Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs, the agent of tan spot, is an economically important pathogen of wheat. It causes grain quality distortion and yield losses up to 53%. Ptr is a necrotrophic pathogen and produces three types of necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB and Ptr ToxC) that induce necrosis and chlorosis. The genetic basis of the Ptr-host interaction also includes genes that provide race-nonspecific resistance. In 2022, the percentage of genotypes infected with Ptr in the collections of "disease nurseries" ranged from 11.4% to 94.3%. The lowest number of infected genotypes (11.4%) was recorded in breeding pro-grams for resistance to prevalent pathogens. A low number of genotypes infected with Ptr was also found in the collection of wild relatives (18.4%), while the highest percentage of genotypes susceptible to Ptr was found in varieties originating from Kazakhstan (94.4%). Disease index of Ptr ranged from a trace level up to 50% or more. The length of the Ptr conidia ranged from 73.4 mm to 107.2 mm. Conidia width ranged from 15.5 to 22.8 mm. The results of this study indicated on genotypes that could be used as sources of resistance to Ptr, and also could be introduce in further studies of the mechanisms that provide resistance for Ptr.
{"title":"Occurrence of tan spot (Pyrenophora tritici-repentis) in 2021/2022 growing season","authors":"V. Župunski, R. Jevtić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2205313z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2205313z","url":null,"abstract":"Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs, the agent of tan spot, is an economically important pathogen of wheat. It causes grain quality distortion and yield losses up to 53%. Ptr is a necrotrophic pathogen and produces three types of necrotrophic effectors (NEs) (Ptr ToxA, Ptr ToxB and Ptr ToxC) that induce necrosis and chlorosis. The genetic basis of the Ptr-host interaction also includes genes that provide race-nonspecific resistance. In 2022, the percentage of genotypes infected with Ptr in the collections of \"disease nurseries\" ranged from 11.4% to 94.3%. The lowest number of infected genotypes (11.4%) was recorded in breeding pro-grams for resistance to prevalent pathogens. A low number of genotypes infected with Ptr was also found in the collection of wild relatives (18.4%), while the highest percentage of genotypes susceptible to Ptr was found in varieties originating from Kazakhstan (94.4%). Disease index of Ptr ranged from a trace level up to 50% or more. The length of the Ptr conidia ranged from 73.4 mm to 107.2 mm. Conidia width ranged from 15.5 to 22.8 mm. The results of this study indicated on genotypes that could be used as sources of resistance to Ptr, and also could be introduce in further studies of the mechanisms that provide resistance for Ptr.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81023319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is very polyphagous pest, attacking more than 800 host plants. It causes serious damage to numerous vegetable and ornamental plants by feeding. Its economic importance is even higher because it transmits more than 400 virus species. Bemisia tabaci was found for the first time in Montenegro in May 2008 on Hibiscus sp. in area of the city of Podgorica. The first detection on vegetables was in September 2011 on melon (Cucumis melo L.) in an open field near city of Ulcinj. After the fi rst detection on vegetables, monitoring of B. tabaci was conducted in next five years (2012-2016) on localities in southern part of Montenegro (Ulcinj, Bar, Budva, Tivat, Herceg Novi, Podgorica) where the main vegetable production is placed. Visual inspections were carried out several times during the growing season from the end of June to the first half of October, on different vegetable plants. The results of the five-year monitoring showed the presence of B. tabaci in the area of Ulcinj, Bar, Budva, Tivat and Podgorica. No presence was detected in area of Herceg Novi. It was also established that the population density varied depending on the host plant and locality. B. tabaci was found on eight vegetables belonging to two botanical families: melon, cucumber, zucchini, pumpkin and watermelon (Cucurbitaceae), eggplant, tomato and pepper (Solanaceae). The melon was found as the most preferable host, followed by cucumber and eggplant. The complete development of B. tabaci was successfully completed on melon, cu cumber and eggplant.
