Pub Date : 2022-05-04DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2067486
Alliyza Lim, R. Young, N. Brewer
ABSTRACT Objective Unusual behaviours are commonly perceived to indicate deception and low credibility. However, they may also characterise individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, thus making those individuals vulnerable to negative judgements. We examined the effect of four behaviours – gaze aversion, body movements, monologuing, and flat affect – on judgements of deception and credibility. Method In an online experiment, we presented participants (N = 392) with videos of actors being interviewed about their involvement in stealing money. In each video, the actor was either instructed to display one of the four behaviours or was not instructed to display any particular behaviour (control condition). Participants were then asked to provide ratings of perceived deception and credibility. Results There were significant effects of body movements and monologuing on perceived deception, and significant effects of monologuing and flat affect on the specific credibility dimension of perceived caring. Gaze aversion did not have a statistically significant effect on perceived deception or credibility. Conclusion Body movements, monologuing, and flat affect negatively affected deception and credibility judgements. Populations who commonly display these behaviours, such as individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, may be vulnerable to unfair evaluations in the criminal justice system. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Based on self-report measures, unusual behaviours are widely believed to be indicators of deception and low credibility. There is no empirical evidence that behavioural cues are reliable indicators of deception or credibility. Gaze aversion, repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect are common among individuals with certain disabilities and mental health conditions. What this paper adds: This study provides experimental support for the effect of repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect on judgements of deception and credibility. Individuals who present with repetitive body movements, monologuing, or flat affect due to a disability or mental health condition may be subject to unjust evaluations of deception and credibility. There is an important need for further research on how individuals with disabilities and mental health conditions are perceived in the criminal justice system.
{"title":"Atypical behaviours found in some mental health conditions negatively affect judgments of deception and credibility","authors":"Alliyza Lim, R. Young, N. Brewer","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2067486","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2067486","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Unusual behaviours are commonly perceived to indicate deception and low credibility. However, they may also characterise individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, thus making those individuals vulnerable to negative judgements. We examined the effect of four behaviours – gaze aversion, body movements, monologuing, and flat affect – on judgements of deception and credibility. Method In an online experiment, we presented participants (N = 392) with videos of actors being interviewed about their involvement in stealing money. In each video, the actor was either instructed to display one of the four behaviours or was not instructed to display any particular behaviour (control condition). Participants were then asked to provide ratings of perceived deception and credibility. Results There were significant effects of body movements and monologuing on perceived deception, and significant effects of monologuing and flat affect on the specific credibility dimension of perceived caring. Gaze aversion did not have a statistically significant effect on perceived deception or credibility. Conclusion Body movements, monologuing, and flat affect negatively affected deception and credibility judgements. Populations who commonly display these behaviours, such as individuals with certain mental health or developmental conditions, may be vulnerable to unfair evaluations in the criminal justice system. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Based on self-report measures, unusual behaviours are widely believed to be indicators of deception and low credibility. There is no empirical evidence that behavioural cues are reliable indicators of deception or credibility. Gaze aversion, repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect are common among individuals with certain disabilities and mental health conditions. What this paper adds: This study provides experimental support for the effect of repetitive body movements, monologuing, and flat affect on judgements of deception and credibility. Individuals who present with repetitive body movements, monologuing, or flat affect due to a disability or mental health condition may be subject to unjust evaluations of deception and credibility. There is an important need for further research on how individuals with disabilities and mental health conditions are perceived in the criminal justice system.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"58669106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-23DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2046445
Charlene Wright, Jaimon T. Kelly, R. Healy, J. Musial, Katrina L. Campbell, K. Hamilton
ABSTRACT Objective Gain an understanding of the lived experiences and unique psychosocial impacts following bariatric surgery. Methods Qualitative study design, consisting of semi-structured interviews. Based on thematic analysis principles, transcripts were inductively coded. Results Fifteen participants were included; predominantly female (n = 9, 60%) and underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n =12, 80%), with a mean age of 57 years. Five themes were generated including ‘Key Motivators to Undergo Bariatric Surgery’, “Positive Changes”, “Facing the Challenges”, “Tackling Social Relationships”, and “Skills to Move Forward”. There were common health-related motivators to undergo surgery, yet psychosocial motivators were not reported. Patients reported positive changes post-operatively; though not exclusively. Challenges included being surprised by the rapid weight loss, a delayed identification of their new body, and new body image concerns. Participants reported using different sources of support for the different types of support needs and were required to navigate negative confrontations and perceived stigma. Skills to move forward included implementing strategies and behaviour change techniques along with adjusting their lifestyle, routine, and mindset. Conclusion Experiences and psychosocial challenges post-operatively are multifaceted. Tailoring services to address these challenges in both pre- and post-operative healthcare settings is recommended. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Long-term psychological and dietary support is important to help individuals navigate the challenges and maintain positive changes achieved after bariatric surgery. Lived experiences of bariatric surgery are characterised by normality, control, and ambivalence. To date, no qualitative study has been conducted in Australia to report the lived experience and unique psychosocial impacts following bariatric surgery. What this topic adds: Health-related motivators to undergo bariatric surgery were common; however, there were no reports of psychosocial motivators to undergo surgery (i.e., improved body image). Patients electing bariatric surgery may not be fully prepared for the psychosocial challenges rapid weight loss presents. Different sources of support were utilized by patients for different types of social support, with the prominent use of Online Health Communities.
