic metabolites in food, as well as in feed, represents a serious global problem for human health due to their toxic effects. Zearalenone is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. Corn is the most frequently contaminated plant due to its distribution throughout the world. Contaminated products can lead to huge economic losses and pose risks to animals and humans. It affects animal health and mainly has estrogenic effects on various organisms. Swine are the most commonly affected domestic animals, but cattle and poultry may also be affected.
{"title":"Zearalenone producing fungi from the genus Fusarium","authors":"Đina Konstantin, Igor Jajić, Renata Iličić, Ferenc Bagi","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2305658k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2305658k","url":null,"abstract":"Mycotoxins are secondary chemical metabolites of different fungi. The most important mycotoxigenic fungi are from the genera: Aspergillus, Penicilli-um, Fusarium, Claviceps and Alternaria. Fusarium fungi are the most wide-spread in cereal-growing areas of the planet. Fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearalenone are the most commonly occurring Fusarium mycotoxins in cereal grains and animal feed. The occurrence of toxic metabolites in food, as well as in feed, represents a serious global problem for human health due to their toxic effects. Zearalenone is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum and F. culmorum. Corn is the most frequently contaminated plant due to its distribution throughout the world. Contaminated products can lead to huge economic losses and pose risks to animals and humans. It affects animal health and mainly has estrogenic effects on various organisms. Swine are the most commonly affected domestic animals, but cattle and poultry may also be affected.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":"136 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135611938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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