{"title":"Distribution of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) on vegetables in southern part of Montenegro","authors":"S. Hrnčić, S. Radonjić, T. Perović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2205343h","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2205343h","url":null,"abstract":"Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is very polyphagous pest, attacking more than 800 host plants. It causes serious damage to numerous vegetable and ornamental plants by feeding. Its economic importance is even higher because it transmits more than 400 virus species. Bemisia tabaci was found for the first time in Montenegro in May 2008 on Hibiscus sp. in area of the city of Podgorica. The first detection on vegetables was in September 2011 on melon (Cucumis melo L.) in an open field near city of Ulcinj. After the fi rst detection on vegetables, monitoring of B. tabaci was conducted in next five years (2012-2016) on localities in southern part of Montenegro (Ulcinj, Bar, Budva, Tivat, Herceg Novi, Podgorica) where the main vegetable production is placed. Visual inspections were carried out several times during the growing season from the end of June to the first half of October, on different vegetable plants. The results of the five-year monitoring showed the presence of B. tabaci in the area of Ulcinj, Bar, Budva, Tivat and Podgorica. No presence was detected in area of Herceg Novi. It was also established that the population density varied depending on the host plant and locality. B. tabaci was found on eight vegetables belonging to two botanical families: melon, cucumber, zucchini, pumpkin and watermelon (Cucurbitaceae), eggplant, tomato and pepper (Solanaceae). The melon was found as the most preferable host, followed by cucumber and eggplant. The complete development of B. tabaci was successfully completed on melon, cu cumber and eggplant.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86719643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The research was prompted by the assumption that users of plant protection products (PPPs) in Serbia are not sufficiently familiar with the regulations and trained for efficient and safe application of PPPs. The aim of the research was to obtain answers to selected questions on the basis of which the training and behavior of users could be assessed, ie whether the application of PPPs is in accordance with the regulations for users supplied with PPPs in smaller stores. Thanks to the initiative and support of the Ana and Vlade Divac Foundation, a survey of PPP users on knowledge of regulations and behavior related to the use of PPP was organized on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The survey was preceded by training of interviewers, and the questionnaire was designed to examine the attitudes of respondents on behavior in the selection, application, storage, use of personal protective equipment, knowledge of regulations in this area, packaging waste management and other selected important aspects related to PPPs use. Interviewers conducted the survey from 7-17. May 2021, during which 1030 farmers were interviewed in a random and representative sample, in 116 municipalities and 227 agricultural pharmacies. The answers to the questions from the questionnaire were grouped into logical units, analyzed and presented for the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the segmentation of the results of the total sample by regions, gender, age and level of education was done. The survey mostly covered farms with an arable land size of up to 10 ha (71.8% for the whole of Serbia), and the most represented