{"title":"Lived experiences and unique psychosocial impacts following bariatric surgery in a publicly funded Australian tertiary hospital: a qualitative study","authors":"Charlene Wright, Jaimon T. Kelly, R. Healy, J. Musial, Katrina L. Campbell, K. Hamilton","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2046445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2046445","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Gain an understanding of the lived experiences and unique psychosocial impacts following bariatric surgery. Methods Qualitative study design, consisting of semi-structured interviews. Based on thematic analysis principles, transcripts were inductively coded. Results Fifteen participants were included; predominantly female (n = 9, 60%) and underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (n =12, 80%), with a mean age of 57 years. Five themes were generated including ‘Key Motivators to Undergo Bariatric Surgery’, “Positive Changes”, “Facing the Challenges”, “Tackling Social Relationships”, and “Skills to Move Forward”. There were common health-related motivators to undergo surgery, yet psychosocial motivators were not reported. Patients reported positive changes post-operatively; though not exclusively. Challenges included being surprised by the rapid weight loss, a delayed identification of their new body, and new body image concerns. Participants reported using different sources of support for the different types of support needs and were required to navigate negative confrontations and perceived stigma. Skills to move forward included implementing strategies and behaviour change techniques along with adjusting their lifestyle, routine, and mindset. Conclusion Experiences and psychosocial challenges post-operatively are multifaceted. Tailoring services to address these challenges in both pre- and post-operative healthcare settings is recommended. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Long-term psychological and dietary support is important to help individuals navigate the challenges and maintain positive changes achieved after bariatric surgery. Lived experiences of bariatric surgery are characterised by normality, control, and ambivalence. To date, no qualitative study has been conducted in Australia to report the lived experience and unique psychosocial impacts following bariatric surgery. What this topic adds: Health-related motivators to undergo bariatric surgery were common; however, there were no reports of psychosocial motivators to undergo surgery (i.e., improved body image). Patients electing bariatric surgery may not be fully prepared for the psychosocial challenges rapid weight loss presents. Different sources of support were utilized by patients for different types of social support, with the prominent use of Online Health Communities.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46670284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-06DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2036581
K. Trenorden, M. Hull, A. Lampit, D. Greaves, H. Keage
ABSTRACT Objective Computerised cognitive training (CCT) is gaining in popularity and has shown evidence of efficacy in improving cognitive function. Older adults’ experiences of a CCT intervention were explored using mixed methods, focussing on computer literacy and engagement. Methods Seven older adults completed pre-operative CCT (pre-habilitation) and a 12-week post-operative CCT (rehabilitation) intervention as part of an ongoing clinical trial. Qualitative interviews were conducted post-training to explore CCT experiences and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three questionnaires were used to characterise participants: Computer Proficiency Questionnaire-12, Short Computer Anxiety Scale, User-Engagement Scale-Short Form. Results Four key themes were identified from the interview data: “I appreciate a challenge”, “Persevering through frustration led to accomplishment”, “When I start, I finish”, and “It’s manageable but with support”. Conclusion All participants had positive CCT experiences, including those with low computer-literacy skills. CCT interventions should consider utilising regular supervised sessions, and achievable, challenging exercises, while focussing on reducing frustration to improve experiences with CCT. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Computerised cognitive training (CCT) has demonstrated evidence for improving overall and domain-specific cognitive function in healthy older adults, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Low adherence is common in CCT interventions, which limits beneficial cognitive outcomes. Negative experiences in CCT interventions are major drivers of non-adherence and attrition. What this topic adds: Experiences during CCT often fluctuate, and frustration occurs when participants compare their perceived and actual abilities. Recommendations from qualitative interviews include the use of attainable, challenging exercises that can be completed more efficiently with improved skill. Support strategies contributed to positive experiences overall and included regular supervised sessions (e.g., once a week), phone numbers to call for assistance, and screen sharing software to resolve computer problems.
{"title":"Older adults’ experiences of a computerised cognitive training intervention: a mixed methods study","authors":"K. Trenorden, M. Hull, A. Lampit, D. Greaves, H. Keage","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2036581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2036581","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Computerised cognitive training (CCT) is gaining in popularity and has shown evidence of efficacy in improving cognitive function. Older adults’ experiences of a CCT intervention were explored using mixed methods, focussing on computer literacy and engagement. Methods Seven older adults completed pre-operative CCT (pre-habilitation) and a 12-week post-operative CCT (rehabilitation) intervention as part of an ongoing clinical trial. Qualitative interviews were conducted post-training to explore CCT experiences and data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three questionnaires were used to characterise participants: Computer Proficiency Questionnaire-12, Short Computer Anxiety Scale, User-Engagement Scale-Short Form. Results Four key themes were identified from the interview data: “I appreciate a challenge”, “Persevering through frustration led to accomplishment”, “When I start, I finish”, and “It’s manageable but with support”. Conclusion All participants had positive CCT experiences, including those with low computer-literacy skills. CCT interventions should consider utilising regular supervised sessions, and achievable, challenging exercises, while focussing on reducing frustration to improve experiences with CCT. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Computerised cognitive training (CCT) has demonstrated evidence for improving overall and domain-specific cognitive function in healthy older adults, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment. Low adherence is common in CCT interventions, which limits beneficial cognitive outcomes. Negative experiences in CCT interventions are major drivers of non-adherence and attrition. What this topic adds: Experiences during CCT often fluctuate, and frustration occurs when participants compare their perceived and actual abilities. Recommendations from qualitative interviews include the use of attainable, challenging exercises that can be completed more efficiently with improved skill. Support strategies contributed to positive experiences overall and included regular supervised sessions (e.g., once a week), phone numbers to call for assistance, and screen sharing software to resolve computer problems.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48838924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-06DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2039043
Thomas Falls, Joel Anderson
ABSTRACT Objective Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been the longstanding targets of racism and discrimination in Australia. This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review designed to identify and synthesise the available evidence exploring these intergroup attitudes, and the factors that correlate with them. Method Searches were conducted in Medline, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, ProQuest Psychology Database and PsycINFO databases. Eligible studies were required to measure attitudes of non-Indigenous Australians towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Results Twenty studies met the eligibility criteria (n = 2,958). The results outlined: (a) the prevalence of negative attitudes, (b) attitudes were most commonly conceptualised as modern racism, and (c) that there are a range of factors that are associated with negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Conclusions The review outlined the relationship between attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and demographic, ideological, individual differences, and intergroup factors. This review highlights the need for continued research in this domain to inform appropriate prejudice reduction strategies. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples face continued adversity, prejudice, and discrimination on their own land. This heightened propensity to be targeted for prejudice is a known social determinant of poorer health and wellbeing. Understanding racial attitudes towards this group is an imperative step in understanding and combating this health disparity. What this topic adds: There is a paucity of academic research exploring negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples The limited quantity of evidence does establish a range of correlates with negative attitudes that can be clustered into four themes – demographic factors, ideological variables, individual differences factors, and intergroup factors. More research is warranted in this domain to further establish a body of evidence on intergroup attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with a renewed focus needed on prejudice reduction techniques.
【摘要】目的澳大利亚土著居民和托雷斯海峡岛民长期以来一直是种族主义和歧视的目标。本文介绍了一项系统的文献综述，旨在识别和综合现有的证据，探索这些群体间的态度，以及与之相关的因素。方法在Medline、Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection、ProQuest Psychology Database和PsycINFO数据库中进行检索。需要进行合格的研究来衡量非土著澳大利亚人对土著和托雷斯海峡岛民的态度。结果20项研究符合入选标准(n = 2958)。结果概述了:(a)消极态度的普遍存在;(b)态度最常被概念化为现代种族主义;(c)有一系列因素与对土著和托雷斯海峡岛民的消极态度有关。结论概述了对原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民的态度与人口统计学、意识形态、个体差异和群体间因素的关系。这篇综述强调了在这一领域继续研究的必要性，以便为适当的减少偏见策略提供信息。关于本主题的已知情况:土著和托雷斯海峡岛民在自己的土地上面临着持续的逆境、偏见和歧视。这种更容易成为偏见目标的倾向是健康和福祉较差的一个已知的社会决定因素。了解对这一群体的种族态度是理解和消除这种健康差异的必要步骤。本主题补充的内容:关于原住民和托雷斯海峡岛民的负面态度的学术研究很少，有限的证据确实建立了一系列与负面态度相关的因素，这些因素可以归纳为四个主题——人口因素、意识形态变量、个体差异因素和群体间因素。有必要在这一领域进行更多的研究，以进一步确定关于群体间对土著和托雷斯海峡岛民的态度的证据，并重新关注减少偏见的技术。
{"title":"Attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: a systematic review","authors":"Thomas Falls, Joel Anderson","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2039043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2039043","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples have been the longstanding targets of racism and discrimination in Australia. This paper presents the findings of a systematic literature review designed to identify and synthesise the available evidence exploring these intergroup attitudes, and the factors that correlate with them. Method Searches were conducted in Medline, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, ProQuest Psychology Database and PsycINFO databases. Eligible studies were required to measure attitudes of non-Indigenous Australians towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Results Twenty studies met the eligibility criteria (n = 2,958). The results outlined: (a) the prevalence of negative attitudes, (b) attitudes were most commonly conceptualised as modern racism, and (c) that there are a range of factors that are associated with negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Conclusions The review outlined the relationship between attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and demographic, ideological, individual differences, and intergroup factors. This review highlights the need for continued research in this domain to inform appropriate prejudice reduction strategies. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples face continued adversity, prejudice, and discrimination on their own land. This heightened propensity to be targeted for prejudice is a known social determinant of poorer health and wellbeing. Understanding racial attitudes towards this group is an imperative step in understanding and combating this health disparity. What this topic adds: There is a paucity of academic research exploring negativity towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples The limited quantity of evidence does establish a range of correlates with negative attitudes that can be clustered into four themes – demographic factors, ideological variables, individual differences factors, and intergroup factors. More research is warranted in this domain to further establish a body of evidence on intergroup attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, with a renewed focus needed on prejudice reduction techniques.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46503821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-27DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2039042
J. Fish, I. Prichard, K. Ettridge, E. Grunfeld, Carlene J Wilson
ABSTRACT Objective Targeted behavioural interventions are needed to address psychosocial factors leading to slower help-seeking for cancer symptoms among men. This study compared the variance in men’s help-seeking intentions explained by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Belief Model. Method A cross-sectional survey of 127 men was conducted, testing symptom knowledge and theory-derived constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (attitudes, perceived norms, perceived behavioural control) and Health Belief Model (susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers). The outcome variable was intention to seek help for cancer symptoms. Separate and combined hierarchical regressions tested the relative predictive power of the two models, potential overlap in variance explained, and the most salient constructs within the models. Results Separate regressions (controlling for age and symptom knowledge) showed each model explained 10–12% variance in men’s help-seeking intentions over and above the adjusted variables. The combined regression indicated symptom knowledge, perceived benefits, and perceived behavioural control were significant predictors of men’s intentions (35% total variance explained). Conclusions The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Belief Model may not be optimal models for explaining men’s help-seeking intentions for cancer symptoms, however, select constructs are important correlates. Future interventions may usefully target symptom knowledge, health beliefs, and control beliefs.