were respondents older than 50 years (58.7%), with completed high school (74.7%). Small shops of agricultural inputs are the main supplier of PPPs (96.2%), and the majority of respondents make the decision in choosing PPPs (83.8%). Before buying PPP, 91.5% of respondents consult with experts, and the most useful advice for choosing PPP is received from sellers at the point of sale (67.4%), advisors from advisory services (18.9%), representatives of PPP manufacturers (7.5%) and at least via the internet, TV and press (2.3%). The majority of respondents apply PPPs according to the label (85.7%), and records on the types and quantities of PPPs stored and used are kept by 75.7% of respondents. A large percentage of PPP users do not use any personal protective equipment (4.6%), while only 21.3% of respondents use complete personal protective equipment. About 6% of respondents bought illegal PPPs, and the main reasons were higher trust (56.6%), better price (25.3%) and recommendations (13.1%). Of the total number of respondents, only 15.6% store PPPs in a special room for this purpose, as many as 24.2% of respondents do not use the rinsing of PPPs containers. The behavior related to the management of packaging waste from PPPs is worrying, with 50% of respondents disposing of packaging in municipal waste, 37.4% destroying it by burning, 3.3% disposing of it in th
这项研究是基于这样一种假设，即塞尔维亚植物保护产品的使用者对法规不够熟悉，也没有接受有效和安全应用植物保护产品的培训。研究的目的是获得选定问题的答案，并以此为基础评估用户的培训和行为，即PPPs的应用是否符合小型商店提供PPPs的用户的规定。在Ana and vlad Divac基金会的倡议和支持下，在塞尔维亚共和国境内组织了一项关于PPP用户对与PPP使用相关的法规和行为知识的调查。调查之前对采访者进行了培训，并设计了问卷，以调查受访者对个人防护装备的选择、应用、储存、使用行为、该领域法规知识、包装废弃物管理以及其他与ppp使用相关的选定重要方面的态度。采访者从7日至17日进行了调查。2021年5月，在116个城市和227个农业药房，通过随机和有代表性的样本对1030名农民进行了访谈。对调查表问题的回答按逻辑分组，对塞尔维亚共和国境内的问题进行分析和提出，并按地区、性别、年龄和教育水平对总抽样结果进行了分割。调查主要覆盖耕地面积不超过10公顷的农场(占塞尔维亚全国的71.8%)，最具代表性的是50岁以上(58.7%)和高中毕业(74.7%)的受访者。农用投入品小店是ppp的主要供应商(96.2%)，多数受访者(83.8%)决定选择ppp。91.5%的受访者在购买PPP之前会向专家咨询，而选择PPP最有用的建议来自销售点的卖家(67.4%)、咨询服务机构的顾问(18.9%)、PPP制造商的代表(7.5%)，以及至少通过互联网、电视和媒体(2.3%)。大多数受访者(85.7%)按照标签使用ppp, 75.7%的受访者保留了储存和使用ppp的种类和数量记录。很大比例的PPP用户不使用任何个人防护装备(4.6%)，而只有21.3%的受访者使用完整的个人防护装备。约6%的受访者购买了非法ppp，主要原因是信任度更高(56.6%)、价格更优惠(25.3%)和推荐(13.1%)。在所有受访者中，只有15.6%的受访者将PPPs存放在专门用于此目的的房间中，多达24.2%的受访者不使用冲洗PPPs容器。与公私合作伙伴关系的包装废弃物管理相关的行为令人担忧，50%的受访者将包装作为城市垃圾处理，37.4%的人将其焚烧，3.3%的人将其在现场处理，只有9.3%的人将其保留到包装收集公司收集。在全部样本中，95.7%的受访者拥有喷雾器，38%的受访者在使用ppp之前进行了校准。《植物保护产品法》(“RS官方公报”第41/09和17/19号)的部分条款将于2022年1月1日生效。特别重要的是与ppp应用设备检验有关的规定，多达82%的受访者对此不熟悉。只有27.4%的受访者知道植物保护产品法。在所有受访者中，57%的人认为他们不需要ppp培训，22.2%的人认为他们需要培训，14.5%的人认为他们需要培训，但他们没有时间这样做或不知道与谁联系(6.2%)。大多数受访者(40.6%)认为推广服务的顾问应该是PPPs用户的教育者，其次是PPPs生产者(23.2%)、分销商(22.3%)、教授和科学家(11.4%)的代表。对ppp用户的培训非常重要，根据《ppp法》，从2022年1月1日起，培训将是强制性的，一小部分受访者(11.6%)意识到这一点。在本次调查中，只有37.7%的受访者支持在塞尔维亚适用与欧盟相同的植物保护产品法规，30.3%的受访者反对，32%的受访者不知道是哪些法规。所获得的结果表明，塞尔维亚的公私合作伙伴关系使用者对法规不够熟悉，也没有接受有效和安全地应用公私合作伙伴关系的培训，公私合作伙伴关系的应用基本上没有按照法规进行，对人类健康和环境有很高的风险。 在这方面，有必要引入一个对ppp用户进行长期培训、定期知识测试和认证的系统，然后建立一个系统来控制应用ppp的设备的正确性，以及强制性知识和遵守立法，并保存关于ppp应用的记录。
{"title":"Survey on behavior of plant protection products users in the Republic of Serbia","authors":"G. Malidža, Snežana Savčić-Petrić, Uroš Delić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2203259m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2203259m","url":null,"abstract":"The research was prompted by the assumption that users of plant protection products (PPPs) in Serbia are not sufficiently familiar with the regulations and trained for efficient and safe application of PPPs. The aim of the research was to obtain answers to selected questions on the basis of which the training and behavior of users could be assessed, ie whether the application of PPPs is in accordance with the regulations for users supplied with PPPs in smaller stores. Thanks to the initiative and support of the Ana and Vlade Divac Foundation, a survey of PPP users on knowledge of regulations and behavior related to the use of PPP was organized on the territory of the Republic of Serbia. The survey was preceded by training of interviewers, and the questionnaire was designed to examine the attitudes of respondents on behavior in the selection, application, storage, use of personal protective equipment, knowledge of regulations in this area, packaging waste management and other selected important aspects related to PPPs use. Interviewers conducted the survey from 7-17. May 2021, during which 1030 farmers were interviewed in a random and representative sample, in 116 municipalities and 227 agricultural pharmacies. The answers to the questions from the questionnaire were grouped into logical units, analyzed and presented for the territory of the Republic of Serbia, the segmentation of the results of the total sample by regions, gender, age and level of education was done. The survey mostly covered farms with an arable land size of up to 10 ha (71.8% for the whole of Serbia), and the most represented were respondents older than 50 years (58.7%), with completed high school (74.7%). Small shops of agricultural inputs are the main supplier of PPPs (96.2%), and the majority of respondents make the decision in choosing PPPs (83.8%). Before buying PPP, 91.5% of respondents consult with experts, and the most useful advice for choosing PPP is received from sellers at the point of sale (67.4%), advisors from advisory services (18.9%), representatives of PPP manufacturers (7.5%) and at least via the internet, TV and press (2.3%). The majority of respondents apply PPPs according to the label (85.7%), and records on the types and quantities of PPPs stored and used are kept by 75.7% of respondents. A large percentage of PPP users do not use any personal protective equipment (4.6%), while only 21.3% of respondents use complete personal protective equipment. About 6% of respondents bought illegal PPPs, and the main reasons were higher trust (56.6%), better price (25.3%) and recommendations (13.1%). Of the total number of respondents, only 15.6% store PPPs in a special room for this purpose, as many as 24.2% of respondents do not use the rinsing of PPPs containers. The behavior related to the management of packaging waste from PPPs is worrying, with 50% of respondents disposing of packaging in municipal waste, 37.4% destroying it by burning, 3.3% disposing of it in th","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87334779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From harvest to market or use, apple fruits are stored in warehouses for a short or long time, during which they are often exposed to the attack of various pathogenic microorganisms. Although there are no precise data on the losses caused by various pathogens on stored apple fruits in our country, it is quite certain that they are large, both due to the often inadequate storage conditions and the fact that less attention is paid to the storage of the harvested fruits than to their production. The paper describes the characteristic symptoms of the 25 most important diseases of stored apple fruits caused by various pathogens, as well as an overview of other less signifi cant pathogens that can appear on apple fruits during their storage. The measures for their suppression are especially emphasized and elaborated, so that the economic losses caused by these pathogens, if not completely avoided, then at least reduced to a tolerant measure.