{"title":"Predicting men’s intentions to seek help for cancer symptoms: a comparison of the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Health Belief Model","authors":"J. Fish, I. Prichard, K. Ettridge, E. Grunfeld, Carlene J Wilson","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2039042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2039042","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Targeted behavioural interventions are needed to address psychosocial factors leading to slower help-seeking for cancer symptoms among men. This study compared the variance in men’s help-seeking intentions explained by the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Belief Model. Method A cross-sectional survey of 127 men was conducted, testing symptom knowledge and theory-derived constructs from the Theory of Planned Behaviour (attitudes, perceived norms, perceived behavioural control) and Health Belief Model (susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers). The outcome variable was intention to seek help for cancer symptoms. Separate and combined hierarchical regressions tested the relative predictive power of the two models, potential overlap in variance explained, and the most salient constructs within the models. Results Separate regressions (controlling for age and symptom knowledge) showed each model explained 10–12% variance in men’s help-seeking intentions over and above the adjusted variables. The combined regression indicated symptom knowledge, perceived benefits, and perceived behavioural control were significant predictors of men’s intentions (35% total variance explained). Conclusions The Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Belief Model may not be optimal models for explaining men’s help-seeking intentions for cancer symptoms, however, select constructs are important correlates. Future interventions may usefully target symptom knowledge, health beliefs, and control beliefs.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41339389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT Objective In this study, we investigated the advantages of attention allocation and spatial orientation among video game players (VGPs) and non-video game players (NVGPs) and explored the performance differences between the two groups in flight simulations. Method Thirty candidates from a Chinese university were categorised as VGPs and NVGPs before participating in all tests. Results The comparison of flight performance and eye movement indicators between the two groups showed that the flight performance of VGPs was significantly better than that of NVGPs. We then found that an attention shift task and group factors predicted flight performance during take-off, while spatial orientation and tracking tasks have direct and indirect effects on cruise task performance, respectively. Eye movement indicators can directly predict flight performance to a certain extent. Conclusion We believe that the transfer effect of game experience in simulated flight tasks assisted VGPs in using top-down processing strategies in the flight process, and in better allocating cognitive resources. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: The advantages of attention allocation and spatial orientation among video game players (VGPs) and non-video game players (NVGPs). This difference not only caused by gaming experience, but also comes from the interaction of gaming experience and individual differences. The VGPs perform better on simulated flight mission. We speculated that gaming practice had assisted VGPs in using top-down processing strategies in the flight process, and in better allocating cognitive resources. VGPs did not depend solely on low-level cognitive abilities to finish tasks, but rather could rapidly understand the relevant situation and task in order to choose a proper attention allocation strategy, that visual search patterns must be adapted according to different situations, as opposed to reliance on a single parallel or sequence search. What this topic adds: The promotional effects of gaming experience occurred in high-level cognitive processing, but this effect was also observed in low-level ability tests. The key to promoting and maintaining excellent long-term performance are comprehensive cognitive skills, advanced cognitive skills, the establishment of mental models, and adaptive top-down processing strategies. The aviation training system design should not stop at elemental training to improve general cognitive abilities, but should be a comprehensive ability-training game in order to improve training efficiency for pilots. In order to establish a cognitive ability video game training system for pilots in the future, further exploration is needed to understand whether the transfer effect would occur in real world flight missions.