{"title":"Pathogens of stored apple fruits","authors":"V. Trkulja, F. Bagi","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206462t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206462t","url":null,"abstract":"From harvest to market or use, apple fruits are stored in warehouses for a short or long time, during which they are often exposed to the attack of various pathogenic microorganisms. Although there are no precise data on the losses caused by various pathogens on stored apple fruits in our country, it is quite certain that they are large, both due to the often inadequate storage conditions and the fact that less attention is paid to the storage of the harvested fruits than to their production. The paper describes the characteristic symptoms of the 25 most important diseases of stored apple fruits caused by various pathogens, as well as an overview of other less signifi cant pathogens that can appear on apple fruits during their storage. The measures for their suppression are especially emphasized and elaborated, so that the economic losses caused by these pathogens, if not completely avoided, then at least reduced to a tolerant measure.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79790671","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A major threat to the successful growing of tomatoes and peppers can be the occurrence, introduction or spread of a large number of different quarantine pathogens, which is why the strict application of internationally accepted phytosanitary precautionary and control measures is irreplaceable in preventing the introduction or spread of quarantine harmful organisms. These pathogens are one of the main threats for the worldwide production of apple, as well as for the domestic one. In accordance with the current legal regulations, this paper presents an overview of the 12 quarantine pathogens of apple, whereby specific full names and synonyms of quarantine pathogens, their distribution, hosts, symptoms, biology and method of transmission and distribution are given, with special emphasis on measures for their suppression.
{"title":"Quarantine pathogens of apple","authors":"V. Trkulja","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2206518t","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2206518t","url":null,"abstract":"A major threat to the successful growing of tomatoes and peppers can be the occurrence, introduction or spread of a large number of different quarantine pathogens, which is why the strict application of internationally accepted phytosanitary precautionary and control measures is irreplaceable in preventing the introduction or spread of quarantine harmful organisms. These pathogens are one of the main threats for the worldwide production of apple, as well as for the domestic one. In accordance with the current legal regulations, this paper presents an overview of the 12 quarantine pathogens of apple, whereby specific full names and synonyms of quarantine pathogens, their distribution, hosts, symptoms, biology and method of transmission and distribution are given, with special emphasis on measures for their suppression.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91133916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The number of adults was monitored using a light trap type RO Agrobečej at the localities of Sombor and Begeč during 2020 and 2021. In this paper, analyzed was the correlation between that appearance frequency and the Degree day - (DD). Adults were trapped throughout the trap season from April 11th to October 19th. Altogether, five frequency peaks were recorded from June to October. Recorded peaks corresponded to DD values of 245, 457, 593, 660 and 787, respectively. The highest peak corresponded to DD value of 593. In order to get a broader picture of the appearance, DD were also calculated for 2017, 2018 and 2019. For DD 200, the mean occurrence was calculated Jun 12th, DD 245 June 18th, DD 457 July 12th , DD 593 July 28th, DD 660 August 11th and DD 787 August 17th. The distance from the mean occurrence of DD 200 on June 12th to the maximum occurrence of DD 593 on July 28th is 46 days, with a difference of DD 393. DD values from March 30th (biofix) to October 20th ranged from 951 to 1245.
{"title":"Dynamics of appearance of Halyomorpha halys: Brown marmorated stink bug collected using a light trap and Degree days","authors":"D. Vajgand","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2202107v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2202107v","url":null,"abstract":"The number of adults was monitored using a light trap type RO Agrobečej at the localities of Sombor and Begeč during 2020 and 2021. In this paper, analyzed was the correlation between that appearance frequency and the Degree day - (DD). Adults were trapped throughout the trap season from April 11th to October 19th. Altogether, five frequency peaks were recorded from June to October. Recorded peaks corresponded to DD values of 245, 457, 593, 660 and 787, respectively. The highest peak corresponded to DD value of 593. In order to get a broader picture of the appearance, DD were also calculated for 2017, 2018 and 2019. For DD 200, the mean occurrence was calculated Jun 12th, DD 245 June 18th, DD 457 July 12th , DD 593 July 28th, DD 660 August 11th and DD 787 August 17th. The distance from the mean occurrence of DD 200 on June 12th to the maximum occurrence of DD 593 on July 28th is 46 days, with a difference of DD 393. DD values from March 30th (biofix) to October 20th ranged from 951 to 1245.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86084833","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plum pox virus is one of the most studied viruses due to the economic damage it can causes, as well as large investments required for its control and prevention. The main hosts are species that belong to the genus Prunus - plum, apricot, peach, nectarine, almond and cherry. PPV was first time discovered in Bulgaria in 1917-1918, and the virus has spread from Europe to Africa, South America, Asia and North America. The virus has not been detected in Australia and New Zealand. The virus spreads nonpersistent through more than 20 species of aphids and by vegetative propagation of infected plants. Stems of infected plants do not decay, they continue to bear fruit, but in smaller amounts and lower quality. Plant viruses cannot be defeated with chemicals. Action with a goal to eliminate or reduce the source of infection as prevention are necessary. To this day, 10 different strains of PPV have been identified based on biological, serological and molecular properties (M, D, Rec, EA, T, W, C, CR, CV, An).
{"title":"Protection measures against Plum pox virus","authors":"Milica Cikuša","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2202101c","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2202101c","url":null,"abstract":"Plum pox virus is one of the most studied viruses due to the economic damage it can causes, as well as large investments required for its control and prevention. The main hosts are species that belong to the genus Prunus - plum, apricot, peach, nectarine, almond and cherry. PPV was first time discovered in Bulgaria in 1917-1918, and the virus has spread from Europe to Africa, South America, Asia and North America. The virus has not been detected in Australia and New Zealand. The virus spreads nonpersistent through more than 20 species of aphids and by vegetative propagation of infected plants. Stems of infected plants do not decay, they continue to bear fruit, but in smaller amounts and lower quality. Plant viruses cannot be defeated with chemicals. Action with a goal to eliminate or reduce the source of infection as prevention are necessary. To this day, 10 different strains of PPV have been identified based on biological, serological and molecular properties (M, D, Rec, EA, T, W, C, CR, CV, An).","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90573845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Regardless of the existence of significant differences at the national and regional level, plans, programs, actions and improvements in environmental protection are a global problem, which requires global solutions. Modern society must faster and better understand the warning of scientists and experts about the state of the environment, ie. the fact that there are fewer and fewer free, original and unpolluted environments, with a staggering tendency to further decline. On the other hand, the endangered, degraded and devastated ones are more and more, with a tendency to grow and much faster than it seems at first glance, faster than the science from the end of our century could have imagined. At the same time, it is important to point out that by disturbing the ecological balance and ecosystem, the future of man and his survival is endangered. The subject of the analysis is the legal regulation of environmental protection in the Republic of Serbia and the European Union, both in the theoretical and practical domain of its application, and therefore special attention will be paid to regulations in the field of environmental protection.
{"title":"Regulatory framework in the field of environmental protection","authors":"Martin Matijašević, Dejan Kostic","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2201048m","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2201048m","url":null,"abstract":"Regardless of the existence of significant differences at the national and regional level, plans, programs, actions and improvements in environmental protection are a global problem, which requires global solutions. Modern society must faster and better understand the warning of scientists and experts about the state of the environment, ie. the fact that there are fewer and fewer free, original and unpolluted environments, with a staggering tendency to further decline. On the other hand, the endangered, degraded and devastated ones are more and more, with a tendency to grow and much faster than it seems at first glance, faster than the science from the end of our century could have imagined. At the same time, it is important to point out that by disturbing the ecological balance and ecosystem, the future of man and his survival is endangered. The subject of the analysis is the legal regulation of environmental protection in the Republic of Serbia and the European Union, both in the theoretical and practical domain of its application, and therefore special attention will be paid to regulations in the field of environmental protection.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86012515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Konstantinović, M. Popov, N. Samardžić, T. Stojanović
The protection of onions from the weeds and their negative impact in the field production is one of the most important measures. The onion is exceptionally succeptible to the weeds, especially in the first phases of the growth, considering the weak initial growth of the crop in comparison with the weeds. The seasonal dynamics of the onion weeds is not so noticeable like with the other crops, while the weeds that appear most frequently are: Amaranthus blitoides, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Datura stramonium, Portulaca oleracea, Setaria glauca and Stellaria media. The chemical control measures mean the herbicide use before or after the emergence of the crop and the weeds. Before the emergence the herbicides based on aclonifen and pendimethaline can be used, while after the emergence herbicides based on fluroxypir, clopyralid, fluazifop-P-butyl, clethodim, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl and propaquizafop are used.