{"title":"Effect of video game experience on the simulated flight task: the role of attention and spatial orientation","authors":"Tianjiao Lu, Menghan Tang, Yu Guo, Chenchen Zhou, Qingxian Zhao, Xuqun You","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.2007736","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.2007736","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective In this study, we investigated the advantages of attention allocation and spatial orientation among video game players (VGPs) and non-video game players (NVGPs) and explored the performance differences between the two groups in flight simulations. Method Thirty candidates from a Chinese university were categorised as VGPs and NVGPs before participating in all tests. Results The comparison of flight performance and eye movement indicators between the two groups showed that the flight performance of VGPs was significantly better than that of NVGPs. We then found that an attention shift task and group factors predicted flight performance during take-off, while spatial orientation and tracking tasks have direct and indirect effects on cruise task performance, respectively. Eye movement indicators can directly predict flight performance to a certain extent. Conclusion We believe that the transfer effect of game experience in simulated flight tasks assisted VGPs in using top-down processing strategies in the flight process, and in better allocating cognitive resources. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: The advantages of attention allocation and spatial orientation among video game players (VGPs) and non-video game players (NVGPs). This difference not only caused by gaming experience, but also comes from the interaction of gaming experience and individual differences. The VGPs perform better on simulated flight mission. We speculated that gaming practice had assisted VGPs in using top-down processing strategies in the flight process, and in better allocating cognitive resources. VGPs did not depend solely on low-level cognitive abilities to finish tasks, but rather could rapidly understand the relevant situation and task in order to choose a proper attention allocation strategy, that visual search patterns must be adapted according to different situations, as opposed to reliance on a single parallel or sequence search. What this topic adds: The promotional effects of gaming experience occurred in high-level cognitive processing, but this effect was also observed in low-level ability tests. The key to promoting and maintaining excellent long-term performance are comprehensive cognitive skills, advanced cognitive skills, the establishment of mental models, and adaptive top-down processing strategies. The aviation training system design should not stop at elemental training to improve general cognitive abilities, but should be a comprehensive ability-training game in order to improve training efficiency for pilots. In order to establish a cognitive ability video game training system for pilots in the future, further exploration is needed to understand whether the transfer effect would occur in real world flight missions.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45254240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.2001297
A. McGrath, Matthew Thomas, N. Sugden, C. Skilbeck
ABSTRACT Objective While the Flynn effect is a well-recognised phenomenon impacting tests of cognitive ability, limited research has been conducted into its relevance for tests of premorbid ability. Consequently, we aimed to investigate whether estimated FSIQ scores from four commonly used word reading tasks (the NART, the NART2, the WTAR, and the TOPF) were influenced by the Flynn effect. Method We administered the NART, WTAR, and TOPF to 120 healthy community-dwelling adults. Using these raw scores we calculated estimated FSIQ scores using the predictive models published in the relevant manuals and compared these with scores obtained on the WASI-II. Results We found a linear increase in estimated FSIQ, with the oldest reading task, the NART, returning the highest scores and the most recent, the TOPF, the lowest. The NART, WTAR US, and TOPF US overestimated intellectual ability compared to current functioning measured by the WASI-II. Conclusions Our findings indicated tests of premorbid functioning appear to be subject to the Flynn effect, and clinicians should exercise caution in using older word reading tasks such as the NART. Our results support the need for Australian standardisations of these instruments. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: The Flynn effect is the well-known observation that population intelligence is increasing by 3 IQ points per decade. Word reading tasks reliably and validly estimate premorbid intellectual functioning in patients with neuropsychological impairment. There is some evidence indicating word reading tasks might be impacted by the Flynn effect. What this topic adds: We replicated previous research and found results that were consistent with the Flynn effect in estimating premorbid intellectual functioning across the TOPF, WTAR and NART2 and NART. Our results confirmed older tests such as the NART are likely to significantly overestimate premorbid intellectual functioning and should be used with caution. Differences in predicted FSIQ scores based on UK and US norms point to a need for future Australian standardisations of these tests.
{"title":"The Flynn effect in estimates of premorbid intellectual functioning in an Australian sample","authors":"A. McGrath, Matthew Thomas, N. Sugden, C. Skilbeck","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.2001297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.2001297","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective While the Flynn effect is a well-recognised phenomenon impacting tests of cognitive ability, limited research has been conducted into its relevance for tests of premorbid ability. Consequently, we aimed to investigate whether estimated FSIQ scores from four commonly used word reading tasks (the NART, the NART2, the WTAR, and the TOPF) were influenced by the Flynn effect. Method We administered the NART, WTAR, and TOPF to 120 healthy community-dwelling adults. Using these raw scores we calculated estimated FSIQ scores using the predictive models published in the relevant manuals and compared these with scores obtained on the WASI-II. Results We found a linear increase in estimated FSIQ, with the oldest reading task, the NART, returning the highest scores and the most recent, the TOPF, the lowest. The NART, WTAR US, and TOPF US overestimated intellectual ability compared to current functioning measured by the WASI-II. Conclusions Our findings indicated tests of premorbid functioning appear to be subject to the Flynn effect, and clinicians should exercise caution in using older word reading tasks such as the NART. Our results support the need for Australian standardisations of these instruments. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: The Flynn effect is the well-known observation that population intelligence is increasing by 3 IQ points per decade. Word reading tasks reliably and validly estimate premorbid intellectual functioning in patients with neuropsychological impairment. There is some evidence indicating word reading tasks might be impacted by the Flynn effect. What this topic adds: We replicated previous research and found results that were consistent with the Flynn effect in estimating premorbid intellectual functioning across the TOPF, WTAR and NART2 and NART. Our results confirmed older tests such as the NART are likely to significantly overestimate premorbid intellectual functioning and should be used with caution. Differences in predicted FSIQ scores based on UK and US norms point to a need for future Australian standardisations of these tests.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49614096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-02-16DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2029221
K. Hamilton, Jacob J. Keech, Stacey Willcox - Pidgeon, A. Peden
ABSTRACT Objective Alcohol consumption and being male are drowning risk factors. Changing beliefs and intentions to undertake risky aquatic-related behaviours, such as consuming alcohol, is key to reducing loss of life and injury. We evaluated the impact of a video encouraging change in young males’ social cognitions and intentions to discourage their mates as well as their own alcohol consumption around the water. Method A three-wave non-controlled pre-test-post-test design was adopted. A convenience sample of Australian males aged 18–34 years (N = 97) who self-reported drinking alcohol and engaging in aquatic activities was recruited. Participants were surveyed at baseline (T1) regarding social cognition constructs and intentions, immediately after viewing the video (T2) and at a one-month follow-up (T3). Results Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant main effects of time on intentions, subjective norms, and attitudes regarding discouraging mates from drinking and swimming, but no significant main effects of time on perceived behavioural control or risk perceptions. The same patterns of effects were observed regarding drinking and swimming on males’ own behaviour. Conclusions The video has the potential to influence young males’ social cognitions regarding their mates’ and their own risky drinking behaviour around water in the short term, although sustained interventions are required. Messaging delivered on-site at popular aquatic locations in the lead-up to traditionally risky periods for alcohol-related drowning should be considered. Provision of strategies to combat social pressures among young males to act on their intentions to engage in drinking and swimming are needed. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Drowning is a significant cause of injury-related mortality and morbidity. (2) Alcohol is a risk factor for drowning, with young males commonly represented in alcohol-related drowning statistics. (3) Achieving lasting improvement in behaviour among males is challenging, despite the use of water safety interventions based on theory. What this topic adds: (1) This study presents the first evaluation of a video that aimed to encourage change in young males’ social cognitions and intentions to discourage their mates alcohol consumption around water. (2) Results indicate significant main effects of time on intentions, subjective norms, and attitudes regarding discouraging mates from drinking and swimming, as well as drinking and swimming themselves. (3) The video has potential to influence young male’s social cognition for their mates’ and their own behaviour in the short term, although sustained interventions are required.
{"title":"An evaluation of a video-based intervention targeting alcohol consumption during aquatic activities","authors":"K. Hamilton, Jacob J. Keech, Stacey Willcox - Pidgeon, A. Peden","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2022.2029221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2022.2029221","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Objective Alcohol consumption and being male are drowning risk factors. Changing beliefs and intentions to undertake risky aquatic-related behaviours, such as consuming alcohol, is key to reducing loss of life and injury. We evaluated the impact of a video encouraging change in young males’ social cognitions and intentions to discourage their mates as well as their own alcohol consumption around the water. Method A three-wave non-controlled pre-test-post-test design was adopted. A convenience sample of Australian males aged 18–34 years (N = 97) who self-reported drinking alcohol and engaging in aquatic activities was recruited. Participants were surveyed at baseline (T1) regarding social cognition constructs and intentions, immediately after viewing the video (T2) and at a one-month follow-up (T3). Results Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant main effects of time on intentions, subjective norms, and attitudes regarding discouraging mates from drinking and swimming, but no significant main effects of time on perceived behavioural control or risk perceptions. The same patterns of effects were observed regarding drinking and swimming on males’ own behaviour. Conclusions The video has the potential to influence young males’ social cognitions regarding their mates’ and their own risky drinking behaviour around water in the short term, although sustained interventions are required. Messaging delivered on-site at popular aquatic locations in the lead-up to traditionally risky periods for alcohol-related drowning should be considered. Provision of strategies to combat social pressures among young males to act on their intentions to engage in drinking and swimming are needed. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Drowning is a significant cause of injury-related mortality and morbidity. (2) Alcohol is a risk factor for drowning, with young males commonly represented in alcohol-related drowning statistics. (3) Achieving lasting improvement in behaviour among males is challenging, despite the use of water safety interventions based on theory. What this topic adds: (1) This study presents the first evaluation of a video that aimed to encourage change in young males’ social cognitions and intentions to discourage their mates alcohol consumption around water. (2) Results indicate significant main effects of time on intentions, subjective norms, and attitudes regarding discouraging mates from drinking and swimming, as well as drinking and swimming themselves. (3) The video has potential to influence young male’s social cognition for their mates’ and their own behaviour in the short term, although sustained interventions are required.","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2022-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42689162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-17DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.2002125
Indita Dorina, B. Mullan, Elizaveta Novoradovskaya
Objective: Rigid plastics are accepted by Australian recycling facilities but soft forms are not. Further, single-use soft plastic may only be used once but can take 400 years to break down. As only 12% of plastic is recycled, increasing recycling of soft plastic will decrease negative environmental impacts. This study aims to assess the applicability of temporal self-regulation theory to identify factors that correlated with soft plastic recycling. Method: Participants (N = 318) completed a cross-sectional online questionnaire measuring connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations, intention, habit, self-control and behaviour. Results: Connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations accounted for significant variance in intention (R = .13, p < .001). Intention and habit accounted for significant variance in behaviour (R = .39, p < .001). Habit at low levels moderated the relationship between intention and behaviour but self-control was not a significant moderator between intention and behaviour. Conclusions: Findings provide partial support for temporal self-regulation theory to assess a pro-environmental behaviour. Collecting soft plastic for recycling is largely explained by habit and intention. Moderating effects suggest that strong habit may compensate for weaker intention to carry out the behaviour and vice-versa. Results indicate potential for transferability of the theory for other areas of behavioural research and can inform interventions to encourage soft plastic recycling. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) When used to predict environmental behaviours the theory of planned behaviour has shown good predictive ability but also an intention behaviour gap. (2) Temporal self-regulation theory is used to explain and predict health behaviours and has been successful in closing the observed intention-behaviour gap in the theory of planned behaviour, a key theory in the field. (3) There is a need to effectively recycle soft plastic due to the global increase in plastic pollution and high soft plastic production rates but lack of infrastructure and knowledge regarding how to recycle soft plastic, potentially contributing to overall low plastic recycling rates. What this topic adds: (1) This study is the first to apply temporal self-regulation theory to environmental psychology with partial support for the theory in explaining behaviour. This suggests that temporal self-regulation theory may have utility in environmental psychology. (2) This study explains variance in recycling behaviour and demonstrates ways researchers could intervene to change behaviour. (3) This study is the first to investigate soft plastic recycling behaviour and has identified some of its correlates and directions for future research, which can inform knowledge and interventions to increase rates. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 March 2021 Accepted 30 October 2021
目的:澳大利亚回收设施接受硬质塑料，但不接受软塑料。此外，一次性软塑料可能只使用一次，但可能需要400年才能分解。由于只有12%的塑料被回收，增加软塑料的回收将减少对环境的负面影响。本研究旨在评估时间自我调节理论在识别软塑料回收相关因素中的适用性。方法:参与者(N = 318)完成了一份横断面在线问卷，测量了连通性信念、时间价值、意图、习惯、自我控制和行为。结果:连通性信念和时间评价在意向上有显著差异(R = 0.13, p < 0.001)。意向和习惯在行为上有显著差异(R = 0.39, p < 0.001)。低水平的习惯调节了意图和行为之间的关系，而自我控制在意图和行为之间没有显著的调节作用。结论:研究结果为时间自我调节理论评估亲环境行为提供了部分支持。收集软塑料回收利用在很大程度上是由习惯和意图来解释的。调节效应表明，强烈的习惯可能会弥补较弱的行为意图，反之亦然。研究结果表明，该理论在其他行为研究领域具有可转移性，并可以为鼓励软塑料回收的干预措施提供信息。(1)计划行为理论在预测环境行为时表现出良好的预测能力，但也存在意向行为差距。(2)时间自我调节理论被用来解释和预测健康行为，并成功地弥补了计划行为理论中观察到的意图-行为差距，这是该领域的关键理论。(3)由于全球塑料污染的增加和软塑料的高生产率，但缺乏关于如何回收软塑料的基础设施和知识，因此需要有效地回收软塑料，这可能导致整体塑料回收率低。本课题补充:(1)本研究首次将时间自我调节理论应用于环境心理学，部分支持了该理论对行为的解释。这表明时间自我调节理论在环境心理学中可能具有实用价值。(2)本研究解释了回收行为的差异，并展示了研究人员可以干预改变行为的方法。(3)本研究首次调查了软塑料的回收行为，并确定了一些相关因素和未来研究的方向，这可以为提高回收率提供知识和干预措施。文章接收日期2021年3月15日接收日期2021年10月30日
{"title":"Applying temporal self-regulation theory to identify correlates of soft plastic recycling in Australia","authors":"Indita Dorina, B. Mullan, Elizaveta Novoradovskaya","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.2002125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.2002125","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Rigid plastics are accepted by Australian recycling facilities but soft forms are not. Further, single-use soft plastic may only be used once but can take 400 years to break down. As only 12% of plastic is recycled, increasing recycling of soft plastic will decrease negative environmental impacts. This study aims to assess the applicability of temporal self-regulation theory to identify factors that correlated with soft plastic recycling. Method: Participants (N = 318) completed a cross-sectional online questionnaire measuring connectedness beliefs, temporal valuations, intention, habit, self-control and behaviour. Results: Connectedness beliefs and temporal valuations accounted for significant variance in intention (R = .13, p < .001). Intention and habit accounted for significant variance in behaviour (R = .39, p < .001). Habit at low levels moderated the relationship between intention and behaviour but self-control was not a significant moderator between intention and behaviour. Conclusions: Findings provide partial support for temporal self-regulation theory to assess a pro-environmental behaviour. Collecting soft plastic for recycling is largely explained by habit and intention. Moderating effects suggest that strong habit may compensate for weaker intention to carry out the behaviour and vice-versa. Results indicate potential for transferability of the theory for other areas of behavioural research and can inform interventions to encourage soft plastic recycling. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) When used to predict environmental behaviours the theory of planned behaviour has shown good predictive ability but also an intention behaviour gap. (2) Temporal self-regulation theory is used to explain and predict health behaviours and has been successful in closing the observed intention-behaviour gap in the theory of planned behaviour, a key theory in the field. (3) There is a need to effectively recycle soft plastic due to the global increase in plastic pollution and high soft plastic production rates but lack of infrastructure and knowledge regarding how to recycle soft plastic, potentially contributing to overall low plastic recycling rates. What this topic adds: (1) This study is the first to apply temporal self-regulation theory to environmental psychology with partial support for the theory in explaining behaviour. This suggests that temporal self-regulation theory may have utility in environmental psychology. (2) This study explains variance in recycling behaviour and demonstrates ways researchers could intervene to change behaviour. (3) This study is the first to investigate soft plastic recycling behaviour and has identified some of its correlates and directions for future research, which can inform knowledge and interventions to increase rates. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 March 2021 Accepted 30 October 2021","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46851661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-28DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2021.1993085