{"title":"The weeds in onion and their control","authors":"B. Konstantinović, M. Popov, N. Samardžić, T. Stojanović","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2105675k","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2105675k","url":null,"abstract":"The protection of onions from the weeds and their negative impact in the field production is one of the most important measures. The onion is exceptionally succeptible to the weeds, especially in the first phases of the growth, considering the weak initial growth of the crop in comparison with the weeds. The seasonal dynamics of the onion weeds is not so noticeable like with the other crops, while the weeds that appear most frequently are: Amaranthus blitoides, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Chenopodium album, Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensis, Cynodon dactylon, Datura stramonium, Portulaca oleracea, Setaria glauca and Stellaria media. The chemical control measures mean the herbicide use before or after the emergence of the crop and the weeds. Before the emergence the herbicides based on aclonifen and pendimethaline can be used, while after the emergence herbicides based on fluroxypir, clopyralid, fluazifop-P-butyl, clethodim, quizalofop-P-ethyl, quizalofop-P-tefuryl and propaquizafop are used.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79317603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Vuković, D. Šunjka, Aleksandra Alavanja, D. Boskovic, A. Žunić
The production of beans and green beans in our country takes place in relatively small areas, and it is additionally reduced by the presence of various harmful agents (pests and diseases). Economically significant diseases of beans and green beans are gray rot (Botrytis cinerea), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), seedling rot, and seedling blight (Pythium sp.), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. phaseoli), bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), gray leaf spot (Mycosphaerella pinodes), brown leaf spot or bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli), and bean mosaic virus. Five plant protection products (PPPs) based on four active substances have been registered in our country for the control of pathogens in beans and green beans. Signifi cant pests of beans and green beans in our country are black aphid (Aphis fabae), thrips (Kakothrips robustus), plant aphids (family Aphididae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), as well as red spider mite and Atlantic (strawberry) spider mite (Tetranichus urticae and Tetranichus turkestani). Eight PPPs, based on seven active substances, have been registered for the control of pests in the crop of beans and green beans. This paper aimed to present the registered PPPs in the Republic of Serbia for the control of the most economically important pathogens and pests of beans and green beans, classified according to the mode of action.
{"title":"The most important diseases and pests of beans and green beans and the possibility of their control","authors":"S. Vuković, D. Šunjka, Aleksandra Alavanja, D. Boskovic, A. Žunić","doi":"10.5937/biljlek2106815v","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2106815v","url":null,"abstract":"The production of beans and green beans in our country takes place in relatively small areas, and it is additionally reduced by the presence of various harmful agents (pests and diseases). Economically significant diseases of beans and green beans are gray rot (Botrytis cinerea), white rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), seedling rot, and seedling blight (Pythium sp.), Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporumf. sp. phaseoli), bean rust (Uromyces phaseoli), anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum), gray leaf spot (Mycosphaerella pinodes), brown leaf spot or bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli), and bean mosaic virus. Five plant protection products (PPPs) based on four active substances have been registered in our country for the control of pathogens in beans and green beans. Signifi cant pests of beans and green beans in our country are black aphid (Aphis fabae), thrips (Kakothrips robustus), plant aphids (family Aphididae), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), as well as red spider mite and Atlantic (strawberry) spider mite (Tetranichus urticae and Tetranichus turkestani). Eight PPPs, based on seven active substances, have been registered for the control of pests in the crop of beans and green beans. This paper aimed to present the registered PPPs in the Republic of Serbia for the control of the most economically important pathogens and pests of beans and green beans, classified according to the mode of action.","PeriodicalId":8829,"journal":{"name":"Biljni lekar","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82231271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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