L. Somaraju, E. Temple, L. Bizo, Bernadine Cocks
Objective: This study investigated if meditators living in India (Eastern Meditators: EMs) differed from those living in Western countries (WMs) in self-reported levels of mindfulness, depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction and the association between these variables. Method: The 229 participants (18–81 years, M = 34.7 years, SD = 13.3; 52% EMs) completed scales measuring depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, and mindfulness and its components. Results: WMs indicated significantly higher levels of acceptance and non-judging than EMs, but similar levels of mindful attention. For EMs, mindful attention was negatively associated with acceptance and non-judging, while for WMs these variables were not associated. WMs reported lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress than EMs but the groups did not differ in levels of life satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses showed that, for both WMs and EMs, acceptance explained significant proportions of the variance in depression, anxiety, and stress. Acceptance and non-judging explained significant proportions of the variance in life satisfaction for WMs, but only mindful attention did so for EMs. Conclusions: Results suggest that Western and Eastern conceptualisations of mindfulness and associated meditation practices may differ in critical ways. There is a need to develop valid mindfulness scales for use in Eastern collectivist cultures. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Mindfulness meditation (MM) alleviates symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and improves life satisfaction. (2) Acceptance and non-judging components of mindfulness are negatively correlated with anxiety and stress but are positively related to life satisfaction. (3) The above findings are mainly from studies that used Western samples, with limited cross-cultural studies conducted to replicate the findings in Eastern samples. What this topic adds: (1) This study found that mean self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were lower in the Western Meditators (WMs) than Eastern Meditators (EMs), but there was no difference in levels of life satisfaction. (2) This study found that acceptance and non-judging correlated negatively with psychological distress in EMs, supporting the findings from previous studies with Western samples. (3) Cultural and socio-economic factors may underpin these differences between WMs and EMs. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 December 2020 Accepted 9 October 2021
{"title":"Association of mindfulness with psychological distress and life satisfaction in Western and Eastern meditators","authors":"L. Somaraju, E. Temple, L. Bizo, Bernadine Cocks","doi":"10.1080/00049530.2021.1993085","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530.2021.1993085","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: This study investigated if meditators living in India (Eastern Meditators: EMs) differed from those living in Western countries (WMs) in self-reported levels of mindfulness, depression, anxiety, stress, and life satisfaction and the association between these variables. Method: The 229 participants (18–81 years, M = 34.7 years, SD = 13.3; 52% EMs) completed scales measuring depression, anxiety, stress, life satisfaction, and mindfulness and its components. Results: WMs indicated significantly higher levels of acceptance and non-judging than EMs, but similar levels of mindful attention. For EMs, mindful attention was negatively associated with acceptance and non-judging, while for WMs these variables were not associated. WMs reported lower levels of depression, anxiety and stress than EMs but the groups did not differ in levels of life satisfaction. Multiple regression analyses showed that, for both WMs and EMs, acceptance explained significant proportions of the variance in depression, anxiety, and stress. Acceptance and non-judging explained significant proportions of the variance in life satisfaction for WMs, but only mindful attention did so for EMs. Conclusions: Results suggest that Western and Eastern conceptualisations of mindfulness and associated meditation practices may differ in critical ways. There is a need to develop valid mindfulness scales for use in Eastern collectivist cultures. KEY POINTS What is already known about this topic: (1) Mindfulness meditation (MM) alleviates symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress and improves life satisfaction. (2) Acceptance and non-judging components of mindfulness are negatively correlated with anxiety and stress but are positively related to life satisfaction. (3) The above findings are mainly from studies that used Western samples, with limited cross-cultural studies conducted to replicate the findings in Eastern samples. What this topic adds: (1) This study found that mean self-reported levels of depression, anxiety, and stress were lower in the Western Meditators (WMs) than Eastern Meditators (EMs), but there was no difference in levels of life satisfaction. (2) This study found that acceptance and non-judging correlated negatively with psychological distress in EMs, supporting the findings from previous studies with Western samples. (3) Cultural and socio-economic factors may underpin these differences between WMs and EMs. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 15 December 2020 Accepted 9 October 2021","PeriodicalId":8871,"journal":{"name":"Australian Journal of Psychology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2021-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47600449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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